AP European History Final Exam

The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

The local British population in India's Fort William was imprisoned in the

"black hole of Calcutta."

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by

(a and b) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relativity new aristocratic families.

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cottom

(all of the above) Arkwright's spinning frame, Hargreaves' spinning jenny, and Cartwright's power loom.

The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living

(all of the above) especially benefited the middle classes, led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society, and eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.

The results of the Hundred Years' War

(all of the above) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy, caused economic turmoil in England, and temporarily strengthened the nobility in England.

The "Golden Age" of the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century witnessed

(b and c) the economic prosperity of the United Provinces ruined by series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the States General.

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was

...

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except

...

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family except

...

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

...

Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

...

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

...

During the eighteenth century, Spain

...

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right

...

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed

...

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

...

France in the eighteenth century

...

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

...

Galileo's ideas on motion included the

...

Isaac Newton's scientific Discoveries

...

Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to

...

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

...

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except

...

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

...

The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was

...

The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of

...

The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was

...

The ideas of Copernicus were

...

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

...

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

...

Who said, "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language."

...

By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80 percent of the wealth in America?

10 percent

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the

Act of Supremacy.

In the 1440s, among the first profits the Portuguese derived from their maritime exploration and returning ships came from the sale of

African slaves.

The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was

Amsterdam.

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.

Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

Antoine Watteau.

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

Astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

Which of the following exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century?

Austria

In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared was on

Austria.

The capital of the Habsburg Empire was in

Austria.

The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the

Aztec.

The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was

Baldassare Castiglione

The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was

Bartolome de Las Cases.

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

Beccaria.

The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were

Belgium and Germany.

Industrialization began on the continent first in

Belgium, France and Germany.

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

British naval power.

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.

Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace?"

Charles Dickens.

Before the nineteenth century, which nation(s) or continent was least affected by European power and influence?

China and Japan

The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

Condorcet.

What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

Discourse on Method

Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?

Donatello and Michelangelo

The author of Reflections in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism was

Edmund burke.

Thee artistic movement Mennerism reached its peak with the work of

El Greco.

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

England and Germany

John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed for

England.

Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by

England.

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:

England.

The first known circumnavigation of the earth is associated with

Ferdinand Magellan.

Which of the following statements best applied to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Fontenelle.

Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe?

France

The major western rival to the British in India in the seventeenth century was

France.

Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was

Francis I of France

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

Francois Quesnay.

The uprising in France that nearly overthrew Louis XIV early in his reign was the

Fronde.

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?

Galen

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

Galileo

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

Galileo.

Which artist painted the version of "Judith and Holofernes" featured in your text?

Gentelleschi

A prominent writer who denounced Napoleon's despotic rule was

Germaine de Stael.

As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648

German states were allowed to determine their religion.

The greatest figure of Baroque art was

Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it.

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was

Great Britain.

The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in

Great Britain.

After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Empire remained in the hands of the

Habsburg dynasty.

A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in

Haiti.

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's Messiah.

What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?

Hanseatic League

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?

He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?

His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.

Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?

His program of Europeanization was predominately techinal and aimed at modernizing the military.

In France, the Protestant minority was known as

Huguenots.

Textile workers in which of the following countries, formerly dependent on such work, could no longer compete with British cotton produced with the aid of steam engines?

India

The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was

Ireland.

Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was

Isabella d'Este.

Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

It was a major turning point.

Which of the following was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe that produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year?

Jacob Fugger

What group emerged as the most important racial element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution?

Jacobins

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

James Cook.

The first permanent English settlement in North America was

Jamestown.

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

John Hus.

Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was

Joseph II of Austria

The first female painter admitted to the Guild of St. Luke in Haarlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was

Judith Leyster.

The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was

Klemens von Metternich.

The composer J.S. Bach prefers:

Lady Gaga wigs.

An extensive multiracial society appeared first in

Latin America.

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

Lent.

Who painted "The Last Supper"?

Leonardo

By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was

London.

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

Madame de Pompadour.

The Italian merchant whose tales of the court of Kublai Khan popularized China in Europe was

Marco Polo.

