CMST 2061 Midterm (LSU)
post hoc ergo propter hoc
"after this, therefore bc of this"; establish cause&effect relationship where only correlation exists
what happens in the body phase of an interview?
"asking questions" main part of the interview
what happens in the opening phase of an interview?
"breaking the ice" considered to be mood/tone of info interview - where interviewer and interviewee are responsible for establishing interview climate
constructivist model
"common ground" when describing communication
type of leadership: laissez-faire
"live and let live" leader -focus efforts on providing professors with tools they need to make positive impact
how do you conduct a meeting
- arrive on time/stay until meeting adjourns - leave meeting only established breaks/emergencies - be prepared and have everything you need on hand - turn phone off - follow established protocol for turn taking - respect time limits - demonstrate professionalism in verbal/nonverbal interactions - communicate interest and stay engaged in discussion - avoid tangents and side discussions - respect space and don't place notebook/papers all around you - clean up after yourself - engage in polite conversation after conclusion
what are considerations for meetings with technology
- aware of dimensions of nonverbal communication - voice-only meeting: leaving voice mails - audio/visual: practice technology before actual interaction - social media: *not everything is as it appears *words and images remain online forever *consider what you post *be aware that interest providers are required by law to archive info concerning use and traffic of info
how do you prepare for a meeting
- clear purpose can be articulated, decide how/where to meet. - figure out if meeting will be virtual or not. - create an agenda or list of topics can be discussed. - plan intense work session, consider # of possible interactions - inviting everyone via email reminding them of the meeting - confirm reservation a week before meeting and again the day before meeting
how can you save time?
- consider info already have close at hand - conduct a search in subject area to get overview of subject
how do you stay organized?
- have a designated space where you can keep all materials in 1 place. - decide on a name project and use it to set up a subdirectory on computer - plan to use time effectively
How do communication skills help you solve problems, learn new things, and build your career?
- learn new things: you can receive suggestions for improvements on what you need to work on. - help solve problems: it can tell you when you wrong and right - can build your career: leaves good impression for people to hire you
what are ways to facilitate active listening/reading
- maintain eye contact with the speaker; keep eyes on the page (if reading) - don't interrupt; don't multitask (if reading) - focus attention on message, not internal monologue - restate message in own words and ask if understood correctly - ask clarifying questions 2 communicate interest and gain insight
what are strategies that help increase meeting effectiveness?
- send out minutes of last meeting's one week before next meeting - send out reminders for the meeting the day before and day of the meeting - schedule the meeting in Outlook or similar program so everyone receives a reminder - start and end your meetings on time
what are the 4 myths of speaking in public?
- you don't have to be perfect -speaking in public is not like killing lions - organization is key to success - speaking in public is like participating in a conversation
what is the best way to search on the internet and how do you evaluate sources?
-a clearly articulated purpose and goal -question, problem, or issue to address - info, data, and evidence that is clearly relevant to stated purpose and goals
what are the 5 speech/presentation planning strategies and how do you use these to identify a topic?
-determine general purpose -can i cover the topic in time -will my topic be interesting to my audience -putting it all together
How can we avoid groupthink?
-select team members wisely -select responsible leader -promote cooperation -clarify goals -elicit commitment -clarify responsibilities -install prompt action -apply technology -ensure technological compatibility -provide prompt feedback
explain ways to manage conflict: empathy
1 strategy to consider when attempting to resolve issues
what type of business presentation should we prepare ahead of time and why do we prepare and organize?
1-on-1 meeting; to get familiar with the topic
5 principles for using emotions successfully:
1. emotions are universal 2. emotional feelings and emotional expression are not the same 3. emotions are communicated verbally and nonverbally 4. emotional expression can be good & bad 5. emotions are contagious
17 ways to organize a presentation
1. time (chronological) 2. comparison 3. contrast 4. cause and effect 5. problem and solution 6. classification (categorical) 7. biological 8. space (spatial) 9. ascending and descending 10. psychological 11. elimination 12. ceremonial 13. awards 14. toast 15. speaker introductions 16. after-dinner speech 17. oral interpretation
multiple questions
2 or more questions asked at the same time EX: "How did you like your trip to Hollywood? What was the most interesting part? Did you meet any movie stars, or walk around the movie lot and get mistaken for a star?"
