AP Euro - Test 1 Abbreviated Version
3) The burial depicted in the image most likely resulted from the spread of which of the following? A) Spanish influenza B) Malaria C) Smallpox D) Bubonic plague
D) Bubonic plague Bubonic plague was the disease behind a series of catastrophic epidemic outbreaks known as the Black Death, which decimated European populations in the mid-fourteenth century, reaching its peak between 1347 and 1351, precisely when this image was made. Because it resulted in high mortality, urban outbreaks of bubonic plague often resulted in mass burials.
On there) Which of the following states in the period 1450-1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2? (A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar (B) The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (C) The Ottoman Empire (D) The Tokugawa Shogunate
A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar
Q5) What does new scholarship on the painting suggest? A) It was customary at that time to remove shoes while indoors B) It commemorates Arnolfini's deceased wife. C) It commemorates the woman's first pregnancy. D) It commemorates the couple's wedding.
B) It commemorates Arnolfini's deceased wife.
2) The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A)The end of feudalism B)The decline of serfdom C)The collapse of the Byzantine Empire D)The Protestant Reformation
B)The decline of serfdom The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to a decrease in the overall number of available workers, which fueled the transition from serfdom to wage labor, as the surviving peasants were able to flee their lords' manors and demand better compensation in exchange for their services.
24)The political philosophy espoused in the text above is different from those of the medieval period in which of the following ways? A. It accepted the notion that monarchs were justified in asserting their authority. B. It was a pragmatic rather than an ethical or religious ideology. C. It stressed the importance of looking back to the classical past. D. It did not rely upon strong concepts of equality across class boundaries.
B. It was a pragmatic rather than an ethical or religious ideology. In contrast to the scholars of the medieval period, who were much more religious-minded and concerned with morality, Machiavelli's worldview was more practical. Instead of relying upon abstract religious or philosophical arguments about what was right and wrong, Machiavelli focused on real-world situations (and some thought he was cruel and manipulative as a result). Choice (B) is the best answer.
2) Which of the following statements is NOT true of the painting? A) The gestures and details that have meaning in this painting, but it is difficult to determine the particular meaning or purpose of this painting. B) Giovanni Arnolfini's personal wealth is an important theme of the painting, with evidence of his wealth in may details. C) Giovanni Arnolfini's wife was pregnant with their first child at the time of this painting. D) Giovanni Arnolfini, an Italian merchant who worked in Bruges, was the patron of this painting.
C) Giovanni Arnolfini's wife was pregnant with their first child at the time of this painting.
7)The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? A) New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment B) Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature C) Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation D) Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era
C) Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation
12)The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? A) The collapse of papal authority B) The diffusion of artistic traditions C) The spread of epidemic diseases D) The revival of classical architecture
C) The spread of epidemic diseases This painting reflects fears generated by the spread of the bubonic plague, which probably originated in China. The disease spread across Afro-Eurasia along trade routes and reached western Europe in 1347.
33) Participants in the Northern Renaissance, such as Erasmus, differed from participants in the Italian Renaissance in which of the following ways? A) They focused more on emulating Greek and Roman political traditions. B) They focused more on paintings and architecture that followed classical styles. C) They focused more on humanism as a mechanism for religious reform. D) They focused more on commissioning artworks to enhance their prestige.
C) They focused more on humanism as a mechanism for religious reform.
On there)The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history? (A) While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. (B) While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. (C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. (D) While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.
C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity
15)The painting above is often described as a Renaissance masterpiece that typifies the humanism that was which of the following? A. Just starting to emerge but will continue to spread uninterrupted throughout Europe over the course of the next 500 years as a central ideal. B. Just coming to an end as the interaction with the Ottoman Turks in 1453 closed off trade routes and shut down communication between East and West. C. In its prime, as the only major power in Europe that refused to employ humanist artists was the Catholic Church. D. In its prime, as humanists such as Petrarch in Italy and Erasmus in Rotterdam, were already writing major humanist works by the time this painting was finished.
