AP Euro: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Bernard de Fontelle
(1657-1757) Skeptical of absolute truth and organized religion
Royal Society
(1660) Perhaps the most prestigious and successful scientific society; located in England
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
(1687) Book of science that said natural laws of motion-gravitation-are evident in the movement of heavenly bodies & earthly objects, every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical manner
Republic
Rousseau's favorite form of government
Natural philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today
Public Sphere
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Experimental Method
The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeated experiments rather than speculation
Enlightenment
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense (1776), The Crisis Papers (1777), and the Rights of Man (1791), from Great Britain but lived in America for a time at the start of the American Revolution, liked to "stir the pot"
Marquis di Beccarria
Wrote On Crimes and Punishment (1764), opposed death penalty except for serious threats to the state, opposed torture to extract confessions, views influenced Enlightened Despots like Frederick the Great (Prussia), Catherine the Great (Russia), and Joseph II (Austria), influenced 8th amendment in U.S.
60%
Literacy of woman in Enlightenment
Baron de Montesquieu
(1689-1755) Member of French nobility and disliked absolutism/Louis XIV (who wanted to weaken nobility), wrote Spirit of the Laws (1748) and Persian Letters (1721)
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(1690) Written by John Locke and stressed the important of environment on human development, said education was the key to progress
Two Treatises of Civil Government
(1690) Written by John Locke and was a philosophical defense for the Glorious Revolution in England and that humans are basically good but lack protection
Francois Quesnay
(1694-1774) Leader of physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilism, believed French government/nobility had too much control and stifled agriculture, favored free market agriculture
1) "Every man is guilty of the good he didn't do" 2) "It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong" 2) "The way to become boring is to say everything"
3 quotes by Voltaire
Law of Inertia
A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
Physico-theology
An attempt to explain God's Providence by referencing his work in nature & not primarily through His Biblical Word
1740-1790
Time period for Enlightened Depsotism
True
True or False? Most scientists in the Scientific Revolution were religious
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543) Polish astronomer that worked for the Catholic Church but some of his discoveries would cause him to become an enemy of them
Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) Europe's leading astronomer in the late 16th century, found data that supported Copernicus but he didn't support him, he believed that the planets revolved around the sun except for Earth
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626) Formalized emperical method (empericism) that was used by Brahe and Galileo, used the inductive method (coupled with Descartes deductive reasoning and formed the backbone of scientific method)
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642) 1st to use telescope as a scientific instrument and also built one himself, he validated the Copernican View with a telescope, developed laws of motion, used experimental method (controlled experiments), did the acceleration experiment and found the law of inertia
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630) 1st great Protestant scientist and assistant to Brahe, mathematically proved the Copernican Theory, developed 3 laws of planetary motion
William Harvey
(1578-1657) Wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood (1628) which explained how blood was pumped by the heart and circulated throughout the body
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650) wrote Discourse on Method about the use of deductive reasoning, said proof depended on logic, formed a relationship between algebra and geometry, formed Cartesian Dualism
Baruch Spinoza
(1632-1677) philosopher who created the world view in which he equated God and nature
John Locke
(1632-1704) English philosopher that wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690) as well as Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), believed governments provided rule of law but only with the consent of the governed, believed it was one's duty to rebel against corrupt government, believed in tabula rasa; believed in rationality, virtue can be learned, free will, legislators owed their power to a contract with people, there are certain natural rights endowed by God, did not believe in Divine Right
Anton van Leeuwenwook
(1632-1723) Developed powerful microscopes and was the 1st to see & write about bacteria, yeast plants, living organisms in a drop of water, and circulation of blood in capillaries
Isaac Newton
(1642-1727) Incorporated astronomy of Copernicus & Kepler with physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order/design of the universe; wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)
Pierre Bayle
(1647-1706) Wrote Critical & Historical Dictionary (1697), advocated complete toleration, said a person should be free to worship any religion or none, skeptic (nothing could be known beyond all doubt), criticized Christianity because it attempted to impose orthodoxy
Voltaire
(1694-1778) perhaps the most influential of all Enlightenment philosophers, he wrote his criticisms with a sharp sarcasm that ridiculed those whom he disagreed with, challenged traditional theology, strong deist views, believed that human reason was the key to progress in society not religious faith, hated bigotry/injustice and supported religious toleration, Christian but thought organized religion became corrupt, believed people were incapable of governing themselves similar to Hobbes' view, BELIEVED IN EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW BUT NOT IN EQUALITY OF CLASSES, wrote Candide (1759)
Madame de Geoffren
(1699-1777) major organizer of salons, atronizes Diderot's Encyclopedia
John Wesley
(1703-1791) founder of Methodism
Emilie de Chatalet
(1706-1749) French noblewoman, wrote extensively on the math/physics of Gottfried Wilhelm von Lebnitz & Newton, lover was Voltaire who learned from her