analogy
2 situations, things, or ideas are alike in observable ways & will tend to be alike in other ways
group
3 or more individuals who affiliate, interact, or cooperate in a familial, social, or work context
dos/donts for visual aids
DO make clear connection btw words and visual aid 4 audience NOT distract audience w/ visual aid DO speak 2 your audience
replacing
Replacing verbal communication
principle
accepted or proper truth
develop tolerance of alternate perspectives
acknowledge the other viewpoint
what is persuasion
act/process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience
Selection
action of sorting competing messages or choosing stimuli
transactional model
actions that happen at the same time
when is elevator speech used in business setting
actively looking for new job or simply interested in meeting new people. - use this during professional events to build their network
self-adaptors
adapting something about yourself in a way for which it is not designed or for no apparent purpose
diff. types of expressions
adaptors affect displays complementing contradicting emblems masking object-adaptors regulators repeating replacing self-adaptors
body
address key points
what are the goals of call to action
adoption discontinuance deterrence continuance
illegal interview questions & what subjects should not be included in questions?
age: How old are you? Are you a baby boomer? race/nationality: You're Hispanic, right? pregnancy: Are you planning to have a family in the next five years? Disabilities: any disabilities we should know about? family & marital status: do you have any kids? how many? household situation: do you have any grandparents living with you? spouse's occupation: what does your husband/wife do for a living? religion/church attendance: do you attend church regularly? arrest record: have you ever committed a crime?
signposts
alerts audience that you are moving from one topic to the next
employment interviews
an exchange btw candidate and prospective employer (or their representative)
Fallacies
another way of saying false logic
old business
any unresolved issues from last time/issues left until this meeting
what are the 3 main factors to consider when choosing a topic and how are they helpful?
appeal appropriateness ability
ad populum
appeals to common belief of some people
ad hominem
argument against the man instead of against his message - someone's argument is wrong bc something about the person rather than about argument itself
open-ended questions
asked frequently throughout interview, but intersperse them with with closed-ended questions EX: "Can you describe how you handle tight deadlines on the job?"
interpersonal relationships connection to predictive outcome value theory
asserts that not only do we want to reduce uncertainty, also want to maximize our possible benefit from association
environment
atmosphere where you can send and receive messages
secondary questions
attempt to elicit more fully information asked for in primary/secondary question; may be open/closed question EX: "How are you defining "excellent"?"
what are the parts of an elevator speech
attention statement intro body conclusion residual message
5 finger model of public speaking
attention statement introduction body conclusion residual message
what are the 5 presentation components?
attention statement introduction body conclusion residual message
reference
attention to the source and way you present your information
what factors relate to self-concept?
attitudes beliefs and values self-image self-esteem looking-glass self self-fulfilling prophecy
appeal
attractive power of arousing sympathetic, stimulated response from the audience
Maslow's interpersonal needs
basic foods safety love and belonging self-esteem self-actualization innate need to know value aesthetics
physiological needs
basic needs
explain how communication is a process:
bc it can change your perspective & make you use your words more carefully EX: ppl say negative things about LGBTQ community. - when speaking to someone from that community, their perception changes and they don't say things that they would normally say.
how can context influence communication
bc it can give ppl a clue on how to perceive the interaction
why is context important in communication?
bc its all about what ppl expect from one another
what can you do as an interviewer to make the interview process run more smoothly?
be prepared flexible create communication climate balance note-taking with maintaining eye contact with interviewee
why is perception important
because audience has expectations of you as a speaker
Discuss why communication is important in Business
because it can foster a good relationship btw everyone in the business.
conciseness
being brief and direct in visual and verbal delivery of your message
what are your communicator responsibilities? consider what happens if a communicator is not responsible at work
being prepared which includes being clear, concise, and punctual. When a communicator is not responsible at work, they aren't being a modest employee.
