Ap Euro - Midterm 2 Pt. 1
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
On the map "The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748," what territories did Prussia acquire between 1640 and 1688?
Eastern Pomerania and Magdeburg
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
In Primary Source 15.5, how does Locke understand the process by which a government functions?
The people are in full liberty to resist those who, without authority, would impose anything upon them.
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
Map 17.2: The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What was sent from the Americas to Europe?
Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of Paris.
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo.
Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in
rural areas with relatively dense populations.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
Within the family, the operation of the loom
was reserved for the male head of household.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.
As noted in Primary Source 17.3, Adam Smith thought that a proper division of labor would make it possible for a small number of men to do the work of many more because it
makes it possible for an unskilled worker to be part of the manufacturing process.
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire.
Which lands shown on Map 15.1: Europe after the Thirty Years' War belonged to the Spanish Habsburgs?
Spain, Portugal, the Spanish Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Milan, and Naples
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg.
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occu
What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
London.
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?
Pierre Bayle
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.
In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius view Russians as a people?
They are naturally tough and born for slavery.
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy.
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
In Primary Source 16.1: The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to
assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the earth.
Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship.
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets.
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
more wars and likely fewer people.
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
newly ennobled or upper middle class.
The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
Typically, French classicism
presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.
The spinning of thread for the loom
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws.
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of
the House of Orange.
How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
the Pyrenees.
"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Primary Source 16.5) reflects his concern that
the people encountered by European explorers should recognize that Europeans had nothing to offer them.
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
the size and strength of British naval power.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"change the general way of thinking."
What was the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the
Fronde.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
The Persian Letter
Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
doubled
Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published
the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
On the map "The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748," what territories did Austria acquire after the decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire (1718)?
Banat, Serbia, and Wallachia
Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted prisoners
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup.
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to
a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
consolidation of serfdom.
Political power in the Dutch Republic was
controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt.
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism.
In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that
enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.
"Guard yourself, my son, whichever side you take in this dispute among the philosophers, against the inevitable obstinacy to which the spirit of partisanship carries one. . . . The search for truth is the only thing in which the love of your country must not prevail, and it is surely very unfortunate that the opinions of Newton and of Descartes have become a sort of national affair." This quotation from Primary Source 16.3: Foundations of Physics refers to
the controversy concerning whether Descartes' or Newton's systems should be considered the superior method of scientific investigation.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?he final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of
Growth in armed forces
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
The Junkers were
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?
Russia
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.
In Two Treatises of Government (Primary Source 15.5), John Locke notes that
the government must obtain the consent of the majority for taxes.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
Why does Daniel Defoe believe that cottage industry is the answer to rural poverty (Primary Source 17.2)?
A man can continue to work in agriculture while his wife and children supplement his wages with their earning.
Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
Creoles.
The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.
What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, where was Warsaw, the capital of the former Poland, located after the partition of 1795?
In the territory absorbed by Prussia
Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach.
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by
John Locke.
Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?
Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
Map 17.2:The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What goods were sent from Europe and Africa to the Americas?
Manufactured goods and slaves
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at
Poltava.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, which power or powers participated in the partition of 1793?
Prussia and Russia
Compare the map "Europe after the Thirty Years' War" to the map "Europe after the Peace of Utrecht." Which state changed hands between 1648 and 1715?
Sardinia
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Spain
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top DIFF: Levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius depict the Russian government?
The tsar or the grand prince rules the land alone, and all the people are his subjects.
What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
The presentation by the Reverend Samuel Pullein to the Royal Society of England regarding "An Account of a Particular Species of Cocoon, or Silk-Pod, from America" (Primary Source 16.2), was
a careful investigation of the silk pod and whether it might serve as a source of silk.
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was
france
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters
guarded their guild privileges jealously.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
in all regions.
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
