AP European History Final Exam
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"
The local British population in India's Fort William was imprisoned in the
"black hole of Calcutta."
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by
(a and b) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relativity new aristocratic families.
Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cottom
(all of the above) Arkwright's spinning frame, Hargreaves' spinning jenny, and Cartwright's power loom.
The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living
(all of the above) especially benefited the middle classes, led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society, and eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.
The results of the Hundred Years' War
(all of the above) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy, caused economic turmoil in England, and temporarily strengthened the nobility in England.
The "Golden Age" of the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century witnessed
(b and c) the economic prosperity of the United Provinces ruined by series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the States General.
A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was
...
All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except
...
All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family except
...
By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic
...
Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's
...
Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because
...
During the eighteenth century, Spain
...
During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right
...
European society in the eighteenth century witnessed
...
Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories
...
France in the eighteenth century
...
Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to
...
Galileo's ideas on motion included the
...
Isaac Newton's scientific Discoveries
...
Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to
...
Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that
...
New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
...
Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by
...
The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was
...
The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of
...
The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was
...
The ideas of Copernicus were
...
Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by
...
What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?
...
Who said, "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language."
...
By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80 percent of the wealth in America?
10 percent
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the
Act of Supremacy.
In the 1440s, among the first profits the Portuguese derived from their maritime exploration and returning ships came from the sale of
African slaves.
The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was
Amsterdam.
Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.
Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera
The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
Antoine Watteau.
The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?
Astronomy, medicine, and mechanics
Which of the following exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century?
Austria
In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared was on
Austria.
The capital of the Habsburg Empire was in
Austria.
The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the
Aztec.
The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was
Baldassare Castiglione
The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was
Bartolome de Las Cases.
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
Beccaria.
The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were
Belgium and Germany.
Industrialization began on the continent first in
Belgium, France and Germany.
A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was
Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was
British naval power.
Pugachev's rebellion broke out after
Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace?"
Charles Dickens.
Before the nineteenth century, which nation(s) or continent was least affected by European power and influence?
China and Japan
The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was
Condorcet.
What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?
Discourse on Method
Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?
Donatello and Michelangelo
The author of Reflections in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism was
Edmund burke.
Thee artistic movement Mennerism reached its peak with the work of
El Greco.
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany
John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed for
England.
Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by
England.
Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:
England.
The first known circumnavigation of the earth is associated with
Ferdinand Magellan.
Which of the following statements best applied to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle.
Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe?
France
The major western rival to the British in India in the seventeenth century was
France.
Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was
Francis I of France
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
Francois Quesnay.
The uprising in France that nearly overthrew Louis XIV early in his reign was the
Fronde.
Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?
Galen
Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?
Galileo
The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was
Galileo.
Which artist painted the version of "Judith and Holofernes" featured in your text?
Gentelleschi
A prominent writer who denounced Napoleon's despotic rule was
Germaine de Stael.
As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648
German states were allowed to determine their religion.
The greatest figure of Baroque art was
Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it.
Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was
Great Britain.
The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in
Great Britain.
After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Empire remained in the hands of the
Habsburg dynasty.
A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in
Haiti.
The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
Handel's Messiah.
What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?
Hanseatic League
European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?
He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?
His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.
Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?
His program of Europeanization was predominately techinal and aimed at modernizing the military.
In France, the Protestant minority was known as
Huguenots.
Textile workers in which of the following countries, formerly dependent on such work, could no longer compete with British cotton produced with the aid of steam engines?
India
The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was
Ireland.
Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was
Isabella d'Este.
Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?
It was a major turning point.
Which of the following was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe that produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year?
Jacob Fugger
What group emerged as the most important racial element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution?
Jacobins
A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
James Cook.
The first permanent English settlement in North America was
Jamestown.
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was
John Hus.
Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
Joseph II of Austria
The first female painter admitted to the Guild of St. Luke in Haarlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was
Judith Leyster.
The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was
Klemens von Metternich.
The composer J.S. Bach prefers:
Lady Gaga wigs.
An extensive multiracial society appeared first in
Latin America.
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
Lent.
Who painted "The Last Supper"?
Leonardo
By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was
London.
Louis XV's most famous mistress was
Madame de Pompadour.
The Italian merchant whose tales of the court of Kublai Khan popularized China in Europe was
Marco Polo.