4 criteria for visual aids
big: legible for everyone clear: audience should get it 1st time they see it simple: serve to simplify concepts they illustrate consistent: should reinforce continuity by using visual style
positive and negative member role: blocker
blocks attempts at consensus consistently
interference
blocks/changes the meaning of the message
leadership
born with combination of talents and traits that enable a person to lead others
closing
both parties say goodbye
internal previews
brief statement referring to point you're going to make
internal summaries
briefly covers info or alluded to info introduced previously
positive and negative member roles: coordinator
brings ideas, info, and suggestions together
what happens in the closing phase of an interview?
brings it full circle issues: 1. often neglected 2. forecast in the opening stages: 1. conclusion preparation: final question 2. final summary: consolidation of entire interview 3. post-interview discussion: informal; not formal interview
positive and negative member roles: elaborator
builds on ideas and provides examples
discontinuance
call of action that focuses on persuading audience not to start something if they haven't already started
why is it important to know yourself and your audience?
can be confident within yourself and have more credibility
why is it important to speak ethically?
can build your ethos, credibility, as you present the information
why is self-concept important
can influence your performance and the expression of that essential ability which is communication
type of leadership: leader-as-conductor
central role of bringing ppl together for a common goal. *leads orchesta, integrates specialized skills and sounds
interview climate
central to conducting information interview
convince
change attitudes, beliefs, values, or judgements of your audience
explain ways to manage conflict: avoidance
change the subject, leave the room, or not even enter the room
change perceptions
changing people's opinion on the topic
demographic traits
characteristics that make someone an individual Ex: females may view world differently than a male
explain ways to manage conflict: defensiveness vs. supportiveness
choosing to focus on message instead of messenger, keep discussion supportive and professional
explain ways to manage conflict: managing your emotions
choosing to wait to communicate, problem-solve, or negotiate until after the moment has passed
begging the question
claiming truth of the very matter in question
explain ways to manage conflict: if you agree
clear communication and acceptance of responsibility demonstrates maturity and respect
type of leadership: leader-as-coach
combines many of the talents and skills, can serve as teacher and mentor *may look out for group and defund it against bad calls
introduction
communicate a point and common ground
residual message
communicate central theme, moral of story, or main point
context
communication interaction that involves setting, scene, and expectations of individuals involved
intrapersonal communication
communication with one's self and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization
what happens when we compile info and what are 7 steps?
composing speech out of materials from documents - sensitivity -exposure -assimilation and accommodation -incubation -incorporation -production -revision
teamwork
compound word, combining team and work
non sequitur
conclusion does not follow from the premises
peroration
conclusion of your argument
how can you narrow the topic and focuses on key points and why is this important?
consider what essential info is and what can be cut. - important bc can focus on key points naturally and reduce pressure on yourself to cover too much info in short amount of time.
schutz's interpersonal needs
considers aspects of our needs need for affection is basic to all humans under personals: ppl who seek limited interaction over personals: ppl who have strong need to be liked need for control belonging is basic interpersonal need
3 components of rhetorical situation
context audience purpose of your speech/presentation
contradicting
contradicting verbal communication
addition
contributions to previous post
regulators
control, encourage, or discourage interaction
what is the organizing principle
core assumptions around which everything else is arranged
authority
credible source indicates is probably true
feedback
critique that receiver sends back to source
how do we overcome obstacles of perception:
cultural value system: N. American culture places an emphasis on space role identities: how men and women act and behave in society goals: reflecting on what we value across cultures.
potential member
curiosity and interest
safety
defensible place that protects your basic needs
steps of group problem solving
define the problem analyze the problem establish criteria consider possible solutions to the problem decide on a solution implement the solution follow up on the solution
interpersonal relationships
defined as communication btw 2 ppl; to capture the essence of a relationship
self concept
defined as one's own sense of individuality, motivations, and personal characteristics
what are the 3 strategies you can use to learn about your audience better
demographic traits improving perceptions of your audience fairness in communication
what is social penetration and how does it help us link to the audience
describes how we move from superficial talk to and revealing talk link 2 audience: predict how they may behave, what they may value, or what they might feel in specific situations
how to become leaders: appointed leader
designated by authority; irrespective of thoughts/wishes of the group
purpose of your speech/presentation
designed to inform, demonstrate, persuade, motivate, or even entertain
model of group development
development of growth
formality level
differences in status between interview participants, can evolve and can change during interview process
explain ways to manage conflict: indicate you are listening
displaying listening behavior engenders a positive climate that helps mitigate challenges of negative news
red herring
diversion intended to distract attention from main issue
what things should you avoid?
