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41. Senator Smith votes her conscience on bills that her constituents care little about, but she votes according to the wishes of the majority of her constituents on other bills. Which model of representation do her actions embody? (A) The politico model (B) the trustee model (C) the majoritarian model (D) the delegate model

(A) The politico model

28. Members of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Veterans Affairs are concerned about the quality of services at hospitals run by the Dept. of Veterans Affairs. Which of the following is an action the committee can take to address the problem? (A) holding a hearing and subpoenaing high-level officials in the Dept. of Veterans Affairs to testify (B) impounding funding for veterans hospitals until problems are resolved (C) placing a referendum on the ballot in each state to increase health-care funding for veterans (D) appointing a new secretary of the Dept. of Veterans Affairs

(A) holding a hearing and subpoenaing high-level officials in the Dept. of Veterans Affairs to testify

35. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 authorized the government to deny income tax deductions for employer health plans that did not offer employees the option of keeping their health insurance after leaving the job. Which enumerated power allowed Congress to make the law? (A) regulating commerce among the states (B) declaring laws unconstitutional (C) borrowing money on the credit of the US (D) issuing copyrights and patents

(A) regulating commerce among the states

42. A recent poll indicates that 60 percent of all people in the United States support a flat tax system. Which of the following supports the credibility of the poll result? (A) the poll reported a sampling error (B) the poll was conducted online and open to anyone who wished to participate (C) the poll was administered to several thousand people who were stoped while shopping in malls across the country (D) before the question was asked, respondents were told that a flax system is fairer than a progressive tax and will lead to economic growth

(A) the poll reported a sampling error

40. A nonprofit advocacy group seeks to block an expensive subsidy to what it believes is an environmentally destructive project. Which of the following accurately depicts the free-rider problem in this scenario? (A) the public can expect to reap the benefits of blocking the subsidy without making any contribution to the nonprofit group (B) the public will recognize that the cost of the project greatly outweighs the benefit, so they can expect their legislators to vote against the subsidy (C) the advocacy group will be able to carry out activities at an unusually low cost because of discounts and tax breaks afforded to nonprofit organizations (D) a company can purchase support from certain members of the public who will persuade their legislators to vote in favor of the subsidy

(A) the public can expect to reap the benefits of blocking the subsidy without making any contribution to the nonprofit group

50. Which of the following measures would a president adhering to Keynesian economic principles most likely employ during an economic recession? (A) an executive order to increase the amount of money in circulation in the economy (B) a budget with significant increases in spending for unemployment benefits and public works projects (C) legislation to cut individual and corporate tax rates and decrease regulation of the economy (D) a national budget with dramatic cuts in federal spending on entitlement programs like social security

(B) a budget with significant increases in spending for unemployment benefits and public works projects

55. The president is most likely to use an executive order to make important policy when (A) Congress is dominated by the president's party (B) a compromise cannot be reached with Congress (C) the Supreme Court is divided along ideological lines (D) a negotiation with foreign heads of state reaches an impasse

(B) a compromise cannot be reached with Congress

45. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of constitutional provisions? Enhance Federal Power / Enhance State Power (A) Necessary and proper clause / 14th amendment (B) commerce clause / 10th amendment (C) supremacy clause / 17th amendment (D) 5th amendment / Article V

(B) commerce clause / 10th amendment

31. Which of the following provides the most accurate explanation of how consumer-driven media increases partisan polarization? (A) consumer-driven media tends to avoid discussing controversial topics (B) consumer-driven media reinforces existing political biases in individuals (C) consumer-driven media relies heavily on corporate advertising (D) consumer-driven media is overwhelmingly conservative

(B) consumer-driven media reinforces existing political biases in individuals

24. Which of the following important functions of democracy would most likely be more difficult without political parties? (A) eliminating corruption in the bureaucracy (B) educating the public about upcoming elections (C) ensuring that only eligible voters can vote (D) reducing gridlock in Congress

(B) educating the public about upcoming electionsn

30. The 13th Amendment... (A) gave African Americans the right to vote (B) forbade slavery and involuntary servitude (C) repealed the 12th amendment (D) repealed prohibition (E) established the principle of separate but equal

(B) forbade slavery and involuntary servitude

53. Bureaucratic rule-making is best defined as (A) legally binding decisions made by Congress to constrain regulatory agencies (B) guidelines issued by government agencies, which provide specific details about how a policy will be implemented (C) directions given by the president to the bureaucracy regarding how a specific policy will be applied (D) review and supervision of departments and agencies conducted by congressional committees

(B) guidelines issued by government agencies, which provide specific details about how a policy will be implemented

52. Appointments to the federal judiciary are often contentious for which of the following reasons? (A) the house of reps. can undermine presidential authority by overriding judicial appointments (B) life terms for federal judges mean that presidential appointments will continue to have influence long after the president's term is over (C) the president selects nominees based on political orientation, while the senate focuses on the academic credentials of nominees (D) federal judges are given a platform to legislate from the bench, and the senate is hesitant about relinquishing power to the judiciary

(B) life terms for federal judges mean that presidential appointments will continue to have influence long after the president's term is over

38. A new president has been elected and has a number of positions to fill within the federal bureaucracy. Which of the following is an example of filling a position based on political patronage? (A) choosing a secretary of state to appease members from the opposition party (B) nominating a high-level campaign fund-raiser to serve as an ambassador to New Zealand (C) Reappointing the secretary of defense even though he or she was appointed by the previous president, who is a member of the opposite party (D) Asking the chair of a prestigious university's economics department to serve as chair of the Council of Economic Advisers

(B) nominating a high-level campaign fund-raiser to serve as an ambassador to New Zealand

13. _______ refers to a government's censorship of material before it is published (A) Just cause (B) prior restraint (C) equal protection (D) the exclusionary rule

(B) prior restraint

26. Which of the following may the president do to limit the Supreme Court's power? (A) fire and replace justices (B) refuse to enforce a ruling by the court (C) adopt a new constitutional amendments (D) veto parts of the Court's decisions

