AP Euro - Unit 3 Exam Review: Key Concepts
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: Challenges to absolutism resulted in alternative political systems.
"Protectorate" military dictatorship: Cromwell controlled the army and the government; divided England into twelve military districts, each governed by a major general The Instrument of Government (1653): executive power in lord protector and Council of State
3.6 Balance of Power: The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare.
Absolutism: monarchs had complete sovereignty; monarchs were legislators (made law); attempted economic success by following mercantilism; created permanent standing armies; and centralized power Constitutionalism: limitation of government power by law; balance authority and power of the government and the rights and liberties of the subjects; constitution protects the rights, liberties, and properties of the people Republican government: sovereign power resides in the electorate and is exercised by the electorate's representatives Military revolution: Louis XIV enlarged the army, creating a standardized and trained army with medics and food
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: Labor and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by governments and corporate entities.
Capitalism - Free market economy - Dutch Republic
3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power: Absolute monarchies limited the nobility's participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy's social position and legal privileges.
Cardinal Richelieu's Royal Council: middle class Louis XIV Palace of Versailles: royal court; baroque; required nobles to live there for part of the year; ruined the nobles by accustoming them to equality; weakened their right to advise the king and to participate in government by excluding the highest nobles from his council; pleased the nobles by separating power from status and grandeur, securing their cooperation Frederick William I: forced nobles to serve in the army.
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: The importation and transplantation of agricultural products from the Americas contributed to an increase in the food supply in Europe.
Columbian Exchange - Potatoes - Corn
Key Concept 2.1
Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: The competition for power between monarchs and corporate and minority language groups produced different distributions of governmental authority in European states.
Each Dutch Province had regents - an oligarchy of wealthy merchants - who handled domestic affairs. - Regents guarded local independence and resisted efforts at centralization The States General handled foreign affairs, like war, and had no sovereign authority. - Representatives (stadholders) carried out ceremonial functions, and were responsible for defense and good order The provincial Estates held all power; States General; needed their approval
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: Within states, minority local and regional identities based on language and culture led to resistance against the dominant national group.
Hungarians [nobles] thwarted the full development of Austrian [Habsburg] absolutism. - Hungarians were Protestants and they wanted to stay as independent as possible with local control - Charles VI restored their old, traditional privileges to receive their acceptance of the Sanction Bohemian States - the Czech - were under the control of the Habsburgs, but they still tried to maintain their Czech identity while the Habsburgs attempted to mandate Catholicism and centralize their power. - Bohemian States rose against the Habsburgs, signaling the beginning of the Thirty Years War
3.6 Balance of Power: After the Austrian defeat of the Turks in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna, the Ottomans ceased their westward expansion.
In the Ottomans' attempt to siege Vienna to conquer the Austrians, they were forced to retreat as Austria counterattacked, defeating the Turks at the Battle of Vienna. - Habsburgs conquered almost all of Hungary and Transylvania
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: The development of the market economy led to new financial practices and institutions.
- Joint-stock companies - Bank of New Amsterdam - Atlantic Port Cities - Double-entry bookkeeping - Cash circulation - Exchange markets (stocks)
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity and increased the supply of food and other agricultural products.
- Seed drill - Crop rotation - Enclosure Act - Selective breeding - Fertilizer - Staple crops, grain, livestock
3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution: The English Civil War—a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure— exemplified the competition for power among monarchs and competing groups (Charles I)
Charles I dissolved Parliament because they denied him funds for war and ruled without Parliament from 1629-1640 to find funds. Charles signed Parliament's Petition of Rights: no imprisonment without due cause, no taxation without consent, no soldiers in private homes, and no martial law during peacetime. Charles then ignored the petition, dissolving Parliament. Then, Parliament forms the Long Parliament: passed the Triennial Act, and Parliament can't be adjourned without its consent. Charles I took military action against Parliament in an attempt to get his way. - Cavaliers (Royalists): Charles I, House of Lords, and aristocracy - Roundheads (Parliamentarians): Cromwell, House of Commons, and middle class
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: European states followed mercantilist policies by drawing resources from colonies in the New World and elsewhere.