do not: 1. use false evidence to support arguments /claims 2. intentionally use misleading reasoning 3. represent yourself as an "expert" on subject when you are not 4. use irrelevant appeals to divert attention from issue at hand 5. ask audience to link idea to emotion-laden goals to which it is actually not related 6. deceive audience by concealing real purpose 7. distort, hide, or misrepresent the number, scope, intensity, or undesirable features of consequences/effects 8. use emotional appeals that lack supporting basis of evidence/reasoning 9. oversimplify complex, graduation-laden situations into simplistic, 2-valued, or choices 10. pretend certainty where tentativeness and degrees of probability would be more accurate
positive and negative member roles: dominator
dominates discussion, not allowing others to take their turn
bodily/kinesthetic
drama, role playing, touching and manipulating objects, demonstrating
oral interpretation
draw attention to piece of literature explain its significance, context, and background interpret manuscript for audience conclude with key points from reading reiterate main point of piece of literature
comparison
draws distinction btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples
contrast
draws distinction of difference, opposition or irregularity btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples.
similarity
draws parallel btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples
how do groups form/use teamwork
each member must fulfil their own obligations for the team to succeed
how to become leaders: democratic leader
elected/chosen by the group; may face serious challenges
pathos
emotion as a persuasive element in speech
why interpersonal communication is important in business
emphasis on relationship rather than size of audience and draws distinction btw impersonal and personal interactions
storming
engaging in more direct communication & get to know each other. (conflicts can arise)
norming
establish spoken/unspoken rules about communication and work. (status and roles established)
cause and effect
establishing relationship btw 2 events/situations, making connection clear
what is Aristotle's rhetorical proof and how is it helpful?
ethos pathos logos
positive and negative member roles: evaluator-critic
evaluates ideas & provides constructive criticism
biological
examining specific people as they relate to the central topic
6 rhetorical strategies
exordium narration proposition confirmation refutation peroration
participants
expected participants
emotional feelings and emotional expression are not the same
experiencing feelings by our body influences our nonverbal communication
explanation
explaining the difficult topic/issue to audience in ways that increase audience understanding.
affect displays
express emotions or feelings
emotional expression can be good and bad
expressing yourself, consider audience's point of view, be specific about your concerns, and emphasis that your relationship with your listeners is important
social penetration theory
fear that which we do not know
time
focuses on chronological aspects of your speech order
demonstration
focuses on clearly showing a process & telling the audience important details about each step so that they can imitate, repeat, or do the action themselves.
divergent member
focuses on differences
comparison
focuses on similarities and/or differences btw points/concepts
deterrence
focuses persuading audience not to start something if they haven't already started
what should we do post performance (employee interviews)
follow up with a thank-you notes/email, expressing appreciation for interviewer's time may indicate that you will call/email next week to see if they have any further questions for you
diff stages in model of group development:
forming storming norming performing adjourning
engagement
forming a connection with individual audience members
performing
fulfill their purpose and reach their goal
tone
general manner of expression of the message
7 argument strategies
generalization analogy sign cause authority principle testimony
receiver
gets message from source; analyzes & interprets message by source
share
giving the audience info that you gathered in relation to topic
why is measurable gain the goal for a presentation
goal: move the audience members toward your position. Some change may be measurable, and that is considered a gain.
how do we overcome obstacles of ethnocentrism?
goes beyond pride in your culture
orientation
groundwork for the body of the interview
interpersonal
group pictures, interaction, debates, discussions, cooperative learning, and sharing ideas
how to become leaders: emergent leader
grows into role, often out of necessity
roll call
has to be quiet to take place while introductions are made
5 stages of conversation as a ritual: talking point(s)
having specific goal, series of points to address, but can't lose sight of relationship messages within the discussion of content
adaptors
help feel comfortable/indicate emotions or moods
clarity
help receiver (audience) to decode message to understand it quickly
how do outlines help us organize a presentation and why are outlines helpful?
helps us organize main and subordinate ideas in a hierarchical series of roman numerals and alphabetical letters - left column: word center column: actual ideas right column: verbal and visual delivery
channel
how messages are traveling btw source & receiver.
self-esteem
how we feel about ourselves
What is perception?
how you see or believe things
what are the theories of learning styles?
idea that people learn better if the message is presented in a strategy that fits with the types of intelligence in which they are strongest
residual message
idea/thought that stays with your audience well after the speech
cause
if 2 conditions always appear together
examples
illustrates connection btw point & example or examples
cause & effect/result
illustrates relationship btw 2 ideas, concepts, or examples & may focus on outcome/result.