(B) refuse to enforce a ruling by the court

27. The legislative process at the national level of government reflects the intent of the framers of the constitution to create a legislature that would be... (A) less powerful than the executive (B) slow and deliberate in the law-making process (C) able to involve as many citizens as possible in the law making process (D) able to ensure that all citizens are equally represented

(B) slow and deliberate in the law-making process

29. The application of the death penalty has been limited in recent decades and cannot be applied to minors and people who are found to be mentally incompetent. Which of the following is a reason for this? (A) the Supreme Court redefined what constitutes an unreasonable intrusion under the 4th amendment (B) the Supreme Court changed its interpretation of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th amendment (C) the 5th amendments due process clause motivated state legislatures to limit the death penalty (D) the right to an attorney guaranteed by the 6th amendment led to limited application of the death penalty

(B) the Supreme Court changed its interpretation of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th amendment

49. Which of the following is contained in the 14th amendment and was likely an inspiration for MLK's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"? (A) the guarantee that citizens have the right to a speedy and public trial regardless of gender, race, or age (B) the principle that all people should be equal under the law, as embodied in equal protection clause (C) the guarantee that all people, regardless of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation, have the right to free speech (D) the due process clause, which implies the right to vote, shall not be denied on the basis of race

(B) the principle that all people should be equal under the law, as embodied in equal protection clause

25. In the case of ______, the Supreme Court ruled that a black man, slave or free, was Chattel and had no rights under a white man's government; it also ruled that Congress had no power to bad slavery in the western territories. (A) Craig v Boren (B) Amos v Colorado (C) Dred Scott v Sandford (D) Plessy v Ferguson (E) Brown v Board of Education

48. The first president to manipulate media politics with many press conferences and fireside chats successfully was... (A) Ronald Reagan (B) Abraham Lincoln (C) Franklin Roosevelt (D) Lyndon Johnson (E) John F. Kennedy

37. The most recent wave of immigration since WWII has consisted primarily of... (A) northwestern Europeans (B) refugees from communist countries (C) Hispanics and Asians (D) southern and eastern Europeans (E) Africans

44. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the 2 court cases? McCulloch v Maryland (1819) / United States v Lopez (1995) (A) Declared an act of Congress unconstitutional / Recognized the importance of state sovereignty and local control (B) Decided that Congress had implied powers / Ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws (C) Led to an increase in power for the national government / Established limits to Congress' power under the commerce clause (D) Decided that a state had the power to tax a national bank / Declared the Gun-Free School Zones Act unconstitutional

(C) Led to an increase in power for the national government / Established limits to Congress' power under the commerce clause

27. Which of the following enumerated powers would permit Congress to stimulate the economy by hiring unemployed citizens? (A) The power to create immigration policies (B) The power to regulate interstate commerce (C) The power to pass a federal budget (D) The power of legislative oversight

34. Based on previous court rulings, which of the following scenarios would most likely violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment? (A) a police officer inspects the contents of a computer hard drive without a warrant (B). a mayor refuses to allow an unpopular group to hold a political rally (C) a public school system uses race-based segregation (D) the federal government passes a law prohibiting assault rifles

51. Which of the following scenarios would be considered an unconstitutional use of state power? (A) a state passes a law that increases the pay of state legislators (B) a state enacts a law prohibiting smoking in all public places (C) a state places a tax on furniture made overseas (D) a state raises the drinking age to 25 years of age

37. Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the 4th amendment? (A) a suspect is interrogated without being informed of the right to an attorney (B) a person is tried twice for the same crime (C) a suspect's cell phone is analyzed by police before a warrant is issued (D) a person is prosecuted for a federal crime without a jury

33. Which of the following statements best describes a difficulty presidents face in the policy implementation process? (A) members of the bureaucracy often lack the expertise to carry out the presidents preferred policies (B) members of the president's Cabinet can be removed at any time by Congress (C) because of civil service laws, it is not easy for the president to remove professional bureaucrats when they disagree with the president's agenda (D) Congress generally gives specific details about how the laws they pass will be executed by members of the professional bureaucracy

(C) because of civil service laws, it is not easy for the president to remove professional bureaucrats when they disagree with the president's agenda

46. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the House of Representatives and the Senate? House of Reps. / Senate (A) only the speaker of the house can initiate the legislative process by proposing bills / only the majority leader can initiate the legislative process by proposing bills (B) members can delay the policy-making process by invoking cloture / members can delay the policy-making process through the use of a filibuster (C) members are elected by constituents in a local district based on population / members are elected by constituents of an entire state (D) members serve six-year terms / members serve two-year terms

(C) members are elected by constituents in a local district based on population / members are elected by constituents of an entire state

30. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of iron triangles? (A) the tendency of interest groups to hire former legislators, lobbyists, and judges (B) the inability of third-party candidates to garner public attention through media coverage (C) the long-term relationships between agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups in specific policy areas (D) the practice of congressional leaders driving PAC funds meant for certain popular candidates to those in more competitive races

54. During the civil war, President Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus and detained thousands of citizens who protested the war. Which of the following statements best illustrates this scenario? (A) when the public does not support the rights of others, those rights tend to no longer be applied (B) there is nothing in the Constitution that guarantees the right to a fair trial (C) there is a tension between civil liberties and public order (D) freedom of speech is an absolute right

15. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? (A) equality is not an important outcome in society (B) there should be more emphasis on governmental action to achieve equality (C) undermining freedom will extinguish both freedom and equality (D) individual freedom and equality are not compatible values

47. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of conservative and liberal views concerning social policy? Conservative / Liberal (A) The federal government should have a stronger role in shaping education / The federal government should provide more funding for public schools (B) Licensed gun-owners should be permitted to openly carry firearms in public / The federal government should not conduct background checks for gun purchases (C) Racial and gender considerations should be taken into account to promote diversity in workplace hiring decisions / Job promotion should be based on skills and experience, not race or gender (D) Individuals should not rely on government aid for their economic well-being / The government should be responsible for helping to improve the economic position of low-income people

