AP Euro Mid Quarter Study Unit 4

What was the United States unemployment rate in 1933?

33%

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

According to Hitler's New Order, along with the Jews, the Slavs were considered subhuman. The Nazi's set to build a vast colonial empires where Jews would be exterminated and Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians would be enslaved and forced to die-out.

What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during World War II?

An agreement made by the Grand Alliance stating that only after Hitler was defeated would the Allies mount an all-out attack on Japan, the lesser threat.

What was the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?

Belgium withdrew quickly granting at independence with irresponsible haste

What agreement linked Western European currencies to the U.S. dollar?

Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944

Why did the Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European Parliament with sovereign rights?

Britain, with its still-vast empire and its close relationship with the US, consistently opposed conceding sovereignty to the council. Many prominent nationalists and Communists agreed with the British view.

Why did the Depression not hit Britain as hard as it hit the U.S. and Germany?

British economy reoriented away from international markets and turned domestic.

How did the Soviet Union and Eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war?

Considered politically unreliable due to their exposure to western European society

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?

Dawes Plan

In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all the Western European governments?

Economic Growth

In the 20th century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?

Economic Theory

How the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after WWII?

Encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies

Which six Western European countries formed the European Economic Community, or Common Market, in 1957?

France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

Germany's main goal in the Battle of Britain, which began in 1940, was to gain control of the air, and break British morale.

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

Give the German Cabinet - in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler - the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.

Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?

He viewed the United States as the main threat to France's independence.

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

Hitler and Stalin, sworn enemies, signed a nonaggression pact that paved the way to war. Each dictator promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in open hostilities. An attached secret protocol divided Poland, the Baltic nations, Finland, and a part of Romania into German and Soviet spheres of influence.

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers led to what?

Hyperinflation

What primarily caused the American stock market crash of October 1929?

Imbalance between real investment and speculation

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

Imbalance between real investment and speculation.

What were the main points of the Swedish response to the Depression?

Increase state spending on public works projects and increasing social welfare benefits.

What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?

It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe

Who was the director of the 1934 Nazi propaganda film, "Triumph of The Will"?

Leni Riefenstahl

When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?

May 14, 1948

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?

Mussolini's Fascist Party drew support from broad sectors of the population, in large part because he was willing to compromise with the traditional elites that controlled the army, the economy, and the state. He left big business to regulate itself.

The international military tribunal organized by the four Allied powers to try the highest ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders was held in the city of...

Nuremberg, Germany

How did the Nazis manage the Northern European states that they conquered?

Occupied peoples in northern Europe were treated according to their place in the Nazi racial hierarchy. The Nordic peoples (Dutch, Norwegians, and Danes) received preferential treatments, for the Germans believed them related to the Aryan master race. In Holland, Norway and Denmark, the Nazis established puppet governments of various kinds. France was divided into two parts and the Germans occupied the north, including Paris. Occupied nations were forced to pay for the costs of war and for the occupations itself. Nazi administrators stole foods and money from local Jews, and set currency exchange at favorable rates.

According to best estimates, about how many people died in WWII?

Over 60 million

How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?

Permitted soviet troops and jail the demonstrators but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrator's strongest commands.

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

Political parties, state governments, and cultural and professional organizations were brought in line with Nazi goals.

What is Neo-Colonialism?

Post colonial system that perpetrated western economic exploitation in former colonial territories

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?

Reestablished limited economic freedom while trying to rebuild agriculture and industry Peasant producers were now able to sell their surpluses in free market and private traders and small handicraft manufacturers were allowed to reappear But heavy industry, railroad, and banks remained nationalize Was a political and economic success: brought rapid economic recovery and equaled almost pre-war levels

What battle was the decisive turning point in the war between the USSR and Germany?

STALINGRAD

What did FDR's National Recovery Administration attempt to do?

Solve the problem of unemployment and get people back into the swing of things.

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?

The Einsatzgruppen was three military death squads known as Specials Task Forces; along with other military units, followed the advancing German armies. They moved from town to town shooting and Jews and other target populations.Victims often forced to dig their own grave before they were shot. In this way the German armed forces killed some 2 million civilians.

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?

The Great Depression came late in France because they were less industrialized and they were isolated from the world economy.

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?

The Holocaust: the effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and others groups deemed racially inferior during WWII.

Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the Kulaks?

The Kulaks were the well-off peasants who had benefitted the most from the NEP. They were held up by Stalin as great enemies of progress; he called for their "liquidation" and seizure of their land.

What British political party emerged in the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservatives?

The Labour Party

What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?

The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 classified as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents, outlawed marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Germans, and deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship.

What does the "Middle Way" refer to?

The Scandinavian response to the great depression.

Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?

The Soviet Union

At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Britain?

The Soviet Union occupied much of Eastern Europe

Why did the Red Army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?

The Soviets had reached the outskirts of Warsaw in 1944; anticipating German defeat, the Polish underground Home Army ordered an uprising, so that the Poles might take the city on their own and establish independence from the Soviets. The Warsaw uprising was a tragic miscalculations. Citing military pressure, the Red Army refused to enter the city. Stalin and Soviet leaders thus allowed the Germans to destroy the Polish insurgents, a move that paved the way for the establishment of a postwar Communist regime. Only after the Home Army surrendered did the Red Army continue its advance.

As practiced in the 1930s, what was Appeasement?

The appeasement policy was a conciliatory method of dealing with a dictatorial government in an effort to prevent conflict.

What was the ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s?

The bind the six members of the European coal and steel community so closely that war would be impossible

What was the result of the breaking of the Berlin blockade in 1948-49?

The creation of two separate German states.

What was the Holocaust?

The mass slaughter of European civilians and especially Jews by the Nazis during World War II

To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. What was the result of this cooperation?

The organization with organic cooperation

What type of government did the Soviet Union have after the Second World War?

The very strict, repressive government it had before WWII

What the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Catholic and Protestant churches?

Their efforts were directed primarily at preserving religious life, not at overthrowing Hitler.

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

Through science and law. The German Society for Racial Research wrote studies that measured and defined racial differences; prejudice was thus presented in the guise of enlightened science, a means for creating a national race.

Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?

Tito of Yugoslavia

What was Khrushchev's secret speech at the 20th Party Congress in 1956?

To strengthen his position and that of his fellow reformers, Khrushchev launched a surprising attack on Stalin and his crimes. In the speech, he told Communist delegates of errors that Stalin had "supported the glorification of his own person" to build a propagandistic "cult of personality." He reported that Stalin had bungled the country's defense in WWII and unjustly imprison and tortured thousands of loyal Communists.

What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?

Totalitarian model, one -party state that used violent repression, intense propaganda to get power Dominated economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects to people's lives Rejected parliamentary gov and liberal values Believed individualism undermined equality and unity' Used force and terror to intimidate and destroy political opponents, censored the mass media Territorial expansion, engaged in social engineering to replace individualism with a unified "people"

In 1954, Vietnam gained its independence from what country?

Vietnam

Christian Democrats in which country promoted a social-market economy based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?

West Germany

Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955?

With US backing, West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was allowed to rebuild is military to join in defense of Western Europe against possible Soviet attack.

In 20th century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses....

multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind

What did the signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact agree to do?

promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them."