Loaded questions
imply both answer and some (-) belief, behavior, and provides strong demand for particular answer EX: "Are you still as boring as you were 10 yrs ago?"
concession
indicates knowledge of contrary information.
5 stages of conversation as a ritual: preview
indication, verbal, or nonverbal of what the conversation is about, in terms of content and in terms of relationship
how does perception differ from person to person
individual differences and preconceived notions
intrapersonal
individual projects, self-paced instruction, note-taking, reflection
self-disclosure
information, thoughts , or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not otherwise know
tag questions
inserted at end of answer; often weaken impact of answer Ex: "You agree with my assessment, right?"
emotions are contagious
interacting with others, emotions can be contagious
14 types of transitions
internal previews signposts internal summaries sequence transition time addition similarity comparison contrast cause & effect/result examples place clarification concession
interpretation & bias
interpretation: adapting info to communicate a message bias: unreasoned or not-well-thought-out judgement
relevance
interviewees must understand the relevance of questions asked Ex: "How well do you work under pressure?" - asked bc this is a fast-paced job.
define 5 types of context
intrapersonal interpersonal group public mass communication
introductions
introduce themselves with their name and respective roles
refutation
introduces to audience and then discounts or refutes the counterarguments/objections
introduction
introduces you and your topic; should establish relationship with your audience and state your topic clearly
proposition
introduces your claim being argued in speech
primary questions
introducing topics/new areas within a topic; can stand alone out of context and make sense Ex: "How did you first get interested in surfing?"
self-actualization
involve reaching your full potential, feeling accepted for who you are, and perceiving a degree of control or empowerment in your environment
ascending and descending
involves focusing on quality and quality
psychological
involves focusing on their inherent needs and wants
emotional resistance
involves getting tired, often to the point of rejection, of hearing messages that accept to elicit an emotional response
space (spatial)
involves parts of something and how they fit to form the whole
consensus
involves tendency of the individual to follow the lead of group/peers
ability
involves the natural aptitude of acquired proficiency to be able to perform.
liking
involves the perception of safety and belonging in communication
appropriateness
involves topic that is especially suitable/compatible with audience's interest, expectations, norms, or customs
why is it important to understand your audience
involves understanding others, and their perspectives, to see if they understand your words
principles of nonverbal communication
is fluid is fast can add to or replace verbal communication
why is it important to be an active listener/reader
it shows that you are fully attentive and present in the moment of interaction
why is interview climate important
it's interactions btw interviewer and interviewee
new member
joined group; still an outsider; and unknown
authority
knowledge of product, field, trends in field, and even research can make salesperson more effective
full member
knows rules and looked to for leadership
what are 5 factors in phrasing questions?
language relevance information level complexity information accessibility
how do we overcome obstacles of language:
languages that exist btw people and cultures
adjourning
leave the group
what are the 7 types of learning styles?
linguistic logical/mathematical spatial musical bodily/kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal
new business
list of items for discussion and action
explain ways to manage conflict: evaluations and criticism in the workplace
listen carefully, seperating subjective, personal attacks from objective, constructive requests for improvement
logos
logic of speaker's presentation
what are the 3 original cognate strategies
logos pathos ethos
body
main content area of your speech, naturally turn on one of the organizational patterns
2 ways visual aids can help your presentation:
make speech more interesting enhance credibility as a speaker
why is presentation organization important?
makes it easier for listeners/audience to understand what you are talking about
spatial
maps, charts, graphic organizers, painting/drawing, visual aids, working w/ pics/colors
message
meaning that is being produced by the source for the audience
exposition vs. interpretation
meeting audience's needs, not your own
forming
members coming together, determine purpose of group
5 stages of conversation as a ritual: closing
mentioning a time, date, or place for future communication can signal the conversation concluded
influence of numbers in groups:
more than 8 members, challenge to have equal participation
our need to know
motivates us to grow and learn
how does persuasion differ from motivation
motivation involves force, stimulus, or influence to bring about change
reciprocity
mutual expectation for exchange of value/service
inverted funnel/pyramid
narrow, close-ended questions, and broader, open-ended questions ask "specific questions" & gradually more "general questions"
fairness in communication
need of being fair to the audience Ex: mutuality, nonjudgmentalism, honesty, and respect
sense of love and belonging
need to be a part of family, community, or group
explain ways to manage conflict: determine the speakers' intent
need to take notes and write down questions that come to mind to address when it's your turn to speak
ex-member
no longer considered a member
marginal member
no longer involved
situational constraints
noisy room or lack of privacy
emblems
nonverbal gestures that carry specific meaning, can replace/reinforce words
information level
not asking questions that will insult interviewee's intelligence. Ex: "How do you feel about the Royal Family?"