(D) Individuals should not rely on government aid for their economic well-being / The government should be responsible for helping to improve the economic position of low-income people

54. A public school district implemented a policy that allowed students to vote on whether they wanted a student-led prayer to be read at football games. This policy was later found to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Which of the following clauses did the policy most likely violate? (A) The interstate commerce clause (B) The free exercise clause (C) The supremacy clause (D) The establishment clause

(D) The establishment clause

32. Based on previous rulings, the Supreme Court is most likely to review a case concerning which of the following as a right-to-privacy case? (A) a university whose admissions standards prevent women from attending the institution (B) a person who is licensed to carry a handgun and brings one to a political party (C) a high school student who leaves class at a specified time during each school day for daily prayer (D) a woman who is prevented from an abortion

(D) a woman who is prevented from an abortion

43. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Federalist and Anti-Federalist views on government? Federalist / Anti-Federalist (A) Favored a weak central government and strong state governments / favored a strong central government and weak state governments (B) believed the creation of a bill of rights was necessary / believed the creation of a bill of rights was not necessary (C) favored the legislative branch having more power than the executive / Favored increasing the power of the national judiciary over the states (D) believed a large republic ensured the best protection of individual freedoms / believed only a small republic could best ensure protection of individual freedoms

(D) believed a large republic ensured the best protection of individual freedoms / believed only a small republic could best ensure protection of individual freedoms

25. Which of the following is a consequence of candidate-centered campaigns? (A) the electoral success of third-party candidates sharply increases (B) parties tighten their control over candidate fund-raising to ensure the compliance with regulations (C) candidates have less accountability for their positions because the importance of the party platform increases (D) candidates' ability to appeal to voters can outweigh the importance of experience and policy positions

(D) candidates' ability to appeal to voters can outweigh the importance of experience and policy positions

31. A member of the House of Representatives has introduced a bill to raise the minimum wage, but it has been in committee for 36 days and is unlikely to make it to the floor. Which of the following is the best course of action for the representative to take to get a vote on the bill? (A) presenting a cloture motion (B) placing a hold on the bill (C) introducing a concurrent resolution (D) filing for a discharge petition

(D) filing for a discharge petition

48. Which of the following policies is most likely to cause tension between the competing values of individualism and equality of opportunity? (A) expanding the national defense system (B) reducing environmental regulations (C) decreasing funding for space exploration (D) implementing affirmative action programs

(D) implementing affirmative action programs

39. Which of the following most likely accounts for the different results? (A) The questions were not open-ended (B) there were no welfare recipients in the sample (C) the sample size was not large enough to be reliable (D) the questions contained a difference in wording

(D) the questions contained a difference in wording

36. Which of the following actions by public school students would most likely be protected symbolic speech based on the precedent established by Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969? (A) leading prayers over the school's public address system (B) publishing en editorial in the school newspaper (C) protesting a school-board decision by disrupting a school assembly (D) wearing t-shirts objecting to a school board decision

(D) wearing t-shirts objecting to a school board decision

33. The agency created by the 1964 Civil Rights Act and charged with monitoring and enforcing protections against job discrimination is the... (A) Federal Communication Commission (B) Voting Rights Commission (C) National Bar Association (D) Federal Trade Commission (E) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(E) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

19. In the case of Miranda v Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that (A) defendants in all felony cases have a right to counsel, even if the state has to provide such legal assistance (B) illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a trial (C) the death penalty could be imposed for the most extreme of crimes (D) the police must show probable cause before making an arrest (E) police must inform any suspects of a series of rights, including the constitutional right to remain silent.

(E) police must inform any suspects of a series of rights, including the constitutional right to remain silent.

39. The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular political orientations, including his or her knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding his or her political world, is known as... (A) political ideology (B) political indoctrination (C) demography (D) political orientation (E) political socialization

(E) political socialization

55. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) striving for profits greatly shapes how the news is reported (B) American media are dependent on advertising revenue to support their businesses (C) in 1989, network news programs broadcast 4,032 minutes of foreign news; in 2000, this number had dropped to 1,382 mins. (D) private ownership of the media and 1st amendment protections mean that journalists have almost completely unfettered freedom to criticize government leaders and policies (E) profit has driven American media organizations to expand their foreign bureaus abroad

(E) profit has driven American media organizations to expand their foreign bureaus abroad

49. The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the 20th century lasted until... (A) WWII (B) the Iranian Hostage Crisis (C) the commercialization of TV (D) the beginning of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency (E) the Vietnam War and Watergate

(E) the Vietnam War and Watergate

26. In 1993, the Supreme Court ruled that sexual harassment is sex discrimination that violates the Civil Rights act when... (A) the target objects a second time to touching, body language, or dirty talk (B) it causes severe phycological injury (C) the target suffers a nervous breakdown (D) an employee can no longer preform his or her job (E) the workplace environment becomes hostile or abusive

(E) the workplace environment becomes hostile or abusive

In a public opinion poll of a representative sample of a population, 1200 people were asked to agree, disagree, or express neutrality toward the following statements. Statement A: The government should spend more money on welfare. Response: 35% of the respondents agreed Statement B: The government should spend more money on helping the poor Response: 60% of respondents agreed

33. Which of the following Supreme Court decisions allows public school students to wear T-shirts protesting a school board decision that eliminates funding for high school arts programs? (A) Engel v Vitale (1962) (B) Wisconsin v Yoder (1972) C) Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) (D) New York Times Co. v United States (1971)

C) Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight) the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and the duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism.

questions 11, 12, and 13

29. Which of the following best describes an exit poll? (A) A poll that asks voters at randomly selected voting places whom they voted for so that election results can be predicted more quickly. (B) A poll conducted by having a computer randomly select phone numbers from around the country. (C) An opinion poll that is used to intentionally sway people's opinions by using false or misleading info in the conversation. (D) A poll that randomly samples a population to capture public opinion at a given time.