D. In its prime, as humanists such as Petrarch in Italy and Erasmus in Rotterdam, were already writing major humanist works by the time this painting was finished. (A) is wrong because the spread of humanist ideas happened in bursts and stops throughout European history. (B) is wrong because humanism was at its height in the early 1500s with Erasmus just reaching his most productive period. (C) is wrong because the Roman Catholic Church's leaders embraced humanism, as this painting in the papal residences illustrates. (D) is CORRECT because humanists, such as Petrarch in Italy and Erasmus in Rotterdam, were already writing major humanist works by the time this painting was finished.www.crackap.com
2)The point of view of the author can best be described as Hostile to the peasants
Hostile to the peasants
Source 3B (most likely) - Jean Froissart, French Chronicler, late 1300s
"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords.The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s
Source 2: Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib. A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain. 1349-1352
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352
Source 3A - Jean Froissart, French Chronicler, late 1300s
"The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: 'Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?' " Jean Froissart, account of a peasant revolt in England, 1381
Erasmus, Desiderius, "Pope Julius Excluded from Heaven." Excerpted from The Praise of Folly. 1511
"The whole tribe [of clergy] is so universally loathed that even a chance meeting is thought to be ill-omened—and yet they are gloriously self-satisfied. In the first place, they believe it is the highest form of piety to be so uneducated that they can't even read. Then when they bray like donkeys in church, repeating by rote the psalms they haven't understood, they imagine they are charming the ears of their heavenly audience with infinite delight. Many of them too make a good living out of their squalor and beggary, bellowing for bread from door to door, and indeed making a nuisance of themselves in every inn, carriage, or boat, to the great loss of all other beggars. This is the way in which these smooth individuals, in all their filth and ignorance, their boorish and shameless behavior, claim to bring back the apostles into our midst! . . .As if indeed the deadliest enemies of the Church were not these impious pontiffs [popes] who allow Christ to be forgotten through their silence, fetter him with their mercenary laws, misrepresent him with their forced interpretations of his teaching, and slay him with their noxious way of life!"
Source 7a: Machiavelli, Nicolo. The Prince. 1513
"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, it is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails." Nicolo Machiavelli, The Prince, ca. 1513 C.E.
35) Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait? A) Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style B) Religious authorities who wished to emphasize the emotional aspects of Christian faith C) Government officials who sought to be portrayed as figures from classical mythology D) Protestant religious dissidents who favored art that broke with traditional Catholic motifs
A - Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style Renaissance humanism was fed by an economic recovery in the fifteenth century. Commercial elites patronized the arts in order to exhibit their status and cultural refinement in works much like Dürer's.
3) What makes this painting typical of other works from the Northern Renaissance? A) Attention to detail B) Lack of light and shadow C) Idealized figures D) Use of tempera paint
A) Attention to detail
5) The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia B) The conquest of Eurasia by Central Asian nomadic peoples C) The Spanish and Portuguese voyages of exploration to find new trade routes to Asia D) The increased development of mechanical labor-saving devices for industrial production
A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia
1) Which of the following best explains why, in the mid-fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions? A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas. B) People in rural and mountainous regions had greater access to natural medicines that could fight the disease. C) People in rural and mountainous regions were better able to flee to the safety of their lords' castles. D) The disease principally spread among religious missionaries, and most missionaries traveled to cities.
A) The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas. Bubonic plague spread along trade routes to China during the 1320s and further spread across Afro-Eurasia along overland and maritime trade routes. Although many rural regions experienced mass deaths because of bubonic plague, cities were more significantly affected because the disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in cities such as Tournai.
