AP European History

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Algerian Liberation Movement

An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962

"What Is to Be Done?"

Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia.

Anabaptist

radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state

absolutism

belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power

Armada

(1588) Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England.

Alexander II

(1855-1881) Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.

Alfred Dreyfus

(1859-1935) French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.

Alexander III

(1881-1894) Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.

Alcide de Gasperi

(1881-1954) The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform.

Adolf Hitler

(1889-1945) The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany in 1933. He set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II.

"Cat and Mouse Act"

(1913) Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again.

Albert Camus

(1913-1960) French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

(1918--) Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp.

Age of Absolutism

1650-1789, a purposeful attempt by European rulers to attend their royal or dynastic control over all aspects of life in the lands they ruled

Act of Union

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

(Dali) Surrealism

A 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Alexander II

A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia, including emancipating the serfs.

(Comte) Positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.

(Bakunin) Anarchism

A political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory government, i.e. the state.

(Herzl) Zionism

A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.

Atlantic Alliance

Alliance between Thatcher, Kohl, and Reagan over the control of the Atlantic

(Warhol) Pop Art

An American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art and the styles of popular culture and the mass media

(Picasso) Cubism

An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.

Abstract Expressionism

An art movement that artists applied paint freely to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter. Artists dribbled and spattered paint onto their paintings?

Algerian Liberation Movement

An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control. The goal was finally achieved in 1962.

Army Order Number 1

An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was armed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline

Army Order Number 1

An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was formed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in electoral committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.

Adam Smith

Author of Wealth of Nations

1989 Communism collapse

Began with the policies of Gorbachev which lead to revolts in Russian sattelites and establishment of democratic governments in them.

Atomic Bomb

Bomb that changed the world, ended WWII in Japan, created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and Soviet Union

An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding

David Hume

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

(Napoleon III) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon.

"What Is to Be Done?"

Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia

Aldo Moro

Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978

Aldo Moro

Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978.

Ancien Regime (Old Regime)

France prior to the French Revolution

Ancien Regime (Old Regime)

France prior to the French Revolution.

Alfred Dreyfus

French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906 (1859-1935)

Albert Camus

French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making (1913-1960)

Alfred Mahan

He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History

Abbe Sieyes

He believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate?

Arkwright

Invented the water frame and steam engine

"Cat and Mouse Act"

Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again (1913)

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Wollstonecraft

Algecira

Moroccan Crisis: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison

Agatir

Moroccan Crisis: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together

Abstract Expressionism

No identifiable subject matter. Expresses feelings of artists. Emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values. Pollack

Act of Supremacy

Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church

Age of Metternich

Period when Metternich had immense influence of Euopean politics.

"Utopian" Socialism (Owen/Fourier/St. Simon)

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

(Leon Blum) Popular Front

Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group

Alexander III

Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894)

Article 231

Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I

Article 231

Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I.

"June Days" 1848

Reaction of the unemployed and the revolutionary artisans of Paris, without political leadership or coordination. Over 5,000 died during the revolution and another 3,000 were shot after.

Alexander II

Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881)

95 Thesis

Religious thinker Martin Luther pinned this document to the door of a church, in protest to many church practices but especially indulgences., written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp (1918-)

Alexander I

Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.

Armada

Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England (1588)

"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"

The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution

"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"

The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution.

Adolf Hitler

The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germnay in 1933. he set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II (1889-1945)

"Triangle Trade"

The exchange of crops and slaves between America, Europe, and Africa. The trading of manufactured foods with Africa for slaves who were shipped to the new world.

(Sartre/Camus) Existentialism

The focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and their emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.

Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology

The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures.

Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology

The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures

(Jeremy Bentham) Utilitarinaism

The idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings.

Atlantic Charter

The join declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world: self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament.

Atlantic Charter

The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament

Alcide de Gasperi

The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform (1881-1954)

Appeasement

The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany

Appeasement

The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and the British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany.

"Peace, land, and bread"

The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad (in Germany)

"Peace, land, and bread"

The promise Lenin made to this supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad. (In Germany).

"Restoration"

The return of a constitutional monarchy to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles II

Absolutism

The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally

Ancien Regime

The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Absolutism

Theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.

(Loyola) Jesuits

They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Alexander III

This Czar removed many of the reforms his father created and recentralized the government.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Anschluss

Union between Austria and Germany, a violation of the ToV and Austria refused so Germany invaded.

Abstract Art

Uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.

"Red Shirt"

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army

"Red Shirt"

Volunteers in Garibaldi's army.

Adam Smith

economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism

Age of Montesquieu

first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc

Age of Metternich

period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot ot opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece

95 Theses

piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences

Age of Rousseau

second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror, Thermidorian Rebellion, Directory

"Divine Right of Kings" (Bishop Bousset)

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Age of Anxiety

time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of lifewas being questioned around the world because of the harsh brutality of World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future


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