AP EXAM 2

The pelvic bones articulate with the femur at the _____.

Acetabulum

Ball-and-socket joints allow for movement along ____.

All axes

The ligament running down the surface of the vertebral bodies is called the

Anterior longitudinal

Which of the following most accurately distinguishes ball-and-socket joints from other types of synovial joints

Ball-and-socket joints have the greatest range of motion.

If you were explaining long bone formation to a friend who does not understand the process, which of the following would you likely include in your explanation?

Blood vessels penetrate the hyaline cartilage and deliver osteoblasts, which lay down bone material

Which of the following is a similarity between long bones and short bones?

Both are in the appendicular skeleton

Which of the following is a shared characteristic of hair and nails?

Both are made of dead epidermal cells that have been converted to keratin.

All of the following statements accurately compare two types of skin cells except

Both melanocytes and Langerhans cells detect touch stimuli.

The bones that make up the majority of the heel it the:

Calcaneus

In the embryonic development of long bones, _____ secrete and form a shaft of ____.

Chondroblasts, hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is not a bone of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle

If the end of a broken bone pierces the skin, the fracture is considered a(n):

Compound fracture

The joint between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a _____ joint.

Condyloid

Which of the following accurately compares the tissue repair process for deep and superficial wounds?

Deep wounds result in the formation of scar tissue, whereas superficial wounds do not.

The male pelvis is _____ and ____ than the female pelvis.

Deeper, narrower

A _____ is a region of skin that sends sensory information through a single pair of spinal nerves.

Dermatome

The medullary cavity of a long bone is located inside the

Diaphysis

A long bone consists of a shaft, or _____, and a(n) _____ at each end.

Diaphysis, epiphysis

The articular cartilage of a long bone covers the:

Distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis

Perspiration from _____ sweat glands aids in thermoregulation by releasing heat from the body, whereas _____ sweat glands are active during emotional sweating and sexual activities.

Eccrine, apocrine

Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of

Fat

If your instructor asked you to list the bones of the lower limb, from thigh to foot, which of the following would be the correct order?

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

In the process of bone repair, _____ penetrate the area and build a callus that bridges the broken bone.

Fibroblasts

During the proliferative phase of wound-healing, _____ build new tissue by secreting _____ that takes the shape of the original tissue.

Fibroblasts, collagen

All of the following are cell types included in the epidermis except

Fibroblasts.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between flat bones and long bones?

Flat bones protect internal organs, whereas long bones absorb stress and support body weight

Which of the following motions are associated with hinge joints?

Flexion and extension

The carpal tunnel is bordered by the _____ and the ____.

Flexor retinaculum, carpal bones

If a friend asked you to explain the different types of synarthroses, which of the following might be included in your explanation?

Gomphoses are immovable fibrous joints between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla.

Hair growth occur in the ____, at the base of the bulb, divide and push upwards

Hair matrix

Which of the following joints is a ball-and-socket joint?

Hip joint

Place the following steps of bone repair in order: I. Formation of bony callus II. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus III. Blood clotting and formation of a fracture hematoma IV. Remodeling of a bone at the site V. Removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts

III, V, II, I, IV

In _____ fractures, one end of a broken bone is driven into the other end.

Impacted

How does the sacrum differ in that male and female body?

In the female, the sacrum is shorter and wider than in the male and directed more obliquely backward, increasing the size of the pelvic cavity

Red bone marrow is found in all of the following except

In the medullary cavity of long bones.

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when

Inflammation of the synovial membranes surrounding the flexor tendons compress the median nerve.

Which of the following is an example of a gliding joint?

Intervertebral joint

The formation of flat bone from connective tissue occurs through the process of

Intramembranous ossification.

The pelvic bones are _____ bones.

Irregular

Which of the following is true about the scapula?

It is stabilized by muscles

Nails are hard plates of dead epidermal cells that have been converted into

Keratin

The joint between each parietal bone and occipital bone is called the ___ suture

Lambdoid

The tibia and fibula are _____ bones.

Long

If you were giving an oral report on the functions of long bones, which of the following would you likely include?

Long bones support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

When scarring occurs after a deep wound, healed tissue:

Loses its normal function

Which describes the order of the auditory ossicles, from inner to outer?

Malleus, incus, stapes

All joints in the skull are sutures, except for the joints between the:

Mandible and temporal bones

All of the following are cranial bones, except:

Maxilla

In a long bone, yellow bone marrow is found in the __________, and red bone marrow is found in the __________.

Medullary cavity, spongy bone

_____ detect touch stimuli and transmit these signal to sensory nerve

Merkel cells

During integumentary innervation, sensory receptors in the skin pass signals to:

Nerves of the PNS

During long bone formation, _____ lay down bone material, replacing _____.

Osteoblasts, hyaline cartilage

Compact bone tissue is made up of structural units called

Osteons

Which of the following structural elements are unique to compact bone?

Osteons

Which of the cranial bones is connected to all four major skull sutures?