(A) A poll that asks voters at randomly selected voting places whom they voted for so that election results can be predicted more quickly.

40. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the process of political socialization? (A) An individual takes a civics course in school and develops opinions about politics. (B) Members of Congress increasingly vote the same way as other members of their party. (C) A group is able to attract new members by offering access to a broad network of people. (D) As media choices increase, individuals expand their

(A) An individual takes a civics course in school and develops opinions about politics.

52. Which of the following statements is TRUE? (A) As TV viewership has increased, newspaper readership has decreased (B) As TV viewership has increased, so has newspaper readership (C) As TV viewership has decreased, newspaper readership has increased (D) AS TV viewership has decreased, so has newspaper readership (E) neither TV nor newspaper readership has decreased or increased

(A) As TV viewership has increased, newspaper readership has decreased

21. In which case did the Supreme Court rule that segregation in public facilities was not unconstitutional as long as the separate facilities were substantially equal. (A) Plessy v Ferguson (B) Us v Lopez (C) Strauder v West Virginia (D) Dred Scott v Sandford (E) Brown v Board of Education

(A) Plessy v Ferguson

46. Which of the following makes a correct comparison between political parties and interest groups in the U.S.? Political parties / Interest groups (A) Political parties recruit and run candidates in elections / interest groups seek to influence public policy (B) political parties have small constituencies and thus try to win elections by energizing their base to vote for them / interest groups alert and educate voters regarding pending legislation (C) Political parties have organizations that donate money to candidates for public office / interest groups are barred by law from donating money to political campaigns (D) political parties achieve the bulk of the changes they seek through the use of the courts / interest groups build relationships with congressional committees and the bureaucracy to form iron triangles

(A) Political parties recruit and run candidates in elections / interest groups seek to influence public policy

13. Supporters of Hamilton's view that a bill of rights could be dangerous to liberty could point to which of the following cases? (A) Schenck v US, 1919 (B) Engel v Vitale, 1962 (C) New York Times Co. v US, 1971 (D) Tinker v Des Moines, 1969

(A) Schenck v US, 1919

12. In what respect does the Constitution address Washington's concern regarding the "spirit of encroachment" expressed in the excerpt? (A) The Constitution distributes power across national institutions. (B) The Constitution provides for equal representation of all citizens in Congress (C) The Constitution requires a simple majority vote in Congress to overturn a veto. (D) The Constitution requires the Supreme Court to approve all legislation.

(A) The Constitution distributes power across national institutions.

14. By using the phrase "creative federalism," President Johnson is most likely referring to which of the following features of the American system? (A) The relationship between the federal and state governments evolves over time and is flexible enough to permit new forms of interaction. (B) National policymaking is constrained by the sharing of power between the three branches of government. (C) The balance of power between the states and federal government has been trending toward more federal regulation and less state control. (D) Congress may use the commerce clause to address problems in public schools such as lack of resources and school safety.

(A) The relationship between the federal and state governments evolves over time and is flexible enough to permit new forms of interaction.

52. In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation? (A) When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state. (B) When there is a conflict among the branches of the national government. (C) When a federal policy shifting oversight authority from a national agency to a state agency is challenged (D) When a former employee files a wrongful termination claim against a company headquartered in another state.

(A) When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state.

32. In the Federalist 70, Alexander Hamilton states that "energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good government." In this statement, Hamilton is arguing in favor of the need for... (A) a single executive who can respond quickly to crises (B) a president who has a good understanding of public policy (C) an electoral college in the selection of the president (D) a president who is youthful and assertive

(A) a single executive who can respond quickly to crises

12. Which of the following constitutional provisions limits the power of the national government in Hamilton's argument? (A) enumerated powers of Article I (B) faithful execution of the laws in Article II (C) judicial review in Article III (D) supremacy clause in Article VI

(A) enumerated powers of Article I

42. Critics of polling think... (A) it makes politicians more concerned with following than leading (B) it gives politicians the wrong information (C) the public's opinion should not be taken into account (D) it could lead to a tyranny of the majority (E) both B and D

(A) it makes politicians more concerned with following than leading

11. Which of the following is NOT a free exercise issue? (A) teacher led prayer in public schools (B) religious use of peyote (C) animal sacrifice (D) whether Amish children must go to school (E) none of the above

(A) teacher led prayer in public schools

15. Which of the following actions did President Johnson suggest he would take to address problems in public schools? (A) Driving down the cost of education by removing ineffective teachers. (B) Calling on experts to advise the federal government in finding ways to improve public education. (C) Increasing school accountability by requiring schools to show evidence of improvement. (D) Scaling back the role of the federal government and allowing state and local governments to take the lead in education policy.

(B) Calling on experts to advise the federal government in finding ways to improve public education.

53. Which of the following is a true statement about the role of the media in providing citizens with information? (A) Investigative reporting dominates the news because it is less expensive than political commentary. (B) Demand for instantaneous news reporting has led to the growth of 24-hr news operations and a shift to online media consumption. (C) The media is increasingly controlled by the major political parties, who determine which stories are covered by the press. (D) There has been an increase in social media and Internet news consumption by the public, causing the top 5 media conglomerates to have greater control over public opinion.

(B) Demand for instantaneous news reporting has led to the growth of 24-hr news operations and a shift to online media consumption.

20. In the 1963 case of _______, the Supreme Court ruled that defendants in all felony cases had a right to counsel, and if they could not afford a lawyer, one must be provided. (A) Miranda v Arizona (B) Gideon v Wainwright (C) Engel v Vitale (D) Mapp v Ohio (E) National Bar Association v United States

(B) Gideon v Wainwright

38. Which of the following sets of policies appears to be most influenced by a libertarian ideology? (A) Increase income taxes on the wealthy to raise revenue for social security benefits. (B) Legalize the commercial sale of marijuana and reduce government spending on prisons. (C) Eliminate the estate tax and promote government-funded pre-k education. (D) Expand the welfare state and reduce spending on national defense.