Benjamin Franklin
(1706-1790) Inventor, scientist, diplomat, wrote Poor Richard's Almanac
War of Austrian Succession
(1707-1748) Frederick invaded area in Austria called Silesia, part of Austrians-Habsburg Empire, which violated Pragmatic Sanction, Prussia wins and becomes a Great Power of Europe
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778) Wrote the Social Contract (1762), believed in the General Will, wrote Emile (1762), believed man is good at birth in a simple state but is corrupted by materialism and civilization
Denis Diderot
(1713-1784) Wrote the Encyclopedia (1765)
Persian Letters
(1721) Book written by Baron de Montesquieu that the goal was to prevent tyranny and promote liberty and used the principle of checks and balances
Baron d'Holbach
(1723-1789) Wrote System of Nature, said humans were machines and believed in determinism, harsh atheism cause negative views of him
Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804) Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment, separated morality and science, said science could describe nature but could not provide a guide for morality, believed in Categorical Imperative
Adam Smith
(1727-1790) Sometimes called the "Father of Economics", wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776), similar to physiocrat ideas but wanted "free market everything", thought the economy was controlled by the natural law ('invisible hand') of supply and demand, favored competition, favored private ownership, thought government regulation interferes
Frederick II (the Great)
(1740-1786) One of the greatest rulers in German history, son of Frederick William, patronized Voltaire
Jean de Condorcet
(1743-1794) Wrote Sketch for Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795), identified 9 human stages and predicted the 10th to be perfection
Thomas Jefferson
(1743-1826) Author of Declaration of Independence, delegate of Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention, 3rd president of US
John Adams
(1745-1826) Boston lawyer, member of Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention, 2nd president of US
Spirit of the Laws
(1748) Book written by Baron de Montesquieu that called for separation of power in government in 3 branches (monarchy, nobility, and the rest of the population)
Seven Years' War
(1756-1763) 1st true world war, Prussia and Great Britain vs. France, Russia, and Austria, Prussia and Great Britain win after removal of Russia from war
Candide
(1759) Written by Voltaire and was a satirical book mocking French Catholicism and nobility
Mary Wollstonecraft
(1759-1797) English, promoted political and educational equality of women, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Emile
(1762) Written by Rousseau and believed in progressive education, learning by doing, and self expression
Social Contract
(1762) Written by Rousseau and believed there was too much of of an emphasis on property and not enough consideration of people, was a root cause of social injustice, set contract of implied rules between everyone
On Crimes and Punishment
(1764) Written by Marquis di Beccarria and sought to humanize criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before the law, said punishment for a crime should be based rationally on the damage done to society, should not be linked to the religious concept of sin
Encyclopedia
(1765) Written by Denis Diderot and was perhaps the most representative and great work of philosophes, a vast compendium of political and social critiques from various Enlightenment philosophers/authors, popularized view of philosophes, emphasized science/reason whole criticizing religion, intolerance, injustice, & tyranny, sought critical thinking, banned in France
The Wealth of Nations
(1776) Book written by Adam Smith that was known as the "Bible of Capitalism" and refined/expanded the "laissez-faire" (let it be) philosophy of physiocrats
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(1792) Written by Mary Wollstonecraft and inspired by the French Revolution, said every right allowed to man should be allowed for women
Protestants
With the exception of Martin Luther and John Calvin what group were big supporters of Copernicus?
Philosophes
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment; committed to fundamental reform in society, optimistic about how people should live and be governed
Rococo
A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastel, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
Rationalism
A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason
Empericism
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation
P-Problem O-Observation H-Hypothesis E-Experiment C-Conclusion
Acronym for the Scientific Method
Salon
Women played a large role in what movement of the Enlightenment?
Copernican Theory
Another name for the Heliocentric Theory (can be called theory/view/hypothesis)
German Pietism
Argued need for spiritual conversion and religious experience
Constitutional Monarchy
Baron de Montesquieu's favorite form of government
Classical Liberalism
Belief in liberty of the individual and equality before the law but no democracy, liked laissez faire capitalism
Utilitarianism
Belief in the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Categorical imperative
Belief of intuitive instinct placed by God in the human conscience (opposing view of tabula rasa)
Pantheism
Belief that God and nature are one and the same
Tabula Rasa
Belief that the human mind was a blank slate and registered input from the sense passively, said all knowledge was a result of sensory experiences, rejected Descartes' view that people are born with basic ideas
Jansenism
Catholic sect in France that argued against the clockmaker God and was a mix between Calvinism/Catholicism
Medieval universities, new professorships, Renaissance, exploration, scientific methodology, secularism
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Rationalism, Cosmology, Secularism, Scientific Method, Education of the Masses, Legal Reforms, Utilitarianism, Tolerance, Optimism/Self Confidence, Freedom, Constitutionalism
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
England
Country that leads Scientific Revolution
France
Country that leads the Enlightenment
India
Crown jewel for Britain
No
Did peasants benefit from reforms of Frederick II?
Decrease
Did the Scientific Revolution increase or decrease the support of witch hunts?
Clock maker God
Diests believe in what kind of God?