Parietal bones

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?

Patella

The carpal bones articulate with all of the following, except:

Phalanges

Which of the following is a type of bone that is present in both the upper and lower limbs?

Phalanges

The knuckles are created by the articulation between the ____ and the _____.

Phalanges, metacarpals

The joint between the axis and atlas that allows for rotation of the head is which kind of joint?

Pivot

Blood vessels carry ____ to the site of tissue damage, causing a fibrous clot to form

Platelets

The purpose of articular cartilage is to:

Prevent the contact of articulating bone surfaces

Long bones are adapted for all of the following, except:

Protecting internal organs

Osteoporosis results from a higher rate of bone ____ relative to ___.

Reabsorption, deposition

All of the following are types of bones in the skeleton except

Regular bones

All of the following are long bones, except:

Rib

The joint between the metacarpal bone of the thumb and the carpus is which type of joint?

Saddle

These produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and provides protection from bacteria

Sebaceous glands

The patella is an example of which bone type?

Sesamoid

The carpals of the wrist are example of which bone type?

Short

Which of the following is true of short bones?

Short bones are cube-shaped, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness.

If your instructor asked you to explain what causes goosebumps, which of the following would you likely say?

Smooth muscle called the arrector pili is attached to the hair and can contract to pull the hair upright, producing goosebumps.

Moving from deep to superficial, the layers covering bone marrow are

Spongy bones, compact bone, periosteum

Which of the following is a flat bone?

Sternum

Intervertebral discs are fibrocartilaginous pads that connect the vertebrae, also known as

Symphyses

Which of the following is a difference between syndesmoses and symphyses?

Syndesmoses are fibrous joints, whereas symphyses are cartilaginous joints.

A _____ is a joint where a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement.

Syndesmosis

The distal joint between the tibia and the fibula is an example of a:

Syndesmosis

If you were explaining the structure of synovial joints to a friend, which of the following might you say?

Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones, often supported by surrounding ligaments.

Which of the following are short bones?

Tarsals

If your instructor asked you to list the ligaments that stabilize the knee joint, you should include all of the following except

The annular ligament.

Which best describes a comminuted fracture?

The bone is crushed into three or more pieces

All of the following are long bones except

The carpals

All of the following are part of the pelvic girdle except

The coccyx.

Which of the following is a muscle of the shoulder girdle?

The coracobrachialis

All of the following are synovial joints except

The distal joint between the tibia and fibula.

Which of the following distinguishes the epidermis from the dermis?

The epidermis is epithelial tissue, whereas the dermis is connective tissue.

Which of the following accurately compares the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvic brim is larger and wider than the male pelvic brim.

All of the following are key landmarks of the temporal bone except

The foramen ovale

The vertebral column consists of all of the following except

The hyoid

As people age, degeneration of the articular cartilage is most common in all of the following joints except

The intervertebral joints.

Which of the following is an example of a synchrondosis joint?

The joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum

If you were explaining sutures to a friend who is unfamiliar with this type of joint, you should include all of the following points except

The most prominent suture is the joint connecting the mandible to the temporal bone

Which of the following is a difference between the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle?

The pelvic girdle is rigid, whereas the shoulder girdle is light and capable of great mobility.

Which of the following is not considered a fibrous joint?

The pubic symphysis

Which of the following accurately compares the radius and ulna?

The radius is smaller and thinner than the ulna.

All of the following are similarities between the radius in the forearm and the fibula in the leg except

The radius is the longest bone in the arm, and the fibula is the longest bone in the leg.

Which of the following is a way that joints can be classified?

The range of movement provided

If you were to explain why the skeletal muscles play an important role in bone stabilization in the shoulder girdle, which of the following would you likely say?

The shoulder girdle's only connection with the rest of the skeleton is between the clavicle and manubrium, so it relies on muscles to support and position it correctly.

If your instructor asked you to explain why thumbs are opposable, which of the following might you say?

The thumb's saddle joint lets it cross over the palm, making it opposable.

If you were giving an oral report on the arches of the foot, you would include all of the following points except

The transverse arch runs from the calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals.

If your instructor asked you to list the distal and proximal carpal bones, which of the following would be an accurate list?

The trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate are distal carpal bones, whereas the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform are proximal carpal bones.

All of the following are tarsal bones except

The triquetral.

If your instructor asked you to compare the structure of the upper and lower extremities, which of the following might you say?

The upper and lower extremities have a similar structure, with a large bone articulating with two smaller bones via a joint.

Which of the following is a similarity between the carpal joints and the tarsal joints?

They are both gliding joints.

Which of the following characteristics is unique to synovial joints?

They contain joint cavities

Which of the following is not true about the formation of flat bones?

They develop through endochondral ossification

Which of the following is a characteristic of sesamoid bones?

They form in tendons.

Cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae in what way?

They have bifid spinous processes; they have transverse foramina

The fibula articulates with which of the following?