(B) Legalize the commercial sale of marijuana and reduce government spending on prisons.

47. Which of the following sets of Supreme Court Cases best illustrates how views of federalism have shifted in the U.S? Case 1 / Case 2 (A) Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) / Baker v Carr (1962) (B) McCulloch v Maryland (1819) / United States v Lopez (1995) (C) Roe v Wade (1973) / McDonald v Chicago (2010) (D) Schenck v United States (1919) / New York Times v United States (1971)

(B) McCulloch v Maryland (1819) / United States v Lopez (1995)

25. The majority party in the Senate is concerned that the Supreme Court has made a number of ideologically dangerous and controversial rulings. Which of the following actions would the Senate take in their attempt to limit the Supreme Court's power? (A) Replace the chief justice of the Supreme Court with someone with whom they agree with ideologically (B) Pass legislation that would limit the impact of the Supreme Court's recent rulings (C) Ratify a constitutional amendment limiting the Supreme Court's power (D) Enforce term limits for justices on the Supreme Court

(B) Pass legislation that would limit the impact of the Supreme Court's recent rulings

16. Which of the following explains President Johnson's motivation for the speech in relation to his role as the head of the executive branch? (A) President Johnson believes that Congress will soon pass a bill on education reform, and he would like to be able to claim credit for it. (B) President Johnson is seeking to use the bully pulpit as a means of promoting his agenda on public education. (C) President Johnson is expecting the Supreme Court to soon rule on the constitutionality of a law passed by the previous administration. (D) president Johnson is issuing an executive order calling on local governments to increase training for teachers and address poverty among students.

(B) President Johnson is seeking to use the bully pulpit as a means of promoting his agenda on public education.

41. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a formal check on the power of the bureaucracy? (A) A lobbyist representing the National Rifle Association refusing to meet with employees from the Dept. of Homeland Security (B) The secretary of defense being called to testify before a Congressional committee (C) the white house chief of staff being formally censured by the president for publicly speaking out against the president's policy goals (D) a federal judge being impeached for making legal decisions based on bribes

(B) The secretary of defense being called to testify before a Congressional committee

11. Which of the following newspaper headlines best summarizes the excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address? (A) Washington Boasts of the Potential of the New Republic (B) Washington Warns of Dangerous Party Factions (C) Washington Endorses a Stronger Executive Branch (D) Washington Takes Negative View of Checks and Balances

(B) Washington Warns of Dangerous Party Factions

44. A political ideology is... (A) the set of courses that a political science student must complete to attain a degree (B) a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy (C) a relatively small portion of people who are chosen as representative of the whole (D) the process through which an individual acquires his or her political skills (E) the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues

(B) a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy

54. Cable News Network (CNN)... (A) has taken the place of the three major networks as Americans' primary source for news (B) has brought tv into a new era of bringing the news to people and political leaders as it happens (C) specializes in the after-the-fact news summaries and in-depth analysis (D) has had more effect on the mass public than it has had on political elites (E) is a government owned news agency that specializes in international news

(B) has brought tv into a new era of bringing the news to people and political leaders as it happens

50. The use of detective-like reporting methods to unearth scandals is known as... (A) yellow journalism (B) investigative journalism (C) scientific journalism (D) trial balloons (E) print journalism

(B) investigative journalism

11. Which of the following statements best summarizes Hamilton's argument? (A) even though civil liberties are protected by a bill of rights, there are some reasonable exceptions (B) listing rights will lead some to assume that government may regulate those rights (C) freedom of the press is essential for a functioning democracy (D) a bill of rights is necessary to protect civil liberties such as freedom of the press

(B) listing rights will lead some to assume that government may regulate those rights

15. In Schenck v U.S, (1919), Justice Holmes said that speech can be restricted when it... (A) is uttered by government officials in an effort to establish a religion (B) provokes a "clear and present danger" to people (C) is expressed on private property (D) advocates the violent overthrow of the U.S. (E) is spoken rather than nonverbal or symbolic

(B) provokes a "clear and present danger" to people

29. What are the three levels of scrutiny used by the Supreme Court to discover whether discrimination is permissible? (A) reasonable, inherently suspect, and grossly discriminatory (B) reasonable, inherently suspect, and the intermediate standard (C) arguably discriminatory, reasonable analysis, and negligent (D) suspect, inherently suspect, and the intermediate standard (E) negligent, arguable discriminatory, and reasonable

(B) reasonable, inherently suspect, and the intermediate standard

32. In Brown v Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court... (A) enunciated the principle of equal but separate (B) ruled that the visible signs of education were substantially equal between Black schools and White ones (C) ruled that school segregation was inherently unequal (D) ordered the Topeka school district to spend more money on Black schools (E) enunciated the principle of separate but equal

(B) ruled that the visible signs of education were substantially equal between Black schools and White ones

39. A state government places security cameras facing a popular site of protest in a public square in front of its statehouse. This scenario illustrates... (A) how political attitudes quickly shift in the U.S. (B) the balance of promoting stability and ensuring civil liberties (C) the free-rider problem of organizing a civil rights protest (D) the impact of globalization on individual political attitudes

(B) the balance of promoting stability and ensuring civil liberties

27. The "gray liberation" movement refers to... (A) anti-pollution activists who seek to reduce smog (B) those fighting for the rights of the elderly (C) those seeking laws that break down racial barriers and promote harmony (D) those fighting for equal rights and justice for the disabled (E) elderly homosexuals seeking equality

(B) those fighting for the rights of the elderly

16. The exclusionary rule, which was applied to state governments as well as the federal government in Mapp v Ohio (1961), meant that... (A) federal agents may make arrests for state crimes (B) unlawfully obtained evidence could not be used in court (C) searches by police could not be made without a legal search warrant (D) probably cause must be established prior to arrest (E) state governments are excluded from prosecuting federal crimes