Cartesian Dualism
Divided all existence into spiritual and material, material could only be examined by deductive reasoning, spiritual was subjected to experimental method
Acceleration Experiment
Experiment performed by Galileo and said that gravity was a universal force that produced uniform acceleration and all falling objects descend with equal velocity regardless of weight
Increase power of state
Frederick II's reforms were aimed to do what?
1633
In what year did the inquisition of Pope Urban VII forced Galileo forced him to extract support of Copernican Theory and he was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life?
Physiocrats
Group who opposed mercantilism (mercantilism=idea that a country should export more than it imports and that the sole purpose of a colony was to serve the mother country)
Parlements
High court system in France that was like the Supreme Court, there were 13; judicial tribunals of nobles
Theology
In the Middle Ages science was a branch of what?
1616
In what year did the Catholic Church declare that the Copernican Theory was false (heretical) and persecuted those who supported him like Galileo?
Modern Scientific Method
Inductive reasoning (Bacon) + deductive reasoning (Descartes) =
Deism
Known as the Enlightenment view of God and believed that the laws of motion are unchangeable and predictable so God's active participation in the natural world is not needed to explain the forces of nature, this belief came from Newton's findings
Skeptical
Later Enlightenment turned more what?
80%
Literacy of men in Enlightenment
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Most important treaty in 18th c and since Peace of Westphalia, ends Seven Years War
"The first servant of the People"
Nickname Frederick II gave himself
Father of Microscopy
Nickname of Anton van Leeunwenhook
Father of Modern Physics
Nickname of Isaac Newton
Individualism
Overview of the 18th century: Cultural History --> ?
Mercantilism to Capitalism
Overview of the 18th century: Economic History --> ?
Newtonian Physics & Reason
Overview of the 18th century: Intellectual History --> ?
Reform
Overview of the 18th century: Political History --> ?
Increased literacy, "Age of Aristocracy"
Overview of the 18th century: Social History --> ?
Increased rights/education
Philosophes did what for women?
Ghost in the Machine
Phrase that goes along with the idea that the universe is governed by "natural law" not by personal God; refers to patterns/laws
Constitutional Monarchy
Politics in the 18th century: Britain --> ?
Royal Absolutism (cultural & religious unity)
Politics in the 18th century: France -->
Traditional empire
Politics in the 18th century: Ottoman Empire --> ?
Enlightened Despotism
Politics in the 18th century: Prussia, Hapsburg Empire, Russia --> ?
"Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains"
Quote by Rousseau that means even though man is free he is not able to do whatever he wants
Salon
Regular gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
Principia
Shortened name for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
David Hume
Skeptic, said human ideas were a result of sensory experiences, wrote Nature of Religion (1755)
Parisian
Someone who lives in Paris
False
T or F: Enlightened despots usually supported harsh punishments and death penalty
Enlightened Absolutism
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance
Genesis
The Catholic Church didn't like the Heliocentric view and called it "heretical" because it seemed to challenge what book of the Bible that seemed to put forth a geocentric theory?
Haskalah
The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
The name of the book written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 that was not published until after his death and dedicated to Pope Paul III, it shared his discovery of the Heliocentric view
Reading Revolution
The transition in Europe from a society of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was common-place and reading material was broad and diverse
Geocentric view/theory
What view was popular in the Middle Ages and said that Earth was the center of a static motionless universe?
Descartes
Who emphasized deductive reasoning?
Francis Bacon
Who said, "Renounce notions and begin to form an acquaintance with things"
John Locke
Who said, "The purpose of government is to protect "natural rights" of the people: life liberty, and property."?
Andreas Vesalius
Who wrote The Structure of the Human Body (1453) which renewed and modernized the study of human anatomy?
Mathematics and a need for new tools to navigate
Why was exploration a big cause of the scientific revolution?
Heliocentric Theory
View that argued that the Earth revolved around the sun and that the sun was the center of the universe, also that stars didn't move they only appeared to because of Earth's rotation (can be called theory/view/hypothesis)
Francois Marie Arouet
Voltaire's actual name
Enlightened Despotism
Voltaire's preferred government
"I do not agree with a word you have to say but I'll defend to my death your right to say it"
Voltaire's quote about freedom of speech
No
Was Isaac Newton a deist?
Methodism
Were the religious group who taught the need for spiritual regeneration and a moral life that would demonstrate one's having been "born-again"
1) Orbits of planets are elliptical 2) Planets do not move at a uniform speed in orbit 3) The amount of time it takes for planets to orbit depends on the distance from the sun (closer to the sun=faster orbit)
What are the 3 laws of planetary motion discovered by Johannes Kepler?
Protestants
What group highly supported Galileo?
Republic
What is John Locke's preferred form of government?
Protestant
What kind of countries were the leaders in the Scientific Revolution?
Education was the key to progress
What nearly all philosophers/philosophes during the Enlightenment believed?
"I think therefore I am"
What quote did Rene Descartes make about existence?
Christian
What religious groups oppose the Enlightenment?
cameralism
view that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good