What should an elevator speech not include
not to rattle off much information in a short time, nor present a 30 second advertising message
adjournment
note time, date, place meeting adjourned and indicate when the meeting is scheduled.
reading of the minutes
notes are read from the last meeting
confirmation
offers audience evidence to support your argument
expectation
often unstated, eager anticipation of the norms, roles, and outcomes of the speaker and the speech
how is conversation a ritual
one of the main ways we interact in the business environment and it's ripe for misunderstandings
why should open-ended questions be used over close-ended questions?
open-ended questions are used to provide deep, meaningful, and thoughtful answers
5 stages of telephone conversation
opening feedforward business feedback closing
5 stages of conversation as a ritual: feedback
opportunity to make sure the interaction was successful the first time
arrangement
order/organization of visual (verbal ) elements
report
organize info around key events, discoveries, or technical data & provide context and illustration of your audience.
sequence transition
outlines hierarchical order or series of steps in speech
explain ways to manage conflict: paraphrase
paraphrasing main points can help address common response
Emotions are universal
part of every conservation of interaction that we have
point of view
perception of an idea from previous experience and understanding
scarcity
perception of inadequate supply or a limited resource
source
person giving the speech
testimony
personal experience
increase consideration
persuade members who are hostile views or perhaps are neutral and simply curious to agree on your viewpoint
Complexity
phrase questions that are clear, simple requests for limited amounts of information EX: "How and why did you begin your photography career?"
slogans
phrases that express the goals Ex: "America Runs on Dunkin."
conflict
physical/psychological struggle associated w/ perception of opposing/incompatible goals, desires, demands, wants, or needs
what are Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
physiological needs safety sense of love and belonging self-esteem self-actualization our need to know experience beauty
what are 3 best ways to incorporate nonverbal into a presentation?
positions on stage gestures facial gestures
how can we use Powerpoint, videos, and color in visual aids:
powerpoint: present visual info to audience, reinforcing verbal message videos: amplify and illustrate main points, not reproduce everything color: color associated with word and reflected in your choice
how do we prepare employment interviews
prepare for standard questions about education and background, also see the opening to discuss the job duties, challenges inherent in the job, and ways in which you believe you can meet these challenges.
exordium
prepares audience to consider your argument
elevator speech
presentation that persuades listener in less than 30 seconds, or around a hundred words
explain ways to manage conflict: face-detracting and face-saving
preserve relationship, then consideration of face-saving strategy should be one option when addressing negative news/info
types of groups
primary: meet most, if not all, of one's needs secondary: meet some, but not all needs
logical/mathematical
problem-solving, graphic organizers, categorizing, classifying, working with patterns and relationships
rapport
process of creating goodwill and trust btw interviewer and interviewee
elimination
process of elimination involves outlining all the possibilities
organization
process of sorting information into logical categories or series
circular argument
proposition is used to prove itself
conclusion
provides audience with sense of closure by summarizing main points and relating points to overall topic
narration
provides audience with the necessary background/context 4 your argument
explain ways to manage conflict: listen without interrupting
providing space free of interruption, are displaying respect for individual and the info
what influences selection, the principles of organization and how interpretation influences our perceptions.
proximity, continuation, similarity, and closure. Interpretation influences your decisions and make you look at things differently
emotions
psychological and physical reaction (fear or anger) to stimuli that we experience as a feeling
exposition
public exhibition or display, often expressing complex topic in a way that makes essay in journalism course
feedforward
purpose and tone of conversation are established
subject line
purpose statement
increase understanding
putting things (pie graph, bar charts, video clip) in speech to help audience better understand what you are saying.