(B) unlawfully obtained evidence could not be used in court

23. In the case of the Regents of the University of California v Bakke, the United States Supreme Court... (A) rules that the University of California-Davis medical school could not discriminate against women, African Americans, or other minority groups (B) upheld affirmative action programs, but limited their scope, and outlawed racial quota set-asides (C) outlawed all affirmative action programs as unconstitutional (D) ruled that state-run nursing schools could not discriminate against men in admissions to their programs (E) upheld all affirmative action programs as justified and constitutional

(B) upheld affirmative action programs, but limited their scope, and outlawed racial quota set-asides

31. Jim Crow laws are those that... (A) sought to end segregation and bring the races into closer contact with one another (B) were enacted by Southern Whites in the late 19th century to segregate African Americans from Whites (C) established slavery and contract law regulating the slave trade (D) the North enforced in the South in the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, granting rights to former slaves (E) justified slavery and set codes for slaves' behavior

(B) were enacted by Southern Whites in the late 19th century to segregate African Americans from Whites

50. which of the following scenarios is an example of the trustee model of representation? (A) The NAACP leadership sends representatives to Washington to lobby for changes to the Voting Rights Act. (B) Congress passes a bill allocating money to clean up nuclear waste sites after a wave of large-scale peaceful protests. (C) A member of Congress votes to close a popular tax loophole based on the belief that the money would be better spent paying down the national debt. (D) A presidential candidate advocates using an executive order to increase the minimum wage for federal contractors.

(C) A member of Congress votes to close a popular tax loophole based on the belief that the money would be better spent paying down the national debt.

45. Which of the following accurately compares the formal and informal powers of the president? Formal / Informal (A) Vetoing legislation to prevent a bill from becoming law / Using a pocket veto to prevent a bill from becoming law (B) Using the bully pulpit to influence public opinion / Appointing ambassadors and receiving diplomats from other nations (C) Acting as commander in chief of the military / Signing executive agreements with foreign nations (D) Using the power of the purse to support government programs / Using signing statements to shape legislation (B)

17. A liberal response to the "strained resources" of local government would most likely include... (A) A reduction of federal income taxes so that state and local governments can use those resources (B) less federal regulation and more authority for local school boards to create curricula and standards. (C) An increase in federal spending on public education and more programs aimed at helping lower-income communities. (D) Encouraging state and local governments to offer vouchers so that students can attend private or charter schools.

13. Which of the following scenarios illustrates Washington's concerns? (A) An increasing number of voters are not turning out to vote in elections. (B) Federalism can lead to different public policy outcomes between states. (C) Ideological divisions within Congress can lead to partisan gridlock. (D) Members of the press fail to report on the illegal activities of certain members of the bureaucracy.

28. Which of the following is likely to occur as a result of new legislation regarding automobile safety? (A) The Supreme Court will be asked to review the legislation annually. (B) States will be empowered to begin automobile manufacturing. (C) The DOT will be given discretionary authority to create auto regulations. (D) Mandatory spending will be required in all future federal budgeting for the program.

51. Two interest groups are competing for influence in Congress. One group represents banking institutions, while the other advocates for consumer protections. A critic of the influence of interest groups would make which of the following claims? (A) The interest groups will nominate a slate of candidates for office to compete against each other in the next election in order to determine which interests prevail. (B) The consumer protection group will appeal only to Republican leaders, while the banking interests will appeal only to Democratic leaders. (C) The banking interest group likely has greater financial resources and access to policy makers than the consumer protection group. (D) The consumer protection group is prohibited by federal regulations from direct lobbying.

(C) The banking interest group likely has greater financial resources and access to policy makers than the consumer protection group.

36. If voters are acting according to the retrospective model of voting, which of the following will be the most important consideration in their decision? (A) The party affiliations of the candidates (B) The campaign promises made by the candidates (C) The effect of recent economic conditions on the voters (D) Whether the candidates will act in the best interest of the voters if elected

43. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of rights protected and not protected by the 1st Amendment? Protected / not protected (A) Liber/slander / fighting words (B) Freedom of religion / freedom of assembly (C) The right to burn a flag / obscenity (D) Online newspapers / The right of a student to pray in school

44. Which of the following is a correct pairing of powers found in the Articles of Confederation and powers found in the Constitution? Articles of Confederation / Constitution (A) Protection of individual liberties / no protection of specific individual rights (B) Powerful executive branch / Federal government supreme over states (C) Unicameral legislature / Bicameral Legislature (D) Amendment requires unanimity of all states / Amendment requires the president's approval

35. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a member of Congress supporting pork-barrel legislation? (A) a senator from a coal-producing state voting against a job-training program for coal miners (B) a member of the house voting for urban renewal in exchange for increased funding for roads (C) a senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state (D) a member of the House Armed Services Committee marking up a bill that will increase funding for military bases

(C) a senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state

36. Title IX of the Education Act of 1972... (A) requires gender parity in public school enrollments (B) requires public school institutions to demonstrate equal average scores among male and female students on standardized tests (C) forbids gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs, including athletics (D) allows gender discrimination in education if it can be demonstrated to be an "educational necessity" (E) prohibits single-sex educational institutions and schools

45. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) liberals generally think we should spend loss on military spending; conservatives are more likely to support maintaining higher levels of military strength (B) liberals seek to tax the rich more; conservatives seek to maintain the free market and tax the rich less (C) liberals are more likely to favor military intervention around the globe; conservatives are less willing to commit troops to action (D) liberals tend to support affirmative action; conservatives tend to oppose it (E) liberals generally believe that we can solve the problems that cause crime; conservatives believe that we should stop "coddling" criminals

(C) liberals are more likely to favor military intervention around the globe; conservatives are less willing to commit troops to action

16. Which of the following ideological perspectives is most consistent with the passage? (A) liberal (B) progressive (C) libertarian (D) socialist

34. The 24th Amendment, ratified in 1964... (A) granted Negroes the right to vote (B) outlawed the use of literacy tests in order to register to vote (C) prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections (D) outlawed the grandfather clause and the White primary (E) prohibited discrimination in employment or public accommodations based on race

60. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the 1st and 4th Amendments to the Constitution? 1st Amendment / 4th Amendment (A) contains the establishment and free exercise clause / was clarified by the ruling in Wisconsin v Yoder (B) guarantees the right to an attorney / protects against unlawful search and seizure (C) protects freedom of religion / requires that evidence illegally seized by law enforcement cannot be used in criminal prosecutions (D) protects freedom of speech / was used to justify the decision in Roe v Wade

(C) protects freedom of religion / requires that evidence illegally seized by law enforcement cannot be used in criminal prosecutions

41. The key to the accuracy of public opinion polls is... (A) sampling error (B) the larger the size of the sample, the better (C) random sampling (D) political ideology (E) polygraphs

40. Because it would be prohibitively expensive to ask every citizen his or her opinion on a whole range of issues, polls rely on what is called a(n) ______ of the population. (A) extraction (B) slice (C) sample (D) demography (E) census

14. Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? (A) the US Constitution explicitly prohibits the government from restricting the press (B) the amendment process would create confusion about the meaning of the US Constitution (C) the Bill of Rights could potentially be used to limit civil liberties (D) the media ought to be held accountable for publishing untrue info about public figures

53. Following the first Nixon-Kennedy presidential debate of 1960, opinion polls showed that... (A) those who watched on tv and listened over the radio both though Kennedy had won (B) those who watched on tv thought Nixon had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Kennedy had won (C) those who watched on tv thought Kennedy had won, while those who listened over the radio thought Nixon had won (D) those who watched on tv and listened over the radio both though Nixon had won (E) those who listened over the radio thought it was a draw, while those who watched on tv thought Kennedy did better

59. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the demographic characteristics of a typical Democratic voter versus a typical Republican voter? Democratic voter / Republican voter (A) over 65 / under 30 (B) African American / Non-cuban hispanic (C) urban / rural (D) evangelical christian / jewish

26. Which of the following describes an effect of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment? (A) It assured equal access to places of public accommodation regardless of race. (B) It increased the importance of the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (C) It reduced barriers to political participation on the basis of gender. (D) It eliminated poll taxes.

(D) It eliminated poll taxes.

37. During his confirmation hearing, Chief Justice John Roberts stated that Roe v. Wade (1973) "is the settled law of the land." This statement suggests that in a case that challenges the constitutionality of legislation restricting privacy and reproductive rights, which of the following should be a key factor in the court's ruling? (A) Briefs submitted by interested parties (B) Contemporary societal norms (C) The consensus of the other justices (D) Reliance on legal precedent

(D) Reliance on legal precedent

55. Which of the following policies would an individual who identifies as a Democrat most likely support? (A) Reducing regulations on Wall Street to stimulate economic growth (B) Decreasing the role of the federal government to ensure access to health care (C) Increasing federal enforcement of immigration laws (D) Strengthening anti-discrimination policies for married gay couples

(D) Strengthening anti-discrimination policies for married gay couples

42. In a public opinion poll, a company used an online survey tool to randomly contact respondents who ddi not have telephone lines in addition to contacting people over the phone. Which of the following best explains this decision? (A) The company saved money because it did not need to hire as many telephone interviewers to conduct the poll. (B) The company was establishing a benchmark poll at the beginning of a campaign. (C) The company was interested in asking different questions to different individuals. (D) The company wanted to ensure that the sample of the population was truly random.

(D) The company wanted to ensure that the sample of the population was truly random.

49. Which of the following is an example of how separation of powers creates friction between the executive and legislative branches in the policy-making process? (A) the electoral college vote ends with no candidate receiving a majority of the votes, and the House of Reps. is delegated the task of selecting the next president. (B) The Senate votes to impeach a sitting president for high crimes and misdemeanors. (C) The secretary of state is dispatched along with a delegation of senators to negotiate a treaty with a foreign government. (D) The president threatens to issue an executive order for stricter gun control if Congress continues to refuse to take action.

(D) The president threatens to issue an executive order for stricter gun control if Congress continues to refuse to take action.

24. In the 1780's, proponents of the new Constitution cited Shay's Rebellion as an example in support of which of the following criticisms of the national government under the Articles of Confederation? (A) The national government did not provide sufficient protection of individual rights (B) The lack of a centralized judiciary made enforcement of national laws difficult (C) States with larger populations were underrepresented in Congress (D) There was a lack of a national military power to address security concerns

(D) There was a lack of a national military power to address security concerns

22. The voting Rights Act of 1965... (A) abolished the use of literacy requirements for anyone who had completed the 6th grade. (B) prohibited government from using voting procedures that denied a person the vote on the basis of race or color. (C) required areas with histories of discrimination to submit proposed changes in voting laws to a federal official for federal approval (D) all of the above (E) A and B only

(D) all of the above

17. Which of the following governmental policies would the author most likely support? (A) restricting individuals from carrying guns in public (B) requiring individuals traveling in cars to wear seatbelts (C) establishing minimum age requirements to access adult social media sites (D) allowing individuals to purchase marijuana for recreational use

(D) allowing individuals to purchase marijuana for recreational use

18. Advertising is considered a form of _______, and, according to the decisions of the Supreme Court, is subject to greater restrictions on free speech than religious or political speech. (A) imaged expression (B) propoganda (C) paid speech (D) commercial speech (E) symbolic speech

(D) commercial speech

43. Since the 1960's, Americans' trust in government has (A) been erratic (B) increased (C) disappeared (D) decreased (E) stayed the same

(D) decreased

57. The overriding bias in the news is toward stories that... (A) target specific audiences (B) include talking heads (C) are liberal (D) draw large audiences (E) are triangular

(D) draw large audiences

58. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Republican and Democratic views on government? Republicans / Democrats (A) tend to be liberal / tend to be conservative (B) favor more governmental regulation of the marketplace / favor personal privacy (C) favor a national religion / favor private education (D) favor fewer regulations / favor more governmental regulation of the marketplace