27) Which of the following would explain why the city of Florence commissioned a statue of David rather than another biblical or classical hero? A) the story of the righteous underdog who defeated a giant had resonance in the young republic, which wanted to preserve its freedom B) the city of Florence had named David its patron saint and wanted to celebrate him C) the thousands of Florence Jewish ppl combined their wealth to sponsor the creation of an old testament hero for their city to recognize D) David's purity of action and thought throughout his story in the Bible made him the perfect representative of the most artistic city of the Italian Renaissance The story of the righteous underdog who defeated a giant had resonance in the young republic, which wanted to preserve its freedom
A) The story of the righteous underdog who defeated a giant had resonance in the young republic, which wanted to preserve its freedom
18)The text above was most likely seen as which of the following at the time it was written? A. A guide for educating and training a "Universal Man" B. A guide for how to be a good absolute ruler C. A guide for how to meet a wife D. A guide for how to be a troubadour
A. A guide for educating and training a "Universal Man" (A) is CORRECT because Castiglione's Book of the Courtier is about how to become the ideal "Renaissance Man." (B) is wrong because Castiglione's Book of the Courtier is not about how to become an ideal ruler, but how to serve one. (C) is wrong because Castiglione's Book of the Courtier is not about how to find a wife, but about how to become a courtier.(D) is wrong because Castiglione's Book of the Courtier is not about how to become troubadour (although it encourages musicianship), but about how to become a courtier.
22)Which of the following best characterizes the author's attitude in the passage? A. Cynicism about the loyalty of a ruler's subjects B. Optimism about the fair-mindedness of political leaders C. Criticism of the religious establishment D. Ambivalence about the future of his economic prospects
A. Cynicism about the loyalty of a ruler's subjects In the passage, Machiavelli states that "this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous." Because people are disloyal to their rulers, according to this line of thinking, it is better for rulers to be feared than to be loved (so as to ensure obedience).
31)Which of the following was more likely to be emphasized by Burkhardt and Michelet than by Brotton? A. the role of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) in promoting the Renaissance and its values B. the importance of the invention of double-entry bookkeeping C. the role of the Fuggers and Medici in creating a commercial env favorable to the Renaissance D. the role of foreign trade in supporting the cultural diffusion needed for the Renaissance to bloom
A. the role of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) in promoting the Renaissance and its values
Maybe) Michelangelo's David displays which thematic innovation of Renaissance artists A.) accurate human anatomy
A.) accurate human anatomy
34) The Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance shared an emphasis on which of the following artistic styles and themes? A) Subjective representations of the painter's emotional state B) Naturalistic representations of human-centered subjects using geometric perspective C) The incorporation of cultural themes from overseas colonies D) The realistic depiction of social problems such as poverty and corruption
B A major development in art during this period was an emphasis on human-centered subjects and naturalistic depictions using geometric perspective. Both the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance produced art with these characteristics.
11)Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A) The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B) The decline of many urban areas C) A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D) A decrease in military conflicts
B) The decline of many urban areas The spread of the bubonic plague across western Europe devastated the estates of manorial lords, who imposed various restrictions on peasant movements and increased manorial obligations and taxes. These actions led to peasant revolts in France and England during the mid and late fourteenth century. In addition to natural disasters and famine, the effects of the bubonic plague also contributed to the Red Turban Rebellion in China that lasted from 1351 to 1368.
13)Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A) The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B) The decline of many urban areas C) A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D) A decrease in military conflicts
B) The decline of many urban areas Urban centers across Afro-Eurasia were often the areas most devastated by the spread of epidemic diseases in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
4) The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C) The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D) The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity
B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests
On there)The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750? (A) The establishment of the casta system (B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations (C) The use of the encomienda system (D) The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations
B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations
14)The policy toward minority religious groups described in Source 1 is most consistent with the policy toward minority religious groups in Islamic states in the period before 1450 because it A) required certain minority religious groups to pay a poll tax B) was often not strictly enforced by local officials C) granted limited personal freedom and protection D) allowed minority religious groups to use their traditional legal systems
C) granted limited personal freedom and protection Source 1 directly illustrates how Jews in the kingdom of Castile received limited personal freedom and protection while being subject to various legal restrictions associated with second-class citizenship. Islamic states also adopted a similar policy toward religious minorities (mainly Jews and Christians, but also other groups such as Zoroastrians) residing within their territories, a policy that is typically referred to as the dhimma system.
23)Machiavelli's treatise is best understood in the context of which of the following? A. A time of burgeoning economic prosperity among the lower classes of Italian society B. A time of increasing religious devotion among the elite Italian scholars C. A time of intense political conflict among warring Italian city-states and other factions D. A time of collegial cooperation between scholars and ecclesiastical authorities in Italy
C. A time of intense political conflict among warring Italian city-states and other factions At the time that this passage was written, Italy was governed by independent city-states that were often at war with each other, with the church, and with other nations such as France and Spain. Machiavelli's treatise is thus in some ways a reaction to the political uncertainty of his day, making (C) the best answer.
26) What major point were both artists making in using the Old Testament story of David and Goliath as the theme of their artwork? A. Both statues represent the youthfulness of the Renaissance intellectual and artistic movements that dominated southern Europe in the 15th century and early 16th century. B. They both were responses to the growing challenges to the authority of the Papacy by religious reformers. C. The young David represented the independent city-state of Florence standing against tyranny and/or the stronger states that threatened its borders D. Both works of art were commissioned by the Medici family to display their power and influence over the city of Florence.
C. The young David represented the independent city-state of Florence standing against tyranny and/or the stronger states that threatened its borders
17)Why would the patrons of this painting and its three companion paintings wish to pay huge sums of money for these works of art? A. They and the other people in their region believed that great public works of art demonstrated power and prestige to the people. B. They believed that it was their civic duty to pay people to paint in order to reduce unemployment in their towns. C. They simply wanted to be surrounded by beautiful objects and paintings because they loved beauty. D. They believed that if they surrounded themselves with pictures from ancient Greece that they would be very wise and live for a long time, like Greek ideas did.
Correct Answer: A. They and the other people in their region believed that great public works of art demonstrated power and prestige to the people. (A) is CORRECT because the Renaissance saw people believe that great public works of art demonstrated power and prestige. (B) is wrong because reducing unemployment was NOT seen as a civic duty at the time. (C) is wrong because they had other motives concerned with power and prestige that overrode the desire for beauty. (D) is wrong because the idea of getting wisdom from the Greeks was but a small part of what was going on, and misses the bigger picture.www.crackap.com
21) Which of the following skills that Castiglione recommends for a courtier would be valued LEAST by a European gentleman at the end of the twentieth century? A. Expertise with multiple languages B. Being strong and attractive C. Expertise with many kinds of weapons D. Ability to write poetry and prose
Correct Answer: C. Expertise with many kinds of weapons (A) is wrong because gentlemen at the end of the twentieth century in Europe were expected to know multiple languages, but not how to fight with many weapons. (B) is wrong because gentlemen at the end of the twentieth century in Europe were still expected to be strong and attractive or "shapely of limb," as Castiglione puts it, but were not required to fight with multiple weapons. (C) is CORRECT because gentlemen at the end of the twentieth century in Europe were no longer expected to know how to fight with multiple weapons. (D) is wrong because gentlemen at the end of the twentieth century in Europe were expected to know how to write both prose and poetry, but not how to fight with multiple weapons.
19)Which of the following themes of the Renaissance era is the above writing most connected to? A. Secularism B. Individualism C. Humanism D. Perspective
Correct Answer: C. Humanism (A) is wrong because, although the reading explains many ways to improve as an individual, it is also focused on Greco-Roman texts and on perfection as an educational pursuit, making it more closely tied to humanism than to individualism.(B) is wrong because although the reading does not mention any religious theme or goal, it is focused on Greco-Roman texts and on perfection as an educational pursuit, making it more closely tied to humanism than to secularism. (C) is CORRECT because the reading is focused on Greco-Roman texts and on perfection as an educational pursuit, making it more closely tied to humanism than to individualism or secularism. (D) A is wrong because perspective was an artistic method not mentioned or alluded to in this reading.