credibility
qualities, capabilities, or power to elicit from audience belief in your character
what is the best way to prepare your info search and how do you make it ethical?
question the credibility of the information
attention statement
raise interest and motivate the listener
linguistic
reading, oral presentations (debates, reports, and storytelling)
audience
receiver/listeners
what are the 6 principles of persuasion
reciprocity scarcity authority commitment and consistency consensus liking
positive and negative member roles: recorder
records ideas, examples, suggestions and critiques
8 types of fallacies to avoid:
red herring straw man begging the question circular argument ad populum ad hominem non sequitur post hoc ergo propter hoc
place
refers to location, often in spatially organized speech, of one point of emphasis to another.
stimulate
reinforce existing beliefs, intensify them, bring them to forefront
complementing
reinforcing verbal communication
positive and negative member role: special-interest pleader
relates discussion to special interest/personal agenda
positive and negative member role: recognition seeker
relates discussion to their accomplishments; seeks attention
communication:
relationship that involves interaction btw participants.
dimensions of self
remind us that we are not fixed - that freedom to change combined with ability to reflect, anticipate, plan allows us to improve, learn adapt our surroundings
repeating
repeating verbal communication
reports
required if groups working on something specific
description
requires emphasis on language that is vivid, captures attention and excites the imagination.
5 stages of conversation as a ritual: initiation
requires you to be open to interact
clarification
restates or further develops a main idea or point
musical
rhythmic patterns and exercises, singing, music performance
quotes
sayings that come from written or verbal messages Ex: "Don't let yesterday take up too much of today."
what factors should you consider when preparing and conducting a successful interview?
schedule the time and place for the interview prepare interview space inform yourself on interviewee & read resumes, applications, and other paperwork review info position the interviewee is applying for, including job descriptions, responsibilities, or long-range goals create an organized list/schedule or questions you will use to gather the info you will need to make an informed decision about the interviewee
positive and negative member role: joker or clown
seeks attention through humor and distracts group members
perception: 3-part process
selection organization interpretation
type of leadership: autocratic leader
self-directed and often establishes norms and conduct for the group
what are 8 functions of informative?
share increase understanding change perceptions gain skills exposition vs. interpretation exposition interpretation & bias point of view
what is a thesis statement
should be short, specific sentence capturing the central idea of your speech.
why is this important to recognize when examining your audience
shows how you view yourself and others within your community
feedback
signal that business is concluded
information accessibility
situational constraints social constraints psychology constraints
8 components of communication:
source message channel receiver feedback environment context interference
8 types of nonverbal communication
space time physical characteristics body movements touch paralanguage artifacts environment
what are the mistakes to avoid in an elevator speech
speak naturally slow it down use one pitch for most (but not all) occasions make it easy to understand
continuance
speaker aims to persuade the audience to continue doing what they have been doing
adoption
speaker wants to persuade the audience to take on a new way of thinking, or adopt a new idea
ethos
speaker's character and expertise
diamond/hour glass
specific, close-ended questions, ask general, open-ended questions, and specific, close-ended questions
what are the general purposes for presentations? and what is a specific purpose?
speech to inform speech to demonstrate speech to persuade speech to entertain ceremonial speech
leading questions
state expected answer in question EX: "Wouldn't you agree that older homes have more charm than modern ones?"
problem and solution
state the problem and detail how it was solved
sound bites
statements that focuses on the point of the message Ex: "Ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country."
sign
statistics, facts, or cases indicate meaning
functions of persuasion
stimulate convince call to action increase consideration develop tolerance of alternate perspectives
Neutral
straight-forward answer; questions that are asked in interview are neutral Ex: "What is your favorite color?"
emphasis
stressing importance of some aspects of your speech
psychology constraints
string emotions associated with a topic Ex: talking about politics
tunnel
string of beads questions, allows for little probing and variation, useful for simple, surface information interviews, but not for in-depth interviews
time (chronological)
structing by time shows a series of events/steps in process
classification (categorical)
structuring by classification establishes categories
organizational communication
study of communication context, environment, and interaction within an org
business
substance of conversation
masking
substituting more appropriate displays for less appropriate displays
positive and negative member roles: initiator-coordinator
suggest new ideas/new ways of looking at problem
conclusion
summarize key points
what is measurable gain
system of assessing the extent to which audience members respond to persuasive message
improving perceptions of your audience
tailor your communications to reach them EX: becoming an active perceiver, recognize each person's unique frame of reference, recognize that ppl, objects, and situations change, become aware of the role perceptions play in communication
what are tips you can use to help practice an elevator speech
take your time make it conversational express confidence
what are the roles of a meeting in the business setting?
