AP Euro Period 3 (1815-1914), AP Euro period 3

Risorgimento

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state

Guiseppe Mazzini

(1805-1872), Nationalistic leader in Italy, who started a group called Young Italy in 1831. Young Italy was a nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy.

congress of vienna

(1814-1815) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Friedrich Engels

(1820-1895) Collaborator with Karl Marx, as a textile factory owner and supplied Marx with the hard data for his economic writings, most notably Das Kapital (1867).

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize.

Industrialization of Prussia (Include Zollverein + Friedrich List's National System)

*Characteristics* - Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany, which subsequently underwent rapid industrialization under government sponsorship. *Examples* 1. Zollverein/German Customs Unions: Formed to manage tariffs and ecnomic policies within their territories. 2. National System: By Friedrich List; Believed Industrialization would relieve poverty; Supported railroad construction, tariffs, & Zollverein. 3. Investment in transportation network 4. Adoption of improved methods of manufacturing

Unification of Germany

*Characteristics* -After defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War -The various princes of the German states united and proclaimed Wilhelm of Prussia as emperor of the German Empire with Bismarck as the Chancellor. -Possible through actions of Bismarck -Completed 1871 *Examples* 1. Prussia 2. France 3. Germany

Causes of Industrial Revolution

*Characteristics* -Agricultural Revolution -Plentiful natural resources -Growing Population -Improved transportation -New inventions -Government assistance (State/federal governments used tariffs & subsides to help businesses grow.) *Examples* 1. Railroads: First railroad in 1830 2. Canals 3. Steam boats

Anarchism

*Characteristics* -Asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary, and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. *Examples* 1. Georges Sorel 2. Mikhail Bakunin

Metternich

*Characteristics* -Austrian Foreign Minister (1815-1850) -Strongly conservative -Repressed the revolutionary activity (nationalist & liberal) in order keep the traditional monarchs in place. -Revolutions of 1848 *Examples* 1. Congress of Vienna 2. Policy of Intervention 3. Conservatism 4. Principle of Legitimacy: Idea that european peace was dependent upon legitimate monarchs who ruled through traditional means.

Labor Laws 1800s

*Characteristics* -Bourgeois families focused on nuclear families & "cult of domesticity" -Wages & quality of life for working class improved due to laws restricting labor of women & children. *Examples* 1. Factory Act of 1833 2. Mines Act of 1842 3. Ten Hours Act of 1847

Romanticism

*Characteristics* -Broke from classical artistic forms -Empathized emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, supernatural, & history. *Examples* 1. Francisco Goya 2. Caspar David Friedrich 3. JWM Turner 4. John Constable 5. Eugene Delacroix: Painted "Librity leading the People" 6. Beethoven

Radicalism

*Characteristics* -Demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership. -some argued that such rights should be extended to women *Examples* 1. Chartists 2. Ulrich Zwingli ? 3. Quakers ?

Mass political parties

*Characteristics* -Emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, ecnomic, and political reform. *Examples* 1. Conservatives and Liberals (GB) 2. Conservatives and Socialist (France) 3. Social Democratic Party (Germany)

Liberalism

*Characteristics* -Empathized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance. *Examples* 1. Jeremy Bentham 2. Anti-Corn Law League 3. John Stuart Mill

Impressionism

*Characteristics* -Emphasize nature -Thin brush strokes -Accurate depictions of light. -Daily life; Ordinary subject matter; Not peasantry *Examples* 1. Monet: Painted "Impression Sunrise" 2. Degas 3. Renoir

Realism

*Characteristics* -Featured peasantry -Showed everyday lives of people -Opposite of previous art movements because of its reality vs. fanatical events or staged events *Examples* 1. Courbet: Painted "The Stone Breakers" 2. Millet: Painted "The Gleaners" 3. Manet: Painted "Olympia"

Realpolitik leaders

*Characteristics* -Followed a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. -Only intervening in war if odds are in your favor; manipulation to win. *Examples* 1. Cavour: Itallian Unification 2. Bismarck: German Unifcation 3. Metternich

Consumerism and marketing 1800s

*Characteristics* -Heightened consumerism developed as a result of 2nd Industrial Rev. & mass marketing -Increase in demand & production of consumer goods (Clothing, processed foods, leisure) *Examples* 1. Advertising 2. Department stores 3. Catalogs