16)What are three characteristics in the painting above that make it an Italian Renaissance painting? A. Perspective, sfumato, and scale B. Chiaroscuro, Perspective, and the number of people depicted C. Perspective, humanist subject matter, and attention to anatomical detail D. Colors used, humanist subject matter, and the fact that it was a fresco
Correct Answer: C. Perspective, humanist subject matter, and attention to anatomical detail (A) is wrong because sfumato cannot be used on frescos and is not present. (B) is wrong because chiaroscuro cannot be used on frescos and is not present. (C) is CORRECT because perspective, humanist subject matter, and attention to anatomical detail are all present characteristics of Renaissance Art. (D) is wrong because frescos have been used in European art since the Greek
20) Which of the following reforms would Castiglione most likely want to institute? A. The creation of coeducational public high schools paid for by the state B. The creation of male-only public high schools paid for by the state C. The creation of public universities without tuition where all students of both genders could learn D. The creation of private high schools for elite young men with many extracurricular activities
Correct Answer: D. The creation of private high schools for elite young men with many extracurricular activities (A) is wrong because the Renaissance was an elitist movement, and Castiglione was against the noisy public being educated, and the idea of boys and girls being educated together would have been unacceptable to him. (B) is wrong because the Renaissance was an elitist movement, and Castiglione was against the noisy public being educated and would thus be against any kind of public schooling. (C) is wrong because the Renaissance was an elitist movement, and Castiglione was against the noisy public being educated, and the idea of boys and girls being educated together would have been unacceptable to him. (D) is CORRECT because the Renaissance was an elitist movement, and Castiglione wanted to get the best education in all pursuits for the young men of the upper classes only.
32) Erasmus' critique of the clergy were most clearly influenced by which of the following historical developments at the time he wrote In Praise of Folly ? A) The continued focus of universities on religious inquiry B) The spread of cheap printed materials as a result of the development of Gutenberg's printing press C) The revival of interest in secular models for political and individual behavior D) The humanist challenge to the institutional power of the Catholic Church
D Erasmus' critique was based on humanist principles and beliefs regarding individual behavior and morality and were a direct challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church.
36) The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance? A) The emergence of Mannerist and Baroque artistic styles B) The development of cultural expressions that reflected nationalist values C) The revival of Greek and Roman classical styles D) The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression
D - The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression Self-portraiture corresponds with the development of artists being seen as unique and creative geniuses as opposed to merely craftsmen. Dürer's subject matter (himself) and the inscription suggest the type of self-conscious individualism characteristic of the Renaissance.
4) What might the removed shoes symbolize? A) The woman's devotion to her husband B) It was customary at that time to remove shoes while indoors C) That the house is warm D) The couple stands on holy ground
D) The couple stands on holy ground
Could be) Castiglione's BOOK OF THE COURTIER 1528 was intended as which of the following? A. a collection of entertaining travel stories B. a guide to the military affairs of the Italian peninsula C. a collection of meditations and spiritual reflections D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette E. an allegory of courtly love
D. a guide to refined behavior and etiquette
32)The Renaissance was a time known for educational and intellectual breakthroughs often attributed to which of the following educational systems? A. the secular system taught at universities in italy, which ignored all religious traditions B. the individualism taught by artists and their patrons C. the navigational methods of the school of Henry the Navigator D. the focus on greek and roman classics required by humanism
D. the focus on greek and roman classics required by humanism
10)All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which most likely explains Froissart's view of the peasants' grievances discussed in the passage? (A) Even though he was French, Froissart traveled to England to collect information for his chronicles. (B) Peasant revolts were fairly common in medieval Europe. (C) History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences. (D) In addition to his chronicles, Froissart wrote a work of romance based on the legend of King Arthur.
History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences.