Tibia

Which of the following is the function of osteocytes?

To maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health

All of the following are components of an osteon except

Trabeculae

Which of the following bones varies in shape and structure?

Vertebrae

All of the following are functions of skin, except:

Vitamin C synthesis

Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight causes skin cells to produce _____, which the liver and kidneys modify to promote bone development.

Vitamin D

Which of the following facial bones is unpaired

Vomer

Which of the following statements accurately compares two types of fractures?

a greenstick fracture is a partial break, whereas a comminuted fracture occurs when a bone is crushed in three or more pieces

If you were explaining to a friend how the wrist joint moves, you would include all of the following motions in your explanation except

abduction

The function of fontanelles is to:

allow the cranium to expand

The function of osteoclasts is to:

break down bone matrix

Which part of the spine includes the atlas and axis?

cervical spine

From superior to inferior, which of the following lists the sections of the vertebral column in the correct order?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Which of the following explains the difference between the structure of compact bone and spongy bone?

compact bone tissue is made up of structural units called osteons, whereas spongy bone tissue is made up of lattice of struts called trabeculae

Which of the following lists the layers of a long bone from exterior to interior?

compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, bone marrow

Osteoarthritis is caused primarily by:

degeneration of articular cartilage

Which of the following accurately compares endochondral ossification and intramembraneous ossification?

endochondral ossification is the process in which hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone and grows, whereas intramembraneous ossification is the process of flat bones developing from connective tissue

Which bone is part of the orbit and the nasal septum?

ethmoid

Arches of the foot do all of the following except:

facilitate eversion and inversion

Which of the following is the longest bone in the body?

femur

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

foramen magnum

All of the following are foramina of the skull except

foramen minimal

If your instructor asked you to list the cranial bones from anterior to posterior, which of the following would be correct?

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, temporal, occipital

The clavicle articulates with all of the following except

humerus

If you were giving an oral report on the structure and functions of irregular bones, your report should include all of the following except____

irregular bones are small and round and embedded in tendons

which of the following differentiates irregular bones from the other types of bones?

irregular bones do not have easily characterized shapes

If you were describing the bones in the hand to a friend, which two types of bones would your description include?

long and short bones

Which of the following facial bones is the only movable bone(s) in the skull?

mandible

Flat bones lack which of the following?

medullary cavity

The dermis is the __________ layer of the skin

middle

Which of the following is not a tarsal bone? Calcaneus, cuboid, or talus

none; all are tarsals

Which cranial bone is supported by the vertebral column and articulates with the atlas in a way that allows for rotation of the head?

occipital

Which of the following accurately compares the different types of bone cells?

oseoblasts synthesize bone matrix, osteoclasts break down bone matrix, osteocytes maintain bone tissue structure

The cells that build up bone tissue are called

osteoblasts

If you were explaining flat bone formation to a friend who does not understand the process, all of the following would likely be included in your explanation except___

osteoclasts cluster together, secrete bone matrix, and develop into osteocytes

If you were giving an oral report on bone repair, all of the following would be points in your presentation except___

osteocytes transform the fibrocartilaginous callus into bone

If a friend asked you to explain osteoporosis, which of the following might be a point you would make?

osteoporosis is a condition in which overall tissue loss within bones results in bone pain, tenderness and weakened and brittle bones

If you were explaining the shapes of the various types of bones, which of the following would you include in your explanation?

sesamoid bones are small and round

What is the primary role of the arches of the foot?

shock absoprtion

All of the following are functions of the dermis except

storing fat

An immobile joint is also known as a _____ joint.

synarthrosis

If you were giving an oral report on the facial skeleton, which of the following details would you likely include?

the 14 bones of the facial skeleton form the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts

All of the following are part of the axial skeleton except

the arm

If you were explaining the atlas to a friend, you might include all of the following points except

the atlas is the second of the cervical vertebrae

If you were explaining how the various types of bones provide protection to other body structures, your explanation might include all of the following except___

the cranial bones are sesamoid bones that protect the brain

How does a female's thoracic differ from that of the male?

the female's thoracic cage has a lesser capacity, and the sternum is shorter and higher

If you were explaining the purpose of the foramina of the skull to a friend, which of the following would you likely include in your explanation?

the foramina are holes that allow for the passage of blood vessels, nerves and the spinal cord

If you were explaining the location of the skull sutures to a friend, you would likely include all of the following except

the sagittal suture is between the temporal and parietal bones

If a friend asked you to explain the function of specific flat bones, your explanation might include all of the following except ____

the vertebrae protect the spinal cord

If your friend asked you to explain the ligaments of the spine that support and reinforce the joints of the vertebral column, your explanation might include all of the following points except

the vertebral bodies are connected by the alar ligaments and the transverse ligament of the atlas

Ribs 1-7 are called _____ ribs because they articulate directly to the sternum.

true

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebra

Which of the following is not a flat bone?

vertebra