Colbert built roads and canals to improve communications, and he abolished many domestic tariffs to protect French goods. After mercantilism drove European nations to colonize Latin America, they mined for silver and gold and Latin America became a source of many crops and products. The economic and military strength of mercantilist nations allowed them to exploit cheap labor and extract raw materials from colonies to secure advantages over rival nations.
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.
Contradicting James I belief of the Divine Right of the King, Thomas Hobbes states that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract - The power of the ruler is absolute, but their power is not held by divine right - Social contract: the people give the king their natural rights in exchange for protection John Locke believed a civil government was made to protect the natural rights of people: life, liberty, and property
3.6 Balance of Power: The inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its authority over the nobility led to Poland's partition by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, and its disappearance from the map of Europe.
Elites controlled the representative assemblies and key leadership positions in government, defying the king and exempting themselves from taxation, instead exploiting the peasantry. Poland's lack of a powerful monarchy and ineffective bureaucracy created disunity in Poland. With civil war breaking out, Poland's surrounding countries took advantage of this weakness. Prussia, Russia, and Austria take over Poland Commonwealth of Poland: Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and parts of Ukraine and Estonia
3.6 Balance of Power: Louis XIV's nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests, provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him.
France was the largest military power at the time, and Louis XIV's expansionist policies threatened all states around France. To stand against France and its continued expansion, Holland, England, and Spain allied against it, forming the Grand Alliance.
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: In much of Europe, absolute monarchy was established over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries.
France: Louis XIV Austria: Charles VI Prussia: Frederick William I Russia: Peter I [Peter the Great] England: James I & Charles I
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes or workshops produced for markets through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners
Greater efficiency in agriculture - Urbanization - Less agricultural jobs - Workers begin to manufacture things: textiles
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: The European-dominated worldwide economic network contributed to the agricultural, industrial, and consumer revolutions in Europe.
In order to restore France's economy, Colbert believed France should only sell and not buy, he established cloth and textile industries, he set up a system of state inspection and regulation, and he created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods. He created France's industrial revolution. In the Commercial Revolution, people desired silks and spices from Asia, driving advances in shipping and exploration. Atlantic port cities became new commercial hubs as they conducted trade with the Triangle Trade.
3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution: The English Civil War—a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure— exemplified the competition for power among monarchs and competing groups (James I).
James I believed in the Divine Right of Kings: God gave the monarchs their authority and they were only responsible to God. Lecturing the House of Commons, James implied the royal jurisdiction over the liberties, persons, and properties of English people. This contradicted the English idea that a person's property could not be taken away without due process of law. He alienated Parliament and defended the Anglican Church. Parliament had reserved the "Power of the Purse", the right to tax as it decided, which the Stuart kings infringed upon. - Charles I ship [money] tax: required coastal districts, and inland counties, to help pay the cost of ships for defense/gain funds without the backing of Parliament - James I raised money without Parliament's consent
3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power: Louis XIV and his finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert, extended the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population.
Louis XIV attempted to receive consent from the Estates to tax, but with the middle class and nobility having exemptions from taxation, it fell on the poor peasants. Jean Baptiste Colbert's central principle: wealth and economy of France should serve the state. He believed France should only sell abroad and not buy back. He supported the establishment of the cloth, rug, and tapestry industry. Colbert set up a system of state inspection and regulation, setting order in industries. Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes to enforce religious unity, but he lost many skilled Huguenots as they emigrated out of France, decreasing France's economy.
3.6 Balance of Power: Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. New military techniques and institutions (i.e., the military revolution) tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment.
Louis XIV's military revolution: recruited troops by dragooning - seizing men off the streets -, conscription, and lottery; tactics like infantry and mobile artillery; professional and trained; ambulance crops and commissariats (food). Frederick William I "The Soldier's King": forced Estates to accept taxation to pay for the army; forced Junkers (Prussian nobles) to serve in the army.
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: The transatlantic slave-labor system expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries as demand for New World products increased.
Native Indians and African slaves who worked in the South American silver mines were dying, causing the quantity of metal produced to decline in Spain. European explorers targeted native populations as a source of labor in their plantations, but due to disease and harsh labor, they died. Turning to Africa, the Middle Passage killed many Africans, but slave trading continued.