(D) favor fewer regulations / favor more governmental regulation of the marketplace

28. The Americans with Disabilities act of 1990... (A) required an affirmative action program for the disabled (B) added AIDS victims to the list of handicapped persons (C) required all governmental buildings to have wheelchair-accessible entrances and facilities (D) prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled (E) added handicapped people to the list of Americans protected from discrimination

(D) prohibited employment discrimination against the disabled

30. The Supreme Court issued a ruling that was unpopular with a majority of Americans. The president and Congress might be able to lessen the impact of the decision by... (A) reducing the pay of the justices to presume them to reverse their decision (B) overruling the Supreme Court's decision by a two-thirds vote in Congress (C) impeaching the justices in the majority (D) refusing to actively enforce the decision

(D) refusing to actively enforce the decision

51. For most newspapers in medium-sized cities and small towns, their principal source for reporting national and world news is... (A) Cable News Network (B) the Washington Post (C) The New York Times (D) the Associated Press (E) USA Today

(D) the Associated Press

38. Reapportionment occurs after every census to reallocate seats in... (A) the president's cabinet (B) the Senate (C) the Supreme Court (D) the House of Representatives (E) both the House of Representatives and the Senate

(D) the House of Representatives

48. Which of the following describes the potential impact on the electorate when daily media coverage of elections focuses primarily on the newest poll results? (A) the electorate will be increasingly divided along partisan lines (B) the electorate will be less likely to turn out to vote on election day (C) the electorate will be more likely to have expanded knowledge of the electoral process (D) the electorate will be less able to accurately compare the policy platforms of candidates running in the election

(D) the electorate will be less able to accurately compare the policy platforms of candidates running in the election

34. Concurrent powers have which of the following effects on the United States political system? (A) they reinforce the expansion of the power of the national government and the supremacy of the national law. (B) they eliminate disputes between the states and the national government by creating completely separate sphere of influence. (C) they foster cooperation between the states and the national government by requiring that the two levels of government work together (D) they make it possible for the states and the national government to simultaneously exercise influence in the same areas of public policy

(D) they make it possible for the states and the national government to simultaneously exercise influence in the same areas of public policy

56. Public officials often lean ______ to reporters to see what the political reaction will be. (A) beats (B) "oiled news" (C) talking heads (D) trial balloons (E) sound bites

(D) trial balloons

17. In what case did the Supreme Court rule that a newspaper, no matter how outrageous its opinions, must be allowed to publish without prior restraint? (A) New York Times v Sullivan (B) Miranda v Arizona (C) Wisconsin v Yoder (D) Mapp v Ohio (E) Near v Minnesota

(E) Near v Minnesota

14. The significance of Gitlow v. New York (1925) was that (A) the national government was prevented from violating the Bill of Rights (B) the U.S. constitution has precedence over the state constitution within the state (C) a state constitution has precedence over the U.S. constitution within that state (D) the Bill of Rights was interpreted as restraining only the national government and not cities or states (E) a provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time

(E) a provision of the Bill of Rights was applied to the states for the first time

24. The 14th Amendment specifically forbids the states from denying to anyone... (A) freedom of privacy (B) the right to vote on the basis of race (C) freedom on the basis of race (D) the right to vote on the basis of sex (E) equal protection of the laws

(E) equal protection of the laws

35. The 19th Amendment... (A) ended slavery (B) repealed prohibition (C) gave African Americans the constitutional right to vote (D) outlawed the poll tax in federal elections (E) gave women the constitutional right to vote

(E) gave women the constitutional right to vote

46. According to the categories used in the classic study, The American Voter, those who voted for a party out of routine, or judged candidates strictly by their personalities were classified as... (A) personalistic voters (B) group benefits voters (C) nature-of-the-time voters (D) ideologues (E) no-issue-content voters

(E) no-issue-content voters

I go further and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and in the extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed constitution, but would even be dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers which are not granted; and on this very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why for instance, should it be said, that the liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be imposed? I will not contend that such a provision would confer a regulating power; but it is evident that it would furnish, to men disposed to usurp, a plausible pretense for claiming that power. Alexander Hamilton, Fed 84

11-14

In many places, classrooms are overcrowded and curricula are outdated. Most of our qualified teachers are underpaid, and many of our paid teachers are unqualified. So we must give every child a place to sit and a teacher to learn from. Poverty must not be a bar to learning, and learning must offer an escape from poverty. But more classrooms and more teachers are not enough. We must seek an educational system which grows in excellence as it grows in size. And this means better training for our teachers. It means preparing youth to enjoy their hours of leisure, as well as their hours of labor. It means exploring new techniques of teaching, to find new ways to stimulate the love of learning and the capacity for creation. While our Government has many programs directed at those issues, I do not pretend that we have the full answer to those problems. But I do promise this: we are going to assemble the best thought and the broadest knowledge from all over the world to find those answers for America. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of White House conferences and meetings on the cities, on natural beauty, on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. And from these meetings and from this inspiration and from these studies, we will begin to set our course towards the Great Society. The solution to these problems does not rest on a massive program in Washington, nor can it rely solely on the strained resources of local authority. They require us to create new concepts of cooperation, a creative federalism, between the national capital and the leaders of local communities. President Lyndon B. Johnson, May 22, 1964

14-17

A society that puts equality—in the sense of equality of outcome—ahead of freedom will end up with neither equality nor freedom. The use of force to achieve equality will destroy freedom, and the force, introduced for good purposes, will end up in the hands of people who use it to promote their own interests. On the other hand, a society that puts freedom ﬁrst will, as a happy by-product, end up with both greater freedom and greater equality....A free society releases the energies and abilities of people to pursue their own objectives. It prevents some people from arbitrarily suppressing others. It does not prevent people from achieving positions of privilege, but so long as freedom is maintained, it prevents those positions of privilege from becoming institutionalized. Milton Friedman, Free to Chose, 1980

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