Source 6: From Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, 1528
I am of opinion that the principal and true profession of the Courtier ought to be that of arms; which I would have him follow actively above all else, and be known among others as bold and strong, and loyal to whomsoever he serves. . . .I would have him well built and shapely of limb, and would have him show strength and lightness and suppleness, and know all bodily exercises that befit a man of war; whereof I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, to understand the advantages of each, and especially to be familiar with those weapons that are ordinarily used among gentlemen. . . .Our Courtier then will be esteemed excellent and will attain grace in everything, particularly in speaking. . . .I would have him more than passably accomplished in letters, at least in those studies that are called the humanities, and conversant not only with the Latin language but with the Greek, for the sake of the many different things that have been admirably written therein. Let him be well versed in the poets, and not less in the orators and historians, and also proficient in writing verse and prose, especially in this vulgar [vernacular] tongue of ours. . . .You must know that I am not content with the Courtier unless he be also a musician and unless, besides understanding and being able to read notes, he can play upon divers instruments. . . .I wish our Courtier to guard against getting the name of a liar or a boaster, which sometimes befalls even those who do not deserve it. —From Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, 1528
1)The description of the peasant revolt best supports which of the following conclusions? Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance
Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance
8)The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor? (A) Slavery (B) Military conscription (C) Indentured servitude (D) Serfdom
Serfdom
9)English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments? (A) The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment (B) Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases (C) The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism (D) Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures
Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases
Source 5: Law Code issued by Alfonso X, King of the Christian Spanish Kingdom of Castile, circa 1265
Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom ofCastile, circa 1265 Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492
Maybe) The sculpture of David was placed in the New Republic's town hall, the Palazzo della Signoria, in Florence, facing Rome and the Pope as a warning against the former power of which of the following families? The Fugger Family to whom the pope owed huge amounts of money, which eventually led to the selling of indulgences
The Fugger Family to whom the pope owed huge amounts of money, which eventually led to the selling of indulgences
Source 11: Jerry Brotton, Renaissance Historian, 2012
The Myth of the Renaissance by Dr. Jeremy Brotton "The term 'Renaissance' - referring to the revolution in cultural and artistic life that took place in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries - was first applied as late as the 19th century, when the French historian Jules Michelet used it in his History of France of 1855...Michelet's invention of the Renaissance was refined and established by the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, in his book The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). Like Michelet, Burckhardt believed that the cultural achievements of the period heralded a 'rebirth' (the French 'renaissance') of the classical Greek and Roman values of literary purity and aesthetic beauty...Until very recently, this invention of the European Renaissance has remained a powerful and seductive myth, which has ignored much of what was truly revolutionary about this extraordinary period in European history. The problem with the approach of both Michelet and Burckhardt to the Renaissance is that it reflected their own 19th-century world, characterized by European imperialism, industrial expansion, the decline of the church, and a romantic vision of the role of the artist in society. Neither of these writers explored how trade, finance, science and exchange with other cultures decisively shaped what they saw as the cultural flowering of the European Renaissance"
Source 4: The Triumph of Death, Anonymous Painting from Fifteenth-Century Sicily
The figure presents a painting titled The Triumph of Death. At the center of the painting, a human skeleton rides a skeletal horse through a garden filled with people. The skeleton, which has a scythe and a quiver on its hip, holds a bow in its hand, shooting arrows at the people scattered around the scene. At the bottom left, a group of people look up toward the skeleton and appear to be pleading with it. At the bottom center and right, below the skeleton, a group of people lie dead or dying on the ground, shot with arrows. This group includes clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Scala/Art Resource, NY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople.
6)The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
Maybe) Which of the following artistic techniques is best exemplified in the painting? The use of geometric perspective to give depth to the painting.
The use of geometric perspective to give depth to the painting.
Maybe) What is Dr. Brotton's primary argument against the traditional view of the Renaissance as proposed by Michelet and Burkhardt? The work of the earlier historians was flawed because they were too focused upon economic causes and effects of the era.
The work of the earlier historians was flawed because they were too focused upon economic causes and effects of the era.