New leisure activites

*Characteristics* -Leisure time centered increasingly on the family or small groups, concurrent with the development of activities and spaces to use that time *Examples* 1. Parks 2. Sports clubs/arenas 3. Beaches 4. Museums 5. Theaters/Opera Houses

Congress of Vienna

*Characteristics* -Meeting of the Great European powers to arrange a final peace agreement after the defeat of Napoleon. -Goal: Maintain balance of power & keep peace in Europe. -1814 *Examples* 1. Concert of Europe followed (1815-1914) 2. Effect: Europe kept peace for almost a century

Developments in transporation and communication

*Characteristics* -New technologies and means of communication and transportation in more fully integrated national economies, a higher level of urbanization, and a truly global economic network. *Examples* 1. Bessemer process 2. Mass production 3. Electricity 4. Chemicals 5. Telegraph 6. Steamship 7. Streetcars 8. Telephones 9. Internal combustion engine 10. Airplane 11. Radio

Rise of anti-Senitism

*Characteristics* -Prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews as an ethnic, religious, or racial group. *Examples* 1. Dreyfus Affair 2. Christian Social Party (Germany) 3. Kristallnacht (Crystal Night or The Night of Broken Glass)

Feminism 1800s

*Characteristics* -Pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women, as well as improved working conditions *Examples* 1. Flora Tristan 2. British Women's Social and Political Union 3. Pankhurst family

Bismark

*Characteristics* -Prime Minister of Prussia -Aided in achieving German & Italian unification -Realpolitik -Used war to his advantage -Increased Prussia's military strength *Examples* 1. Austro-Prussian War (1866) 2. Franco-Prussian War (1870) 3. German/ Italian unification 4. Danish War (1864)

Political revolts 1800s

*Characteristics* -Revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo of conservatism exercised by the Concert of Europe -Metternich attempted to suppress liberal & nationalist activity *Examples* 1. Greek War of Independence 2. Decembrist Revolt (Russia) 3. Polish Rebellion 4. July Revolution/ FR of 1830 (France) 5. Revolutions of 1848

Utopian socialism

*Characteristics* -Socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people. *Examples* 1. Henri de Saint-Simon 2. Charles Fourier 3. Robert Owen

Marxism

*Characteristics* -Socialists called for a fair distribution of society's resources and wealth, and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist "scientific" critique of capitalism. *Examples* 1. Engels 2. August Bebel 3. Clara Zetkin 4. Marx 5. Rosa Luxumburg

Conservatism

*Characteristics* -Supported traditional political & religious authorities -Believed human nature was not perfectible. *Examples* 1. Edmund Burke 2. Joseph de Maistre 3. Metternich 4. Bismarck

Unification of Italy

*Characteristics* -Transformed the European balance of power and led to efforts to construct a new diplomatic order -Possible through Cavour's Realpolitik strategies + Garibaldi's military campaigns. -Completed 1871 *Examples* 1. Cavour: Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification; Formed alliance with France to attack Austria's control of Northern Italy. 2. Garibaldi: Italian patriot; Conquest of Sicily and Naples --> to the formation of the Italian state 3. Mazzini: Italian nationalist; Est. "Young Italy" movement; Sought to establish a liberal republic embracing all Italy; Austrians proved to be too strong, Italians too divided.

Dreyfus Affair

1894, a jewish captain falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Found guilty and sent to prison. After 10 years he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

Karl Marx

19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Charles Fourier

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well (1772-1837)

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of liberal nationalism throughout Europe.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's "battle for civilization," intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church

Reform Bill of 1832

British law that gave the right to vote to all men who paid ten pounds in rent a year.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

bourgeoisie

From Marx's political theory, French-term designating the middle class.

proletariat

From Marx's political theory, term designating the industrial working class

William II

German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1888 and was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878.

Red Shirts

Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

quadruple alliance

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818

Otto von Bismarck

Prime minister under King William I who oversaw the unification of Germany. He won the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).

Carlsbad Decrees

Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities (1819)

Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification.

Reichstag

the legislative assembly of Germany (parliament)