The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by
Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.
The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
Maria Theresa.
Who wrote Life on the Mississippi?
Mark Twain
Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?
Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.
The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was
Mary Astell.
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft.
According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?
Mathematics
The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the
Medici
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism.
The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was
Michelangelo
India's Mughal dynasty was
Mongol in origin.
Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?
Most Christian holidays were kept.
Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?
Mozart
The defenestration that spurred on the beginning of the 30 Years' War occurred in
Munich.
Copernicus's major book was titled
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the
Ottoman Turks.
By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?
Panama
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris.
Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except
Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
The Baroque painter who used the violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his painting was
Peter Paul Rubens.
The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was
Petrarch
The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was
Philip II of Spain.
The conquistador who conquered and looted the Inca Empire in 1531 was
Pizarro.
Prince Henry the Navigator established the first school for mariners at his court in
Portugal.
The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was
Portugal.
What was not part of the Columbian exchange?
Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World.
Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?
Predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God
Newton's major work was
Principia
Mary I Tudor earned her nickname "bloody Mary" by persecuting
Protestants.
The spinning jenny was invented by
Richard Hargreaves.
The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was
Robert Boyle.
The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was
Robespierre.
Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?
Rome
By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except
Russia.
Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?
Samuel Slater.
Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in
Scandinavia.
The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was
Schiller.
The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognized the loss of
Silesia, and gained a French alliance.
The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
Silesia.
The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is
Simon Bolivar.
In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of
Spain and France.
The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in
Spain and Portugal
Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed
Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War.
Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lutzen, was king of
Sweden.
France's representative at the Congress of Vienna was
Talleyrand.
Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?
The Seven Years' War
Galileo wrote
The Starry Messenger.
Which of the following statements best applies to the economy of sixteenth- and seventeenth century Europe?
The joint stock company enable the raising of spectacular sums of capital for world trading ventures.
Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?
The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.
Which one of the following allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?
They ran on coal.
Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?
They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.
Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?
They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation
The sea captain who first made a sea voyage directly from Europe to India was
Vasco de Gama.
Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of
Waterloo.
Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that
Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
Maria Winkelmann
a German astronomer.
Charles I was forces to call the Long Parliament into session in 1640 to deal with
a Presbyterian uprising in Scotland.
Encomienda were
a Spanish system devised to collect tribute from natives and to use their labor.
Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank slate.
The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by
a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.
Western Europe in the Renaissance saw
a decline in serfdom.
According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented
a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
The Italian Renaissance was primarily
a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.
James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of
a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.
For Rousseau, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
In September of 1792, the National Convention
abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
The cahiers de doleances called for
abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction
accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must
act without scruples for the good of the state.
Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for
adultery.
The Anabaptists
advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.
Edwin Chadwick
advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.
The problem of poverty in the eighteenth-century Europe was
aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century
although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was
an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.
Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by
any member of the Sejm.
In an appendix to the 1552 edition of The Book of Common Prayer,
any real presence of Christ's natural flesh and blood in the service of communion is denied.
Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
architect.
The Renaissance popes did all of the following except
attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.
Baroque art
attempted to bend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art.
In his work Pensees, Pascal
attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.
Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia
became a highly centralized European state.
During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science
became an international phenomenon.
The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn was noted for
being the one great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century.
Klemens von Metternich
believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.
The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for
bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange.
The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.
The northern Christian humanists
championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
change the general way of thinking.
In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were
chosen in different ways in different districts.
Benedict de Spinoza
claimed that God was not just the creator the universe - God was the universe.
The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon
coal.
Sieyes wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the
common people.
The War of Spanish Succession ended when Philip V of Spain
conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones.
The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was
condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.
The liberal education taught by Vittorino de Faaltre
contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.
The Corpus Hermeticum
contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth sentury
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the
cottage system.
The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its
cotton textile industry.
Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans
could be whatever they chose or willed.
Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century
could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
For Blaise Pascal, humans
could not understand infinity, only God could.
The Constitution of the United States of 1789
created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another.
The Congress of Vienna
created politics that would maintain the European balance of power.
Portugal became the early leader in European expansion largely through
defeating Muslim opposition in establishing trade opportunities with India.
The Luddites
destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was
determined by the division of society into traditional orders.
Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution
did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
In 1789, the Estates-General was
divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."
Louis XIV used his palace of Versailles to
dominate the nobility and display his grandeur.
By the fifteenth century, Italy was
dominated by five major regional independent powers.
The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was
economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.
John Locke was resposible for
emphasizing the social contract between the people and government.
High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by
entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed
equality under the law for all French men.
The English Poor Law Act of 1834
established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the
establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.
The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by
expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.
In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu
expelled all missionaries.
The Edict of Nantes was all of the following except it
expelled the Huguenots from France.
The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by
extolling the superior state of marriage over celibacy.
At the end of the article "God Talk," about the Book of Common Prayer, James wood implies that:
faith has declined but the book remains important.
Seventeenth-century European population
fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases.
Catherine the Great of Russia
followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was
foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
The French Republic's army in the 1790s
fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.
The Grand Tour
generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.
The overall effect of the Scientific Revolting on the argument about women was to
generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.
The colonists won their war for independence due to
generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was
gin.
One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
Popular religion in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was marked by
greater popular belief in the spiritual utility of relics and indulgences.
The French economy of the eighteenth century was
growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except
guarantees against becoming poor.
In Calvin's theology, leading a godly life would be evidence that you
have already been chosen to go to heaven.
All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except
he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution.
The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was
his desire to insure the dominance of France and his Bourbon dynasty in all Europe.
In Geneva, the Calvinsts
imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior.
European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicted on the idea that
in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
The Aztec empire, which Cortez conquered in 1519, was located
in central Mexico.
Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held
in the newly built Crystal Palace.
The African slave trade
increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves.
The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in
increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean reaction
increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.
By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were
increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was
inductive reasoning.
One of the major economic problems of the sixteenth century in Europe was
inflation.
In his "philosophy of Christ," Eramus emphasized
inner piety.
James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by
insisting on his rights to govern through Divine Right.
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except
internal customs posts.
The Thirty Years' War
is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.
Antoine Lavoisier
is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.
When the government called for the Estates General to meet,
it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because
it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.
The English Bill of Rights
laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.
At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was
largely an urban phenomenon.
All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the
legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.
European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by
limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.
Salons were
literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
By the end of the seventeenth century,
local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade.
As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France
lost Canada.
A primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was
low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.
The Edict of Worms
made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public.
The Peace of Lodi served to
maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.
The Petition of Right (1628), among other things,
maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.
The Chartists in England wanted to
make Parliament more democratic.
Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by
making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state.
In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?
male citizens who met a tax qualification
Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was
mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.
Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to
members of the nobility.
Two keys areas of Renaissance technological innovation were
mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.
England's Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a
moderate Protestant.
Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was
more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion.
Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that
no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.
The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now
no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
John Wyclif primarily criticized the Church for
not letting people red the Bible in the vernacular.
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
novels.
The European peasantry in the eighteenth century
often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to
one-half of all government spending.
In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly
passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.
During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were
peasant and laboring classes.
For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to
people using nature for their own self-interest.
The French playwright Moliere is noted for all of the following except
perfecting neoclassical tragedy.
The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabeth era is best characterized by the
plays of William Shakespeare.
In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known was a
pocket borough.
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?
potatoes.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
power is divided between the three branches of government.
The Book of Common Prayer includes collects. A collect is a(n)
prayer.
The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was
preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.
Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by
preventing British trade.
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private property
Johann Sebastian Bach
produced religious music as a way to worship God.
To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to
prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
proper child rearing and human education.
Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by
protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
The American Revolution affected Europeans by
proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
public and very gruesome.
The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as
puddling.
The Council of Trent
reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.
The word "Renaissance" means
rebirth.
Organized religions in the seventeenth century
rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.
The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance.
A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was
repeated beatings.
Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblocks to building a strong monarchy was
resistance by the great nobles.
Louis XIV's Edict of Fountainebleau
revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenot to flee the country.
Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for
ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.
One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
roads and means of transportation.
Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain
saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.
Slavery in Renaissance Italy
saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers.
Scholars devoted to Hermeticism
saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
scientific journals appearing regularly.
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his
series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.
Luther's ideas were spread primarily through
sermons.
Adam Smith believed that government
should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century
showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
A Mercator projection
shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area on a map.
The major European disease that resulted in high rates of mortality among the natives of the New World was
smallpox.
At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism
sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
The Pole Star as a navigational device was useless
south of the equator.
Thomas Hobbes
stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
Under Charles II, Parliament passed the Test Act to
stipulate that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.
As Louis XIII's chief master, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in
strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.
The philosophy of Rene Descartes
stressed a separation of mind and matter.
The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europe's Protestant community except for
taverns.
Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at
ten million.
Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief
that humans through science were masters of nature.
The most famous map projection in history is
that of Gerardus Mercator.
The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was
the Bastille.
For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was
the Bible.
In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of
the British East India Company.
Which empire was described as "an old, crazy, first-rate man of war" but because of incompetent leadership was destined to be "dashed to pieces on the shore"?
the Chinese Empire
In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with
the Church.
On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved
the Declaration of Independence.
Philip II and Spain was ultimately unable to defeat
the Dutch Republic.
The European nation that established a settlement at Africa's Cape of Good Hope was
the Dutch Republic.
The European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal was
the Dutch Republic.
In the Thirty Years' War, Wallenstein was a general who fought for
the Emperor Ferdinand.
A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was
the Greek language.
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
the Marquise du Chatelet.
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided
the New World between Spain and Portugal.
In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by
the Ottoman Empire.
The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was
the Ottoman Empire.
In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from
the Ottoman empire.
The Catholic Reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with Protestantism was exemplified by
the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index.
Loyola was the founder of
the Society of Jesus.
The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw
the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was
the birth of a Catholic son.
Newton invented
the calculus.
A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was
the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for the lack of coinage.
In France, the First Estate was composed of
the clergy.
The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except
the clergy.
Spanish expansion and exploration of the New World was best exemplified by
the conquest of the Aztec Empire by Cortes.
Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that
the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
Millenarianism is the belief that
the end of the world is imminent.
All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except
the end of typhus and smallpox.
The Book of Common Prayer was
the first compendium of worship in English.
In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered
the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.
The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as
the geocentric conception.
By convening the Estates General in 1789,
the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation.
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was
the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.
A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by
the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.
All of the following were part of the "military revolution" in the century after 1560 except
the increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers.
In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by
the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.
Which of the following was not a result of European expansion and exploration?
the introduction of small pox into Europe.
Portugal's handicap in its attempt to dominate Southeast Asian trade was that
the kingdom was too small, lacking a sufficient population to govern an empire.
William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of
the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.
Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of
the movable type printing press.
Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw
the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century,
the old order still remained strong.
Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that
the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.
All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except
the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
The Religious Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that
the ruler of each territory determined the religion there.
Descartes believed that the world could be understood by
the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was
the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.
The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of
the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences.
The so-called American System was
the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.
Native Americans were not widely used as slaves on sugar plantations because
their populations were too small due to European diseases.
Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
In France, the politiques were
those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.
In regard to religion, the National Convention
took measures to de-christianize the republic.
In the United States, right after the Civil War what began to replace steam boats as a viable mode of transportation on many routes?
trains
A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to
true freedom.
Absolutism means
ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right.
Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for
unfettered monarchy.
On the Fabric of the Human Body
was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
Montesquieu's Persian Letters
was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century
was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else
was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.
Russian society in the seventeenth century
was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom.
During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention
was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.
The European population explosion of the nineteenth century
was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.
In the sixteenth century, Switzerland
was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.
European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century
was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire
was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states.
The Renaissance papacy
was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.
By 1850, the European population
was over 265 million.
Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century
was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
The Peasants' War of 1524-1525
was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
Jacques Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
was the fundamental statement of seventeenth-century divine right monarchy.
The Reformation in England under Henry VIII
was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.
Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France
went up significantly.
Benedict Spinoza believed that women
were "naturally" inferior to men.
The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances
were based of the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.
The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe
were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power.
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
were often directed against old single women.
Banquets during the Renaissance
were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.
Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century
were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.
Peter the Great's ambition was to make Russia more like
western Europe.
The event that eventually led to Luther's break with the church was
widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.
The Austrian Empire under Joseph II
witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightenment but radical reforms.
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution
worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.
Olympe de Gouges
wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen.
