AP Euro Napoleonic Era

Treaty of Adrianople

Concluded the Russo-Turkish War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It was signed on September 14, 1829 in _____ by Russia's Count Aleksey Orlov and by Turkey's Adbul Kad.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 - 5 May 1821) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, Emperor of the French Empire.

Josephine

Josephine de Beauhamais wife of Napoleon Bonaparte became Empress of the French. Through her daughter, Hortense, she was the maternal grandmother of Napoleon III.

Louis-Philipe

King of the French (1773-1850) reigned as King of the French from 1830 to1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. He was, to date, the last king ever to rule France.

George IV

King of the United Kingdom and Ireland from 29 January 1820 until his death. For most of George's regency-and reign, the Lord-of Liverpool controlled the government.

Confederation of the Rhine

Lasted from 1806 to 1813 and was formed initially from 16 German states by Napoleon after he defeated Habsburg's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz.

Spanish Revolt (1820)

(1820-1823) Fought in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. It was a conflict between royalists and liberals with France intervening on the side of the royalists.

Eugene Delacroix

(April 26, 1798 - August 13, 1863) was the most important of the French Romantic painters. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of color profoundly shaped the work of the Impress.

John Locke

(August 29, 1632 - October 28, 1704) An influential English philosopher. In epistemology, Locke has often been classified as a British Empiricist, along with David Hume and George berkeley. He is equally important as a social contract theory.

Invasion of Russia

1812Led by Napoleon I of France in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the French and allied invasion forces to less than two percent of their initial strength.

Nicholas I

Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. In 1825, when Alexander I sudddenly died, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to his second elfish brother Constantine and accepting the throne for himself.

Battle of Borodino

It was fought by the French Grande Armee under Napoleon I of France and the Imperial Russian army of Alexander I near the village of Borodino The clash was a pivotal point in the campaign as it was the last offensive battle fought by Napoleon in Russia.

Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII was King of France and Navarre from 1814 (although he dated his reign from 1795) until his death in 1824, with a brief break in 1815 due to Napoleon's return in the Hundred Days.

Lycees

Lycees provide a three-year course of further secondary education for children between the ages of 15 and 18:"Pupils are prepared for he baccalaureat, The baccalaureat can lead to higher education studies or directly to professional life.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

Prince de Benevente (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the French Reolution and then under Napoleon I and Louis XVIII.

Socialists

Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that encompass a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control.

Religious Revivalism

The 18th century, Age of Enlightenment had a chilling effect on spiritual movements, but this was countered by the Methodist revival of John Wesley.

Utilitarianism

The ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. It is thus a form of consequentialism, Utility-the good to be maximized.

Peterloo

The result of a cavalry charge into the crowd at a public meeting at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester, England.

Luddites

This was a social movement of English textile workers in the early 1800's who protested, often by destroying textile machines, against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt threatened their jobs.

Joseph Fouche

A French statesman and Minister of Police under Napoleon Bonaparte.

Ludwig van Beethoven

A German composer. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of music, and was the predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and its colonies.

The Continental System

A foreign-policy cornerstone of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. By 1804, France was the dominant military force in continental Europe.

Methodists

A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity. It originated in 18th century Britain, and through vigorous missionary activity, spread throughout the British Empire and the United States.

Conservatism

A political philosophy that favors traditional values.

Sir Walter Scott

A prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. In some ways Scott was the first author to have a truly international creer in his lifetime.

French Revolution (1830)

A vital period of the history of France and Europe as a whole. During this time, democracy replaced the absolute monarchy in France, and the country's Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo a radical restructuring.

Neoclassical

Among very broad movement of new age music. Strongly influenced and sometimes even based on the early, baroque or [classical music especially in terms of melody and composition.

Great Reform Bill (1832)

An Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom.

Robert Castlereagh

An Anglo-Irish politician born in Dublin who represented the United Kingdom at the Congress of Vienna.

Edmund Burke

An Anglo-Irish statesman, author orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served formany years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig Party. He is chiefly remembered for his support of the American colonies.

KIemens von Mettenich

An Austrian politician and statesman and perhaps the most important diplomat of his era. He was a major figure on the negotiations leading to the Congress of Vienna and is considered a paradigm of foreign policy management.

Joseph M.W. Turner

An English Romantic landscape painter and watercolorist, whose style can be said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism.

Jeremy Bentham

An English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He argued in favor of individual and economic freedom, including the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, animal rights and the end of slavery.

Ideology

An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Antoine Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a "science of ideas."

Nationalism

An ideology that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. Nationalism typically-makes certain political claims.

Liberalism

An ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds hat liberty is the primary political value. Liberalism has its roots in the Western Age of Enlightenment. Broadly speaking, liberalism emphasizes individual rights.

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

Attempted by Imperial Russia by army officers who led about 3,000 Russian soldiers on December 14, 1825. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the Decembrists.

Simon Bolivar

Born in July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela; died December 17, 1830, in Santa Marta, Colombia. A leader of several independence movements throughout South America.

Six Acts

Following the Peterloo massacre of August 16, 1819, the UK government acted to prevent any future disturbances by the introduction of new legislation, the so-called six Acts which labeled any meeting for radical reform.

Island of Elba

Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I as exiled to after his forced abdication in 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men and was made the Emperor of the island.

Restoration

Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction.

Charles X

France and Navarre (1757-1836); was king of France from 1824-1830 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated rather than become a constitutional monarch. He was the last king of the Bourbon line.

George Stephenson

George Stephenson was an English mechanical engineer who designed the famous and historically important steam locomotive named Rocket and is known as the "Father of Railways."

Bursehcnschaften

German Burschenschaften are a special type of student fraternities; they were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas.

Carbonari

Groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th- century Italy. Their goals were patriotic anti-liberal and they-played an important role in the Risorgimento and the early years of Italian nationalism.

Revolt in Belgium (1830)

Influenced by the Enlightenment, Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II pushed through a series of large-scale reforms in the Austrean Netherlands in the 1780s, designed to radically modernize and centralize the political, judicial and administrative system.

Ferdinand VII

King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. Arrested for his complicity in the conspiracy of the Escorial in which liberal reformers aimed at securing the help of the emperor Napoleon.

New Paternalism

Neo-prohibitionism is the belief that the influence of alcohol on modem society should be reduced, either bylegislation restricting the sale and use of alcohol, or by changes to social norms.

St. Helena

Place of exile of Napoleon Bonaparte between 1815 and his death in 1821.

Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo, fought on June 18, 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. After his exile to. Elba, he had reinstalled himself on the throne of France for a Hundred Days.

Congress of Vienna

The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814.

Sir Robert Peel

The Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from December 10, 1834 to April 8, 1835, concept of the police force while Home Secretary, oversaw the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party, and repealed the Com Law.

Duke of Wellington

The Dukedom of Wellington, derived from Wellington in Somerset, is a hereditary title and the senior Dukedom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first holder of the title was Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852).

Legion of Honor

The Legion d'honneur is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the First Republic, on May 19, 1802. It's the premier order of France.

Hundred Days

The Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to. the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis.

Frederick William II

The son of King Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William was born in Potsdam and became Crown Prince in 1786, when his "ather ascended the throne.

Whigs

The term was coined when an insurgency of the Scottish Presbyterians known as Covenanters marched from the south west of Scotland on Edinburgh in 1648, with the country folk using the word "whiggamore" to urge on their horses.

Industrial Revolution

This was the major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, the economy based on manual labor.

Battle of Nations

Was the most decisive defeat suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Napoleonic Wars. It is considered the largest conflict in Europe [before World War I, with over 500,000 troops involved.