teleconferencing and videoconferencing
groupthink
tendency to accept group's ideas and actions in spite of individual concerns, can also compromise the process and reduce efficiency.
ceremonial
thank dignitaries and representatives mention importance of the event thank the audience for their participation in event
toast (weddings or similar gatherings)
thank everyone 4 coming discuss important of event (wedding) mention relationship of couple to audience/speaker to the person being celebrate add one short sentence optional: conclude, thanking audience for participating in event
awards
thank everyone for coming together discuss history and importance of award give brief biography of person who will receive it announce the recipient of award present the award award recipient may give a speech transition to next item/thank everyone for participating
speaker introductions
thanking everyone brief biography or person will speak/establish their credibility discuss speaker and his/her topic announce name of speaker, & possibly once their speech has concluded transition to next item or thank everyone for participating
explain how the audience relates to an elevator speech
the more you know the audience, the better the speech. -when tailor the message to target audience, increases the effectiveness of the message
good of the other
time for ppl to offer news that relates to the topic of the meeting
main parts of agenda:
title header participants subject line call to order introductions roll call reading of the minutes old business new business reports good of the other adjournment
title header
title, date, location, phone number, email contact, any other info necessary to get all participants together
what are the steps you should take to prepare an informative presentation?
topic: product/service? who are you? who is target market? what is the revenue model? what are the specifications? how was the info gathered? how does the unit work? how does current info compare to previous info? how does current info compare to previous info?
2 models of communication:
transactional model constructivist model
differences btw constructivist & transactional model
transactional: both ppl are known as communicators constructivist: focused on shared understanding
experience beauty
transcends that stops you in your tracks
explain ways to manage conflict: learn from experience
try to distinguish btw what you can control and what you cannot, and always choose professionalism
explain ways to manage conflict: gunnysacking
try to focus on energies where they will make the positive impact
social constraints
unwillingness to praise ourselves
funnel
use "broad, open-ended questions" and more narrow close-ended questions
what are helpful hints for visual aids?
use one key idea avoid noise and clutter slides use large, bold fonts use contrasting colors 4 dynamic effect use analogous colors to unify presentation use clip art w/ permission and sparingly edit & proofread each slide w/ care and caution use copies of visuals available as handouts after presentation check presentation room beforehand with powerpoint, have back plan
what role to transitions play in presentations
used by speaker to guide the audience in progression from one significant idea, concept, or point to the next issue
close-end questions
used when trying to elicit specific info or set stage for more complex questions Ex: "How many years did you work for your last employer?"
contrast
using contrasting points highlights differences btw items and concepts
object-adaptors
using objects for a purpose other than its intended design
language
using specific words that interviewees will understand Ex: "How are you doing today?"
Rules of self-disclosure
usually moves in small steps moves from impersonal to intimate info is reciprocal involves risk involves trust
gain skills
want the audience to learn something
what are 3 visual cues you should observe in the audience
watch reactions enroll an observer focus on specific type of nonverbal communication
attention statement
way you focus the audiecne's attention on you and your speech
straw man
weak argument; distracting attention from stronger arguments
What key questions should an elevator speech include
what is the topic, product, or service? who are you who is the target market (if applicable) what is the revenue model(if applicable) what/who is the competition and what are your advantages?
self-concept
what we perceive ourselves to be and involves aspects to self-esteem
generalization
whatever is true of a good example/sample
opening
when both identify themselves
how does your self-inventory help with topic choice?
when you do a little exploring, it can help come up several topics
context
where the situation takes place (classroom, conference)
call to order
who will call the meeting to order?
emotions are communicated verbally and nonverbally
words being communicated part of your message, nonverbal cues modify or contradict your spoken message
explain ways to manage conflict: if you disagree
words spoken in anger can have lasting impact and are impossible to retrieve or take back
commitment & consistency
writing it down, sign something, more likely to follow them
interpretation
your own viewpoint of explaining things