AP European History
Algerian Liberation Movement
An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962
"What Is to Be Done?"
Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia.
Anabaptist
radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state
absolutism
belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power
Armada
(1588) Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England.
Alexander II
(1855-1881) Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.
Alfred Dreyfus
(1859-1935) French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.
Alexander III
(1881-1894) Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.
Alcide de Gasperi
(1881-1954) The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform.
Adolf Hitler
(1889-1945) The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany in 1933. He set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II.
"Cat and Mouse Act"
(1913) Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again.
Albert Camus
(1913-1960) French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
(1918--) Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp.
Age of Absolutism
1650-1789, a purposeful attempt by European rulers to attend their royal or dynastic control over all aspects of life in the lands they ruled
Act of Union
1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.
(Dali) Surrealism
A 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of Dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Alexander II
A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia, including emancipating the serfs.
(Comte) Positivism
A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.
(Bakunin) Anarchism
A political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory government, i.e. the state.
(Herzl) Zionism
A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.
Atlantic Alliance
Alliance between Thatcher, Kohl, and Reagan over the control of the Atlantic
(Warhol) Pop Art
An American school of the 1950s that imitated the techniques of commercial art and the styles of popular culture and the mass media
(Picasso) Cubism
An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.
Abstract Expressionism
An art movement that artists applied paint freely to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter. Artists dribbled and spattered paint onto their paintings?
Algerian Liberation Movement
An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control. The goal was finally achieved in 1962.
Army Order Number 1
An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was armed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline
Army Order Number 1
An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was formed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in electoral committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.
Adam Smith
Author of Wealth of Nations
1989 Communism collapse
Began with the policies of Gorbachev which lead to revolts in Russian sattelites and establishment of democratic governments in them.
Atomic Bomb
Bomb that changed the world, ended WWII in Japan, created a nuclear arms race between U.S. and Soviet Union
An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
David Hume
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Adam Smith
Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics
(Napoleon III) Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon.
"What Is to Be Done?"
Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia
Aldo Moro
Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978
Aldo Moro
Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978.
Ancien Regime (Old Regime)
France prior to the French Revolution
Ancien Regime (Old Regime)
France prior to the French Revolution.
Alfred Dreyfus
French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906 (1859-1935)
Albert Camus
French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making (1913-1960)
Alfred Mahan
He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History
Abbe Sieyes
He believed that the nobility was useless, his motto became: "confidence from below, authority from above." Wrote What is the Third Estate?
Arkwright
Invented the water frame and steam engine
"Cat and Mouse Act"
Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again (1913)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Mary Wollstonecraft
Algecira
Moroccan Crisis: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison
Agatir
Moroccan Crisis: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together
Abstract Expressionism
No identifiable subject matter. Expresses feelings of artists. Emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values. Pollack
Act of Supremacy
Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church
Age of Metternich
Period when Metternich had immense influence of Euopean politics.
"Utopian" Socialism (Owen/Fourier/St. Simon)
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
(Leon Blum) Popular Front
Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group
Alexander III
Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894)
Article 231
Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I
Article 231
Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I.
"June Days" 1848
Reaction of the unemployed and the revolutionary artisans of Paris, without political leadership or coordination. Over 5,000 died during the revolution and another 3,000 were shot after.
Alexander II
Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881)
95 Thesis
Religious thinker Martin Luther pinned this document to the door of a church, in protest to many church practices but especially indulgences., written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp (1918-)
Alexander I
Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.
Armada
Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England (1588)
"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"
The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution
"Two Tactics for Social Democracy"
The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution.
Adolf Hitler
The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germnay in 1933. he set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II (1889-1945)
"Triangle Trade"
The exchange of crops and slaves between America, Europe, and Africa. The trading of manufactured foods with Africa for slaves who were shipped to the new world.
(Sartre/Camus) Existentialism
The focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and their emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.
Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology
The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures.
Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology
The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures
(Jeremy Bentham) Utilitarinaism
The idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings.
Atlantic Charter
The join declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world: self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament.
Atlantic Charter
The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament
Alcide de Gasperi
The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform (1881-1954)
Appeasement
The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany
Appeasement
The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and the British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany.
"Peace, land, and bread"
The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad (in Germany)
"Peace, land, and bread"
The promise Lenin made to this supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad. (In Germany).
"Restoration"
The return of a constitutional monarchy to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles II
Absolutism
The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally
Ancien Regime
The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled
Anschluss
The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938
Anschluss
The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.
Absolutism
Theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.
(Loyola) Jesuits
They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
Alexander III
This Czar removed many of the reforms his father created and recentralized the government.
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
Anschluss
Union between Austria and Germany, a violation of the ToV and Austria refused so Germany invaded.
Abstract Art
Uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
"Red Shirt"
Volunteers in Garibaldi's army
"Red Shirt"
Volunteers in Garibaldi's army.
Adam Smith
economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism
Age of Montesquieu
first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc
Age of Metternich
period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot ot opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece
95 Theses
piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences
Age of Rousseau
second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror, Thermidorian Rebellion, Directory
"Divine Right of Kings" (Bishop Bousset)
the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
Age of Anxiety
time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of lifewas being questioned around the world because of the harsh brutality of World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future