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: Monarchies seeking enhanced power faced challenges from nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy.
Nobles resented the increased power of the monarchy and their diminished role in the government. Political and social advancement positions felt they were being manipulated by the crown and their interests ignored. - Regions refused to pay taxes Fronde revolts: nobility challenged royal authority; rebellions led by the frondeur and aristocratic factions broke out in the provinces and spread to France - Frondeur: nobles who opposed the policies of the government
3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development: Early modern Europe developed a market economy that provided the foundation for its global role.
Overseas trade network - Americas, Africa, Asia - Triangular Trade
3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution: The outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament.
Parliament wins the English Civil War and executes Charles I. William of Orange accepted the English throne by signing the English Bill of Rights, a constitution designed to restrict the power of English monarchs, ensure their more equitable actions, settle the major issues between the king and Parliament, and recognize the supremacy of Parliament. Act of Union (1707): England and Scotland joined politically, creating Great Britain The Cabinet System: monarch ruled jointly with Parliament dominated by aristocrats, kings' ministers made up the cabinet, Prime Minister, and the power of the crown would decline Parliament emerges as a dominant force in the British government.
3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power: Peter the Great "westernized" the Russian state and society, transforming political, religious, and cultural institutions; Catherine the Great continued this process.
Peter the Great limited the traditional Russian appearance and clothing by threatening fines and consequences as to Westernize Russia. Peter established a navy and strong army to compete with the rest of Europe.
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: The importation and transplantation of agricultural products from the Americas contributed to an increase in the food supply in Europe.
Plantations made production easier in the Americas, producing crops and food in abundance for Europe. The New World introduced new crops, exported to Europe by the Columbian Exchange, and the new crops were able to grow in Europe, providing more food.
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: Overseas products and influences contributed to the development of a consumer culture in Europe.
Slave labor kept the cost of goods low, and improved technologies converted raw materials from the New World into an abundance of finished goods. Products from the New World exemplified social status, changing consumer culture.
3.5 The Dutch Golden Age (Economic and Societal): The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights.
The Dutch East India Company: joint-stock company where shareholders could buy stock. - Raise capital, profit, and spread risk across a wide pool of investors The Dutch Republic commercial wealth basis: thrift, frugality, and religious toleration. - People of all races and creeds traded in Amsterdam - Attracted foreign capital and investment
3.5 The Dutch Golden Age (Politics): The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights.
The Dutch Republic was a republic government [republican constitutionalism], where officials were elected by the people and would make decisions for their province. - Controlled by wealthy merchants and financiers; middle class/urban gentry - Regents in each province guarded local independence and resisted efforts at centralization - Stadholders, selected provincial leaders by the seven provinces, in the State General represented an oligarchy - selected class within a society controlling a government Oligarchs are designed to maintain and increase their status and wealth; the Dutch Republic gained wealth through trade.
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism: Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
The English Parliament had sovereign authority; the Crown's influence in decision making declined. Although sovereignty was divided between the king and Parliament, the king ruled with the consent of the governed.
3.6 Balance of Power: After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with Europe's expanding colonial empires, influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war.
The Spanish Succession: after Charles II died, he left the Spanish crown to Philip of Anjou, French Louis XIV's grandson. Even though European powers agreed by treaty to divide Spanish possessions between the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis XIV went back on this treaty and accepted the will. This leads to war and the formation of the Grand Alliance (English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians). Ending with the Peace of Utrecht, Austria gained The Netherlands from Spain.
3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism: Foreign lands provided raw materials, finished goods, laborers, and markets for the commercial and industrial enterprises in Europe.
The many plantations in the Americas allowed for Europe to have raw materials that would later be exported back to Europe.
Key Concept 1.5
The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralization.
3.6 Balance of Power: Following the Peace of Westphalia, religion declined in importance as a cause for warfare among European states; the concept of the balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives.
With Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Catholicism officially recognized, fighting for religion ceased to be as relevant and wars were fought for secular politics. However, this also meant that alliances between "opposing" sectors could be formed, bringing in the need for balance of power politics.