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

Maria Theresa.

Who wrote Life on the Mississippi?

Mark Twain

Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was

Mary Astell.

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft.

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

Mathematics

The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the

Medici

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

Methodism.

The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was

Michelangelo

India's Mughal dynasty was

Mongol in origin.

Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?

Most Christian holidays were kept.

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

Mozart

The defenestration that spurred on the beginning of the 30 Years' War occurred in

Munich.

Copernicus's major book was titled

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the

Ottoman Turks.

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?

Panama

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris.

Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except

Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.

The Baroque painter who used the violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his painting was

Peter Paul Rubens.

The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was

Petrarch

The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was

Philip II of Spain.

The conquistador who conquered and looted the Inca Empire in 1531 was

Pizarro.

Prince Henry the Navigator established the first school for mariners at his court in

Portugal.

The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was

Portugal.

What was not part of the Columbian exchange?

Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World.

Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?

Predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God

Newton's major work was

Principia

Mary I Tudor earned her nickname "bloody Mary" by persecuting

Protestants.

The spinning jenny was invented by

Richard Hargreaves.

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

Robert Boyle.

The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was

Robespierre.

Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?

Rome

By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except

Russia.

Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

Samuel Slater.

Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in

Scandinavia.

The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was

Schiller.

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognized the loss of

Silesia, and gained a French alliance.

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of

Silesia.

The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is

Simon Bolivar.

In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of

Spain and France.

The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in

Spain and Portugal

Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed

Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War.

Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lutzen, was king of

Sweden.

France's representative at the Congress of Vienna was

Talleyrand.

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

The Seven Years' War

Galileo wrote

The Starry Messenger.

Which of the following statements best applies to the economy of sixteenth- and seventeenth century Europe?

The joint stock company enable the raising of spectacular sums of capital for world trading ventures.

Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?

The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.

Which one of the following allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?

They ran on coal.

Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?

They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?

They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation

The sea captain who first made a sea voyage directly from Europe to India was

Vasco de Gama.

Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of

Waterloo.

Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that

Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.

Maria Winkelmann

a German astronomer.

Charles I was forces to call the Long Parliament into session in 1640 to deal with

a Presbyterian uprising in Scotland.

Encomienda were

a Spanish system devised to collect tribute from natives and to use their labor.

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

a blank slate.

The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by

a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.

Western Europe in the Renaissance saw

a decline in serfdom.

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented

a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

The Italian Renaissance was primarily

a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.

James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of

a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

In September of 1792, the National Convention

abolished the monarchy and established a republic.

The cahiers de doleances called for

abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must

act without scruples for the good of the state.

Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for

adultery.

The Anabaptists

advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.

Edwin Chadwick

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.

The problem of poverty in the eighteenth-century Europe was

aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was

an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.

Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by

any member of the Sejm.

In an appendix to the 1552 edition of The Book of Common Prayer,

any real presence of Christ's natural flesh and blood in the service of communion is denied.

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian

architect.

The Renaissance popes did all of the following except

attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.

Baroque art

attempted to bend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art.

In his work Pensees, Pascal

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

became a highly centralized European state.

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

became an international phenomenon.

The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn was noted for

being the one great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century.

Klemens von Metternich

believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for

bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange.

The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries

caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.

The northern Christian humanists

championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

change the general way of thinking.

In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were

chosen in different ways in different districts.

Benedict de Spinoza

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe - God was the universe.

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

coal.

Sieyes wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the

common people.

The War of Spanish Succession ended when Philip V of Spain

conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones.

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

The liberal education taught by Vittorino de Faaltre

contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.

The Corpus Hermeticum

contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth sentury

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the

cottage system.

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

cotton textile industry.

Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans

could be whatever they chose or willed.

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century

could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.

For Blaise Pascal, humans

could not understand infinity, only God could.

The Constitution of the United States of 1789

created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another.

The Congress of Vienna

created politics that would maintain the European balance of power.

Portugal became the early leader in European expansion largely through

defeating Muslim opposition in establishing trade opportunities with India.

The Luddites

destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was

determined by the division of society into traditional orders.

Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution

did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.

In 1789, the Estates-General was

divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."

Louis XIV used his palace of Versailles to

dominate the nobility and display his grandeur.

By the fifteenth century, Italy was

dominated by five major regional independent powers.

The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was

economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.

John Locke was resposible for

emphasizing the social contract between the people and government.

High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed

equality under the law for all French men.

The English Poor Law Act of 1834

established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the

establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by

expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.

In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu

expelled all missionaries.

The Edict of Nantes was all of the following except it

expelled the Huguenots from France.

The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by

extolling the superior state of marriage over celibacy.

At the end of the article "God Talk," about the Book of Common Prayer, James wood implies that:

faith has declined but the book remains important.

Seventeenth-century European population

fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases.

Catherine the Great of Russia

followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was

foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.

The French Republic's army in the 1790s

fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.

The Grand Tour

generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolting on the argument about women was to

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

The colonists won their war for independence due to

generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was

gin.

One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that

government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.

Popular religion in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was marked by

greater popular belief in the spiritual utility of relics and indulgences.

The French economy of the eighteenth century was

growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except

guarantees against becoming poor.

In Calvin's theology, leading a godly life would be evidence that you

have already been chosen to go to heaven.

All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except

he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution.

The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was

his desire to insure the dominance of France and his Bourbon dynasty in all Europe.

In Geneva, the Calvinsts

imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior.

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicted on the idea that

in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.

The Aztec empire, which Cortez conquered in 1519, was located

in central Mexico.

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held

in the newly built Crystal Palace.

The African slave trade

increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves.

The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in

increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.

The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean reaction

increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.

By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were

increasingly less distinguishable from each other.

The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was

inductive reasoning.

One of the major economic problems of the sixteenth century in Europe was

inflation.

In his "philosophy of Christ," Eramus emphasized

inner piety.

James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by

insisting on his rights to govern through Divine Right.

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except

internal customs posts.

The Thirty Years' War

is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.

Antoine Lavoisier

is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.

When the government called for the Estates General to meet,

it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

The English Bill of Rights

laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.

At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was

largely an urban phenomenon.

All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the

legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by

limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.

Salons were

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.

By the end of the seventeenth century,

local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade.

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France

lost Canada.

A primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was

low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.

The Edict of Worms

made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public.

The Peace of Lodi served to

maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.

The Petition of Right (1628), among other things,

maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.

The Chartists in England wanted to

make Parliament more democratic.

Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by

making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state.

In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?

male citizens who met a tax qualification

Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was

mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

members of the nobility.

Two keys areas of Renaissance technological innovation were

mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.

England's Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a

moderate Protestant.

Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was

more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion.

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that

no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now

no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

John Wyclif primarily criticized the Church for

not letting people red the Bible in the vernacular.

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

novels.

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century

often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.

As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to

one-half of all government spending.

In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly

passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.

During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were

peasant and laboring classes.

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

people using nature for their own self-interest.

The French playwright Moliere is noted for all of the following except

perfecting neoclassical tragedy.

The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabeth era is best characterized by the

plays of William Shakespeare.

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known was a

pocket borough.

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

potatoes.

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

power is divided between the three branches of government.

The Book of Common Prayer includes collects. A collect is a(n)

prayer.

The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was

preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.

Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by

preventing British trade.

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

private property

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to

prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

proper child rearing and human education.

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by

protecting infant industries with high tariffs.

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

The American Revolution affected Europeans by

proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

public and very gruesome.

The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as

puddling.

The Council of Trent

reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.

The word "Renaissance" means

rebirth.

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution

relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance.

A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was

repeated beatings.

Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblocks to building a strong monarchy was

resistance by the great nobles.

Louis XIV's Edict of Fountainebleau

revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenot to flee the country.

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

roads and means of transportation.

Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain

saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.

Slavery in Renaissance Italy

saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers.

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

scientific journals appearing regularly.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his

series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.

Luther's ideas were spread primarily through

sermons.

Adam Smith believed that government

should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century

showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.

A Mercator projection

shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area on a map.

The major European disease that resulted in high rates of mortality among the natives of the New World was

smallpox.

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.

The Pole Star as a navigational device was useless

south of the equator.

Thomas Hobbes

stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

Under Charles II, Parliament passed the Test Act to

stipulate that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.

As Louis XIII's chief master, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in

strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.

The philosophy of Rene Descartes

stressed a separation of mind and matter.

The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europe's Protestant community except for

taverns.

Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at

ten million.

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

that humans through science were masters of nature.

The most famous map projection in history is

that of Gerardus Mercator.

The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was

the Bastille.

For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was

the Bible.

In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of

the British East India Company.

Which empire was described as "an old, crazy, first-rate man of war" but because of incompetent leadership was destined to be "dashed to pieces on the shore"?

the Chinese Empire

In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with

the Church.

On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved

the Declaration of Independence.

Philip II and Spain was ultimately unable to defeat

the Dutch Republic.

The European nation that established a settlement at Africa's Cape of Good Hope was

the Dutch Republic.

The European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal was

the Dutch Republic.

In the Thirty Years' War, Wallenstein was a general who fought for

the Emperor Ferdinand.

A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was

the Greek language.

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

the Marquise du Chatelet.

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided

the New World between Spain and Portugal.

In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by

the Ottoman Empire.

The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was

the Ottoman Empire.

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

the Ottoman empire.

The Catholic Reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with Protestantism was exemplified by

the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index.

Loyola was the founder of

the Society of Jesus.

The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw

the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was

the birth of a Catholic son.

Newton invented

the calculus.

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was

the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for the lack of coinage.

In France, the First Estate was composed of

the clergy.

The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except

the clergy.

Spanish expansion and exploration of the New World was best exemplified by

the conquest of the Aztec Empire by Cortes.

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.

The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

Millenarianism is the belief that

the end of the world is imminent.

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except

the end of typhus and smallpox.

The Book of Common Prayer was

the first compendium of worship in English.

In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered

the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

the geocentric conception.

By convening the Estates General in 1789,

the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation.

The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was

the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.

A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by

the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

All of the following were part of the "military revolution" in the century after 1560 except

the increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers.

In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by

the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.

Which of the following was not a result of European expansion and exploration?

the introduction of small pox into Europe.

Portugal's handicap in its attempt to dominate Southeast Asian trade was that

the kingdom was too small, lacking a sufficient population to govern an empire.

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of

the movable type printing press.

Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw

the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.

The French philosophes mostly included people from

the nobility and the middle class.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century,

the old order still remained strong.

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

The Religious Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that

the ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was

the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.

The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of

the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the social sciences.

The so-called American System was

the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

Native Americans were not widely used as slaves on sugar plantations because

their populations were too small due to European diseases.

Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because

there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.

In France, the politiques were

those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.

In regard to religion, the National Convention

took measures to de-christianize the republic.

In the United States, right after the Civil War what began to replace steam boats as a viable mode of transportation on many routes?

trains

A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to

true freedom.

Absolutism means

ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right.

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for

unfettered monarchy.

On the Fabric of the Human Body

was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

Montesquieu's Persian Letters

was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century

was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.

Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else

was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.

Russian society in the seventeenth century

was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom.

During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention

was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.

The European population explosion of the nineteenth century

was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.

In the sixteenth century, Switzerland

was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.

European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century

was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.

After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire

was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states.

The Renaissance papacy

was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.

By 1850, the European population

was over 265 million.

Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century

was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.

Jacques Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

was the fundamental statement of seventeenth-century divine right monarchy.

The Reformation in England under Henry VIII

was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.

Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France

went up significantly.

Benedict Spinoza believed that women

were "naturally" inferior to men.

The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances

were based of the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.

The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe

were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power.

The French philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

were often directed against old single women.

Banquets during the Renaissance

were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.

Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century

were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.

Peter the Great's ambition was to make Russia more like

western Europe.

The event that eventually led to Luther's break with the church was

widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II

witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightenment but radical reforms.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.

The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution

worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.

Olympe de Gouges

wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen.