AP GOV tests combined
Electioneering
aiding candidates financially and getting group members out to support them
As opposed to individual donations, PACs - which represent people - allow better representation of _____________ groups.
occupational
policy voting
occurs when people base their choices in an election on their own issue preferences
Americans are expected to vote for a much wider range of political offices. With *one elected official* for roughly *every _______ citizens*, and elections held somewhere virtually every _____.
one official for every *500* citizens held virtually every *WEEK*.
What has hindered polling organizations from reaching people?
only allowed to reach through *"cell phone use only".* Governmental restrictions prohibiting automated dialing (because call could go to phone that is not a cell phone).
Closed Primaries
only people who have registered with the party can vote in its primary
Michigan holds ______ primaries.
open primaries
Party leaders made no secret of their corruption by...
openly selling government positions to raise money for the party.
public interest lobbies
organizations that seek a collective good, which benefits the society as a whole.
Right to Work Laws
outlaw union membership as a condition of employment - do not have to join a union when they are employed.
2 decades after 1970, one estimate pegged the # of environmental groups at over _________ and their combined revenues at $______
over 10,000 environmental groups revenue over $2.9 billion
Citizens of this age are the fastest-growing age group in america
over 65
Political culture
overall *set of values* widely shared within a society
John Bibby pointed out...
parties *serve to supplement* the candidates' own personal campaign organizations ->> Only help out through $$, they don't create the campaign
Candidates in the US can get elected on there OWN. They DO NOT need the help of ________ most of the time. Party organization is relegated to a _________ role.
party ; Limited role
In the European System, the only way a person can become a candidate for an executive office is to be nominated by _______ ________
party leaders
All definitions of political parties have one thing in common:
party's try to win .
Party Dealignment
people are gradually moving away from both political parties, marked by the decreasing influence of both parties on voters & government
Why are large interest groups ineffective?
people go against each other and fight
selective exposure
people tend to choose information sources that have *similar points of view to their own* and avoid those that present opposing information.
policy entrepreneurs
people who *invest their political "capital"* in an issue
Superdelegates
people who are *awarded automatic slots as delegates* based on the office they currently hold, such as being a member of Congress or of their party's national committee.
Today almost all state parties today have a ____________ headquarters. Where is it usually located? in 1960...
permanent physical headquarters Located in the capital or largest city In 1960 there were no headquarters for state parties.
Group Theory - Groups usually play by "...
play by "the rules of the game"
one can accurately predict how the majority of young people will vote simply by knowing the _________ _________, even though most students like to think of themselves as independent thinkers.
political leanings
The multiplicity of American interest groups and the openness of American politics to input from interest groups allow individuals many channels for _________________ and thus facilitate the representation of individual interests.
political participation
How many representatives a state has in the House depends on the states _____________.
population
Shift of population
population growth since WWII has been centered in the West and South. bc... South = affordable taxes west = technology
electoral college: The State parties select slates of electors, which are...
positions they award for *faithful service to the party.*
Donald Trump had scarcely started his presidency when...
potential democratic candidates for 2020 started to schedule their campaign.
Open primaries main advantage is that they...
allow for more voters to participate in party nomination decisions.
Valence issue
an issue about which the *public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions* in hopes that each will be thought to *best represent those widely shared beliefs* ->> candidates have same basic view about a political issue.
Position Issue
an issue in which the *rival candidates have opposing views* on a question that also divides the voters. Ex. 2004 issue over Social Security, Bush wanted private savings accounts, Kerry did not
Define Political issue
an issue that arises when people *disagree about a problem* and how to fix it. -> many times people agree with problem but disagree with how to fix it (ex: healthcare)
Political culture
an overall set of *values widely shared* within a society
Because states are the key battlegrounds of presidential campaigns, candidates must tailor their appeals to the particular interests of... In Iowa for instance, promises are typically made about... In New York, promises are typically made about...
appeal to EACH major State Iowa = promises to keep agricultural subsidies HIGH New York = announce federal funding programs to hel big cities
Common Clause works to expose what is sees as
as the evils of the PAC system.
The Democratic committee also includes...
assorted *governors*, members of *congress*, and other leadership.
In 2004, winning a House seat usually a war chest of...
at least *1/2 million dollars* and the senate costs more. ** Today costs at least $1 mil
Nader's "Unsafe at any Speed" explained
attacked General Motors' *Corvair* as mechanically deficient and dangerous.
What event caused a resurgence in political interests among college students?
attacks of 9/11
The CC has attributed the failure of congress to further regulate tobacco ads bc...
bc of the tens of millions of PAC contributions from cigarette companies
Today, the elite are those likely to...
be the ones who command knowledge & technology. -> "experts" 1. Musk 2. Bezos (own amazon) 3. Gates 4. Jobs 5. Zuckerberg
The power of business in the American political system is due to more than just $ because...
because there are a *limited #* of multinational corporations & they have an easier time organizing themselves for political action
Group Theory/Pluralism
believe that groups win some and loss some but that no group wins or loses all of the time.
Hyperpluralists believe
believe that the pluralist system is out of control
Before any votes are cast in primaries or caucuses, however, the candidates are usually hard at work trying to...
build up crucial sources of support and form positive first impressions.
In recent years, at least 90% of the biggest spenders on lobbying have been __________ organizations. Lobbying expenses for these organizations now exceed amounts spent on lobbying on behalf of UNIONS and CONSUMER groups ___#___ times over.
business organizations 34 times over
Elites believe: Great power is held by the by the _large/small_ corporations
by the LARGEST corporations
Random Digit dialing
calling random exchanges around the country **people are less willing to answer questions on the phone than in person
To KEEP the "mo" going, candidates have to...
candidates must *beat people they were EXPECTED to beat*
At each political party's convention, state delegations meet to...
cast their votes
Committee of Inquiry first leaders
chaired 1st by Senator George *McGovern* and later by Representative Donald *Fraser*
From State to Federal Control: In early elections, Presidential electors were chosen by WHO, rather than by the voters directly
chosen by the *State Legislatures* (VA = General Assembly)
*positive* party polarization
clarifies a choice for voters, thereby making it easier for voters to determine which side better represents their views.
Darrell M. West said
"America needs to reorient its immigration policy toward enhancing economic development & attracting more of worlds best-educated people. Its based too much on *whom* one knows and not enough on *what* one knows"
The emphasis of campaign reporting has changed dramatically from "what" to "_____"
"why" - whereas the "what" was primarily candidates policy statements, today's "why" focusses on teh campaign as a *horse race* (who's winning the election).
Third parties have brought new groups into the electorate and have served as the "________ ________" for popular discontent.
*"safety valves"*
1st geographically based restrictions to immigration
*1882* - *Chinese Exclusion Act* (helped build transcontinental railroad and once finished, Americans no longer wanted them in US)
As organizations, American political parties are ______________ and _____________.
*decentralized* and *fragmented*
Today, the *nomination choices of the delegates are known in ADVANCED*. The real contest is the...
*selection of the delegates from each state* in the first place.
Election of 1800: Focus - on state legislatures
- 1st time in World History when there is a *transition from one party to another* WITHOUT Bloodshed -> selected who would be in the *electoral college*
Hispanics value...
-Less conservative than whites -influx into the electorate may well move USA into a Liberal direction !!! lets hope
Women value...
-make up *54%* of population (NOT a minority group), but are politically and economically disadvantaged... STILL! :( -likely to support social services and oppose military spending **less conservative than men - more liberal
Examples of Popular person with presidential aspirations
1) *John Anderson* (Independent) in 1980 2) *Ross Perot* (Rep.) in 1992 & 1996
News Weeklys: Educated Elite
1) Economist 2) National Review
2 Kinds of Campaign Issues
1) Position Issue 2) Valence issue
Surveys show that people are most fascinated by stories with...
1) conflict 2) violence 3) disaster 4) scandals (why politicians do trial balloons)
In European nations, being a party member means formally joining a political party where you have to...
1) pay dues 2) get a *membership card* to carry around 3) and *vote to pick* your LOCAL party leaders
2 basic types of lobbyists
1) regular, paid employees 2) available for hire
To GET the "mo" going, candidates have to... (2 things)
1) win a bigger % of the vote than the media expect them to. 2) Beat someone who they were NOT expected to beat.
Roosevelt had about _______ press conferences during his ____ years in office.
1,000 12 years
Typical Poll consists of how many people?
1,500 - 2,000
Points made by Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter
1. Fosters civic virtues, such as political tolerance 2. Promotes active participation in politics 3. Helps citizens identify what policies would benefit them.
The functions performed by the national governments are...
1. Maintain a *National defense* 2. Provide Public Services : education, medical coverage 3. Preserve order among its people 4. Socialize the young : make good Americans who contribute to society 5. Collect taxes : pay for everything public
Over a _____ of the nation's wealth is currently held by just ____%.
1/3 1% -> 5 top people **NOT ok when in recession bc Middle class becomes unhappy
By 1980 only ___/___ trusted the government.
1/4
As of 2014, revenue from online editions represented only about ______% of newspapers total take from advertising.
17.6%
Michigan data shows that young democratic voters ages ___-___ years old, is equal to the proportion of this age living in the state.
18-29
From the invention of political party conventions in the _______s up until the late _______s, the vast majority of the delegates were...
1830s - 1960s delegates were political ELITE
From State to Federal Control: Changes: in 1842, a federal law required...
1842 - required ALL members of the House to be elected by a *District*, instead of state wide or 2 for 1
Dred Scott vs. Sandford Case
1857 - The court ruled that slaved could NOT be citizens & that former slaved were NOT protected by the constitution. ->> YOU are what your MOTHER was.
Today's Voting regulations: Since _______, not a single presidential election turnout has reached 70%
1900
The __#__ smallest PACs (in terms of donations made) accounted for just ___% of all PAC contributions.
2,180 smallest contributions 10%
In ______, the Green Party candidate _____ ______ forced more attention on what?
2000 ; *Ralph Nader* forced more attention on *environmental issues*
Once the news has been found it is then compressed into a _____ second news segment.
30 seconds.
2016 election Conservatives ______% of all voters ______% voted for Trump
35% 81%
In 2016, _____% of population said they were Independent.
42%
Florida is currently the _____ most populus state.
4th
As of January 2016, the FEC reported _________ PACs were raising & spending $ for political purposes.
5,819 PACs
Asian Americans make up ____% of minority
6%
How many white people lived below poverty line?
9%
Census
A complete enumeration of a population every 10 years.
majority rule
A fundamental principle of *traditional* democratic theory. In a democracy, choosing among alternatives requires that the majority's desire be respected. -> Win over 50% of vote
Disney owns...
ABC and ESPN
When was the 1st Earth Day?
April 22, 1970
Why did the major news outlets take away their *foreign news bureaus*?
Bc of the USA 1) cut cost 2) public doesn't care
The Primary season begins during the ____season____ in __state__.
Begins in the *winter* in *New Hampshire*
More recently, CONSUMER groups have suits against ___________& _____________ agencies as a means of ensuring that the government enforces consumer regulation.
Businesses & federal agencies
Viacom owns
CBS
Election Campaigns
Campaigns between 2 nominees. Prize for winning is the office.
Some of the most famous interest group victories were won by?
Civil Rights Groups in the 1950s
Hillary Clinton carried ____% of the popular vote, while Trump carried ____% and 3rd party candidates Gary Johnson (libertarian) and Jill Stein (green) carried ____%
Clinton = 48% Trump = 47% 3rd party = 5%
_________________ members directly do more for their constituents.
Congressional members
Barack Obama's experience as a ___________ ___________ before he entered politics is widely thought to have given him special insight into how to mobilize who?
community organizer - helped him mobilize activists to attend a caucus
With the tremendous growth of interest group politics in recent years, for every group with an interest, there now seems to be a _______________ group to watch over it.
competing/counter group
Hamilton needed _____________ support for policies he favored (particularly the national _________). The foundation of the _________________ party came from his _____________&_____________ building.
congressional ; national bank ; Federalist party ; politicking & coalition
States are responsible for drawing...
congressional district lines.
A ___________ can deny that she/he is responsible for the "mess in Washington", a president cannot do this.
congressman
The Constant threat of a LAW SUIT increases the likelihood that business will consider...
consider the environmental impact of what they do.
Other critics of interests groups say that hyperpluralism has resulted in *____________& ___________ policy* bc the gov't is trying to please every group.
contradictory & confusing policy
Priy Kumar found that the total # of foreign news stories in chain newspapers _____________ by over ________% between _______-________.
declined 50% 1985-2010
Ever sine the rise of TV and TV news, American newspaper circulation rates have been _________.
declining
National Convention: The goal of the nomination game is to win the majority of the __________ supports at the National Party Convention.
delegates
Prior to the national convention the candidates compete for _________.
delegates
The State Convention
delegates are chosen to go the National Convention. -> As a general rule, delegates to the national party convention are *chosen by Party Primaries or by the Caucus.*
The Downs Model: was created by who?
Created by Anthony Downs.
public interest lobbies: If products are made safer by the lobbying of consumer protection groups it is not the members of such groups alone that benefit; rather __who?__ should be better off.
EVERYONE
1st 2 American political parties
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists (had differing views on wanting a centralized gov't)
This has become less predicative of political behavior
Financial Status
The Election of Donald Trump to the presidency in 2016 was one of the great surprise stories in American History - much like what other election?
Harry Truman's famous upset of Thomas Dewey in 1948.
House of Representatives can now cost over $_________. Senate costs much more, especially in __large/small__ populated states.
House = $2 million Senate = more $ in LARGE populated states
Slush Funds Scandal
In *1952 Nixon* was Eisenhower's Vice President Candidate. -Nixon was accused of receiving money under the table. -Holds press conference and says "it is a lie." The only thing I got was "checkers" (his dog). -> He brought his dog to the conference and explained that he gave dog to his daughter & asked if they want to take the dog away from his daughter.
History of Voting in America: Initially, who could vote in america?
Initially, White Male *property owning* could vote -> only educated elite could vote (hundreds of acres)
Another way a large POTENTIAL group may be mobilized
Intensity - mobilized through an issue that people feel intensely about.
Well-known candidates have seen their campaigns virtually fall apart as a result of poor showings in ________.
Iowa
Only a minority of states hold caucuses today, & the earliest caucus is traditionally held in ______.
Iowa.
Irish Political Machine in Boston...
James Micheal Curley
Which group worked to expand participation and give voices to ALL Americans.
League of Women Voters
In order to win party nominations, politicians need the support of the __________ voter within their own party.
Median
Constitution said _what?_ about the Political Parties
NOTHING
Critics do not think the primary and caucus system are the best way to pick a president. They have come up with ideas for reforming the nomination process including a...
National Primary or a series of regional primaries along the lines of March Madness
Thomas Rosensteil said...
Network (CBS, NBS, ABC) journalism were originally designed *NOT to make profit*, but to *create PRESTIGE*
Solution: (4) Determining the shape of districts.
Never really solved. This is still done by both parties.
The Primary season begins in the winter in _where?_.
New Hampshire
People *listening* on the radio gave the edge to _________, while those who *saw* the debate on television thought ___________ had won.
Nixon ; Kennedy
Fully explain the difference between viewing of Nixon's televised address with Clinton's.
Nixon recieved more viewers because all of the channels were focused on the election. During Clinton's election many channels had been created (cable) giving americans a way out of viewing political debates, addresses, etc.
participation in primaries and caucuses is low and unrepresentative: voters in primaries and caucuses are hardly a representatives of voters at large: they tend to be...
Older and more affluent than average
Martial status:
People who are married are more likely to vote than those who are not.
Education...
People with higher than average educational levels have a *higher rate of voting*. They understand/do research
The first American daily Newspaper was printed in ___________ in _____.
Philadelphia 1783 **Created by Ben Franklin
Who formulated the "Southern Strategy"?
President Nixon
Presidential vs. Congressional Campaigns: More people vote in the ____________ elections, so candidates have to work harder and spend more.
Presidential
A candidate wins a party's NOMINATION by getting enough voter signatures to get on a _________________ _______________, they do not need the party's help to do this.
Primary Ballot
Virtually all states prohibit _________ from voting, but some states make it much harder than others for who? Except for which state?
Prisoners harder for convicted felons to regain the right to vote. Maine
Who was Joseph Harris?
Professor at UC Berkeley. In the 1960s he came up with technology advancement = PUNCHCARD VOTING
Who were the "Mugwumps"? what did they do?
Progressive (reformers) ->> they disliked the party machinery, fearful of the heavy influx of immigrants to American cities & the ability of the party regulators to organized them into "machines"
Pick Candidate: who led the change for primary elections? What is a primary election?
Progressive reformers led the change. Primary election is where citizens have the *power to CHOOSE nominees* for office.
Other countries have a _____________ representation.
Proportional
Supposed to be an *informed society* because we have easy access to _______ ________, but choose not to be (____________ ___________).
RAW DATA Selective exposure
In the early 20th century, the Presidential PRIMARY was promoted by the...
Reformers
The FCC regulates... (types of media)
Regulates the use of the airways 1) radio 2) television 3) telephone 4) cable 5) satellite
What party was the only party in American history that went from a 3RD party to a MAJOR party?
Republican Party
Chicago's Political Machine
Richard J. Daley
In a __big/small__ group, members' share of the collective good may be great enough that they will try to secure it.
SMALL
Today's conventions are carefully _________ to present the party in its BEST light. With little news to be made at conventions, fewer people watch them & the networks have substantially _________ the # of hours of coverage in recent years.
Scripted ; reduced
A handful of environmental groups, such as the ___1___ & ___2___, have been around since the nineteenth century, but many other groups trace their origins back to __what date?__
Sierra Club & Audubon Society 1st Earth Day
Outcomes of the Voting Rights Act: the # of Blacks Voting rose sharply in the ________
South
Beats
Specific locations from which news frequently emanates, such as Congress or the White House. Most top reporters *work a particular beat*, thereby becoming *specialists in what goes on at that location.* -They are good friends with the secretaries and aid to know where the officials are and if its a good day to speak with them.
Because of the impact that Iowa's first in the nation caucus can have, candidates spend far more time during the nomination season where?
Spend *more time in the caucus states* than they do in the big states like California, Texas, and Florida (states with large # of electoral votes).
Media Events
Staged primarily for the purpose of being covered. If the media were not there, the event would probably not happen or would have little significance.
___________ is the most common source of political information for *30 and older*, outdoing the print media and peer-group discussions. However, this is not true for the youth.
TV
2000 Local Houston TV Station
The National News was getting stories on numerous *fatalities on highways* involving the *ford explorer* in the Texas/Arizona area. -> The local station finds its NOT the Ford explorer, but the *TIRES from a Firestone* plant in the area.
Population
The group that is to be measured by the poll.
Gender Gap
The regular pattern in which women are *more likely to support Democratic candidates*, in part because they tend to be less conservative than men and more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.
What is the key reason why Donald Trump and George W. Bush each won the presidency without winning the popular vote?
They won without the popular vote was that they both did better in SMALL STATES.
America was founded on
Tolerating diversity and individualism
The Clinton campaign enjoyed an unprecedented advantage in newspaper endorsements. Among the nations top 100 newspapers, just ____ supported Trump, while _____ supported Clinton. Many of the newspapers that supported Clinton traditionally endorsed Republicans. **which 2 supported Trump?
Trump = *2* newspapers 1. Las Vegas Review-Journal 2. Florida Times Union Clinton = *57* newspapers
The National Exit Poll found... _____% said that Trump was *HONEST* - slightly less than the ____% who said Clinton was *TRUSTWORTHY*.
Trump = 33% Clinton = 36%
American political parties are often ________ to fulfill the terms of the Responsible Party Model.
UNABLE
The ________ political party was once the main political organization in America.
URBAN political party
Bernstein and Woodward
Uncovered important evidence about the *WATERGATE scandal* & coverup in the early 1970s -> since then, news organizations regularly send reporters on BEATS to *expose gov't corruption & inefficiency*
Reason for differences between European and American system:
United States = decentralized (local, state, and national governments) European = centralized
Gender:
Women were discouraged from voting, but today women actually participate in elections at a slightly higher rate than men
Policy Agenda
a *set of issues*, problems, or subjects that are viewed as *important by people involved in policymaking* (e.g., government officials, government decision-makers).
Straight ticket voting
a ballot that enables voters to cast a *vote for all of one party's candidates* with a single act.
caucus
a private meeting of party members in order to seek agreement on a common course of action. ex: to select delegates for a state or national nominating convention, etc.
unconventional participation
activities that are often dramatic ex: protesting, civil disobedience, and even violence
open primaries
allow voters to decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests
Interest group definition
an organization of people with similar policy goals who enter the political process to try to influence or change gov't
Pennsylvania is a ________ primary
closed primary
Elites believe: Other groups may win many other battles, but the _______________ prevail when it comes to the big decisions
corporate elites prevail
Interest Group role
don't nominate, but support candidates
Politicians use lobbyists for... (3)
funding, campaigning, & slogans.
The PAC system __inc/dec__ participation in the political process
increases
Priming
increasing public *attention to specific problems*, the media influenced the criteria by which the public evaluates political leaders.
Choosing a strategy depends if you are the ___________. If you are this you must defend your record.
incumbent
The FCC is an _______________ regulatory body, like other bodies it is subject to political pressures, which come from __________ control over its budget.
independent ; Congress
A closed primary provides each party with...
invaluable information identifying voters who consider themselves to be party members.
A potential group
is composed of all people who MIGHT be group members because *they share some common interest*
Party competition
is the battle between Democrats and Republicans for the control of public offices.
Nomination
it entitles the nominee to be listed on the general election ballot as that party's candidate.
Super Tuesday
it is a Presidential Primary election *on a Tuesday in early March* in which many states participate to downplay the earlier Iowa Caucuses and New Hampshire Primary.
Real Reporting
keep their info under-wraps for a long time
policy specialists
key policies interest groups want to push
A Political machine is a
kind of party organization - relies heavily on material inducements, such as PATRONAGE, to win votes and govern.
State parties rarely ________ campaigns
manage
No Religious affiliation views...
more liberal (make up around 20% of US population)
The Party as a Organization has a...
national office, a full-time staff, rules and bylaws, and budgets
The goal of the nomination game is to win the support of a majority of delegates at the...
national party convention
Print Media
newspapers and magazines
Currently, _____ state(s) permits residents who are not citizens to vote?
no
A primary in which candidates are NOT labeled by a political party is known as a _____________ primary.
non-partisan
The families role in political socialization is central because
of its monopoly on two crucial resources in the early years - *time and emotional commitment*
South political view...
predominately Conservative
Week after week, the primaries serve as _________ contests, as the media continually monitor the count of delegates won.
primaries = *ELIMINATION contests*
Supporters of restricting the power of public sector unions argued that they were necessary to bring public sector ____________ in line with those in the private sector
public sector *workers' benefits* in line with private sector =>> CRAZY because the only reason people think about working for the public sector is for the BENEFITS, if taken away who will want to work publicly?
Caucuses are usually organized like a _________________.
pyramid
In the early years of politics, members of congress had no offices & typically stayed in...
stayed in boarding houses or hotels while congress was in session
Amicus Curiae Briefs
"Friend of the court" briefs - tactic by lawyers to have views of interest groups heard by the court.
system gives too much power to the media: Critics contend that the media have replaced the party bosses as the new _________.
"Kingmakers"
Which Act established the Right to Work laws? Year?
*Taft-Hartley Act* 1947
The National Committee selects the _______ and ________ for the next convention & determines the # of ____________ for each state and territory.
*time* & *place* ; *delegates*
If the party's officeholders followed the responsible party model then the voters would know...
*who to blame* for what the government DOES and DOES NOT accomplish.
Why are Jews and African Americans mostly liberal?
-Civil rights have always been a left thing and African Americans like that -Left likes immigration and Jews like that
Reasons for Sophomore Surge
-Members of Congress have figured out how to run a PERSONAL rather than party campaign -They make use of their Franking privileges, trips home, radio, TV
Sweden compared to America
-almost 100% participation in voting -value *equality* over liberty -all 3 elections (presidential, midterm, local) around 87% turnout
The national convention
1 for EACH Party: The meeting of party delegates every four years to *choose a presidential ticket* and write the party's platform. Nominate a President and Vice President. the *SUPREME power* within each party.
*National defense* takes about _____ of the federal budget.
1/6
Recipients of the patronage jobs were expected to deliver at least _____ votes each on election day and to kickback ____% of their salary in the form of a _________ to the local Democratic party.
10 ; 5% ; donation
In place of speeches, Americans hear ______ seconds of sound bites (in 2000).
10 seconds
Efforts to combat voter fraud: Introduction of Australian ballot in _____
1890
Efforts to combat voter fraud: Australian ballot... by ______ only ___ states did not have this ballot
1910, 3 states did not have ballot
_______ - _______: Era of Divided Government
1968 - Present
Age: only ___% of those under 25 years of age voted in 2014, as compared to ____% among those over 65 years of age.
24% = 25 years 75% = 65 years
In 2004 the Republicans trailed Democrats by _____% points.
3%
In 2012, _____% of population said they were Independent.
42%
how many people were hired to follow up with 28% that didnt respond to census?
800,000 people
At one time, ______ states selected their delegates to the National Convention in a meeting of state party leaders, called a _________.
ALL ; Caucus
winner-take-all system
An electoral system in which legislative *seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first* in their constituencies.
Time Warner owns
CNN
___________ are overepresented because the youth don't vote.
Conservatives
____________ groups have won many legislative victories.
Consumer Groups
In Americas loosely organized party system, there simply is no mechanism for a party to ____________ officeholders.
discipline
American parties _____ require dues or membership cards. Registration to a party is...
do not NOT legally binding and IS easily changed.
People with higher income are more likely to do what in politics...
donate to campaigns and participate in other ways which don't require money (ex: canvas, contact gov't officials)
The overriding bias is toward stories that will...
draw a larger audience. (in turn this will get more advertisements = more money)
WWII hero _who?_ broke the Democrats grip on power by being elected president TWICE in the 1950s.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
What Chinese American was elected governor of Washington in 1996?
Gary Locke
Poorer americans are...
Generally more *conservative* on all issues, EXCEPT *social welfare*.
What did Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam policies do?
His Vietnam policies DIVIDED the *Democratic* party in *1968* = changes BOTH parties *forever*
Edward J. Epstein found that...
In *"News from Nowhere"* : followed *NBC* news department for 1yr. -In pursuit of high ratings, news shows are *tailored to a LOW level of audience sophistication*. - dull & complicated stories had to be of enormous importance to get on the air. -TV networks define *news* as *what is entertaining* to the average viewer.
In the most recent election, the most frequent response to party identification question has been the ____________ option.
Independent
There is bias to the campaign and Electoral process because...
each state gets *2 electors for its senators* regardless of the population, the *less populated states* are OVER-REPRESENTED.
_______ is 1 out of a dozen mostly rural states that hold a set of meetings, known as _________, to select convention delegates.
Iowa Caucuses
Why are politicians attracted to the mandate theory?
It lets them justify what they want to do by claiming public support for their policies.
Who was the OBSCURE former Governor from Georgia who took the first big presidential step by *winning in Iowa in 1976*?
Jimmy Carter
Name of Israeli legislature
Knesset
Outrage discourse is defined as
efforts provoking a *visceral response* in audience, usually in the form of... 1) anger 2) fear 3) or moral righteousness (feeling of being above all)
Political elite
elected officials and heads of the local party organizations
fleeting voters
election choices have become largely a matter of individual choice
Nader's "Unsafe at any Speed": Nader eventually learned about the private investigation & took what action?
Nader *SUED General Motors for Invasion of Privacy* and WON a hefty damage settlement.
Nader's "Unsafe at any Speed": How did Nader use his money earned from the law suit?
Nader launched the FIRST major *consumer group* in Washington.
The oldest and largest of equality groups is the ______________ (______).
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
What child of Indian immigrant became governor of South Carolina?
Nikki Haley
The practice of ticket splitting means that no state is _________. Give an example:
No state is *completely safe* ex: Massachusetts, Maryland, and Illinois lean heavily toward the *Democrats* in national elections. In 2017, ALL of the governors of these states where *Republicans*
_______- the source of so much money in elections - greatly distorts the process.
PAC's
William Jennings Bryan
Remains the youngest nominee of a major party EVER *(36 years)*
The voting rights act of 1970: Why do the states sue?
States sue bc "federal government, you can't tell us what to do"
Running for President Step 1: Step 2:
Step 1: Get mentioned as a Presidential Candidate (use trial balloon) Step 2: Set aside a lot of time to run
Who were "The Kingmakers?"
The Political Elite/ Party "Bosses" ->> could cut deals and form coalitions
3rd level of the Caucus (top)
The State Convention
1st level of the Caucus (base)
The basic unit for the holding of elections is the *Precinct*.
Convergence
The merging of various forms of media that share resources or perform the same task.
Define politics
The process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. -> This produces authoritative decisions about public issues.
Legitimacy
We think USA elections are Fair and Free
Age
Young Adults are less likely to follow politics regularly and hence often lack sufficient motivation to vote.
Define public policy
a choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A policy is a course of action taken with regard to a problem.
Define Public good
a commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization. ex: clean air and clean water - benefit everyone and cannot be denied
When a candidate who is new on the national stage gets scrutinized by the public for the first time,...
a major blunder can *sink their campaign* in no time. ->> Not as true TODAY
Coalition
a set of individuals and groups supporting a political party.
Moving away from the family and into adult life does result in individuals becoming somewhat less like their parents politically, but there is still more political ____________ between generations.
agreement
Primaries serve as ___________ contests. Candidates who lose in the early primaries quickly lose the ability to raise the MONEY necessary to win in other states.
elimination ;
On 1st Earth Day, ecology minded people marched on Washington to symbolize their support for
environmental protection
They were dubbed lobbyists because...
bc they spent so much time in the lobbies
Momentum is good to have, but it is no guarantee of victory bc...
candidates with a strong base sometimes bounce back.
Egalitarianism
equality of opportunity and respect in the *absence* of a monarchy and aristocracy
2nd day of national convention
centers on the *party platform* - they state their *goals & policies* for the next 4 years.
Northeast Coast political view...
ethnic and racial mix makes it the MOST *Liberal* region of the country.
Most Americans choose ___________ label
conservative
Melting Pot
cultures, ideas, and peoples blend into one
Motto of the One Dollar Bill
e pluribus unum (out of many, one)
Candidates want the rest of the country to see them as ___________.
front-runners
The detailed provisions of election laws are important to maintain _______&______ elections at ALL levels.
honest & free
With the formation of so many interest groups in recent years and with so many of them having influence in Washington, _____ argue that it has been increasingly difficult to accomplish major policy change in Washington. And this ___________, so often evident in American politics today, diminishes democracy.
hyperpluralists policy gridlock
There is no federal requirement stating that voters must be citizens, and it was quite common in the 19th century for... (who)?
immigrants to vote prior to attaining citizenship -> this was allowed because of political machines & we were a nation of immigrants
Give an example of candidate scrutinized and their campaign sink
in *1967*, George Romney (Mitt Romney's Father) saw his promising bid for the Republican nomination fall apart quickly after he explained his *changed stand on the Vietnam War* as a result of his having originally been "brainwashed" by the generals.
State party budgets have also _________ greatly, as parties have acquired...
increased; professional staffs and high tech equipment.
Because ___________ can vote in either party's primary and partisans can readily switch sides, the two major parties are faced with the task of competing for voter support in the primary.
independents
_______ political learning is much more important.
informal
national committee
keeps the party *operating* between conventions, composed of representatives from the states and territories
To be on the Presidency ballot you need what?
need to meet the requirements for ALL *50* states
The "Gallup Poll"
only one of several polls that are *regularly* conducted on a *national scale*
mandate theory of elections
politicians claim that the election winner has mandate from the people to *carry out the promised policies*
Elections provide ________what?__________ so that leaders can be REPLACED without being overthrown.
provide *regular access to political power*
Party Machine example in VA:
ex: the Byrd family controlled VA. -> they created massive resistance for the Brown vs. Board of Education trial
The watchdog function of the media helps to...
restrict politicians - media is supposed to tell the PUBLIC what is going on.
2007 Birmingham News
exposure of corruption in Alabama's 2 year college system. Heads of the state school were using *cronyism* to put their friends and associates in top positions without proper qualifications = dismissal of the chancellor.
Olson's law of large groups
the larger the group, the less effective of reaching the collective (smaller) group
investigative journalism
the use of detective-like reporting methods to check up on the statements of government officials
Faulty Statistics: Despite inflation they still believe turnout _________ after the 1890s
turnout declined
Election of 1800: original constitution - who becomes President? Vice president?
vote in electoral college. 1st place becomes President. 2nd place becomes Vice President.
Caucus system
voters must show up at a fixed time and attend an open meeting lasting one or two hours to express their presidential preference.
If you are the challenger,...
you attack the incumbent's record
MLK and Civil Disobedience
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail" - used to protest social and political injustices without engaging in violence.
Most news stories are presented in a ____________________ format, in which two opposing point of view are presented, and he audience is left to draw its own conclusion.
"Point/counterpoint"
What did George W. Bush say prior to the Republican Convention in 2000?
"The Convention system provides a system of rewards for hardworking, grass-roots people who end up being delegates. I view it as an opportunity for these people to go back home, energized to help me get elected."
Some have called the American electoral process "the..."
"The permanent campaign."
Ralf Nader wrote his book "_____" in ___yr___.
"Unsafe at any speed" 1965
Barack Obama once called conventions a...
"Weeklong infomercial for the party and its nominee"
Harold D. Lasswell's definition of politics
"Who gets *what, when,* and *how*"
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) states that "equality..."
"equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged on account of sex"
Russell Dalton argues that independent voters have become more numerous because...
"more Americans approach politics with a greater ability to judge the candidates and issues without reliance on habitual party loyalties"
The right to organize groups is protected by the constitution, which guarantees people the right to "peacefully....
"peacefully to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances"
Mark Hetherington said...
"people need to trust the government when they pay the costs but do not receive the benefits, which is what anti-poverty & race-targeted programs require of many Americans. When governments require Americans to make sacrifices, they need to trust that the *result will be a better future for everyone*." -> need to TRUST the government that they can get it done. 1) wasteful & 2) impractical
Partisans of one side will "____" the other party's primary in order to give a boost to its least viable candidate.
"raid"
Archibald Cox and Fred Wertheimer said the role PAC's play in campaign finance is "..."
"robbing our nation of its democratic ideals & giving us a government of leaders beholden to the moneyard interests of those who make their election possible"
City jobs were classified as _____________ even though they had been held by the same person for decades.
"temporary"
Recently Congress appropriated $____ in loan guarantees for new reactors built to higher safety standards, and the Obama admin approved new plants for construction in _________ & ___________.
$18 billion Georgia & SouthCarolina
2014 election, PACs gave $______ million to congressional incumbents, with only $____ million to the challenger.
$294 million = incumbents $20 million = challenger
Supposedly Boss Tweed made between $ ______ million and $_____ million from 3 things...
$40 million and $200 million. 1) Tax Receipts 2) Payoffs 3) Kickbacks
During a Primary Election, a PAC can donate UP to $______ per candidate.
$5,000/candidate **same in general election
In 2012, the MLB PAC made $_______ in political donations during election, mostly to members of congressional committees who were considering legislation that might impact the business of baseball.
$551,000
Mass Media (types?)
(1)Television, (2) radio, (3) newspapers, (4) magazines, (5) Internet. Called this because they reach and profoundly influence not only the elites but also the masses.
History of Voting in America: In what administration and what time period, could ALL White Males vote?
(1829-1837) the Andrew Jackson admin
PAC
(Political Action Committee) provide means for interest groups to participate in electioneering
Class Action Lawsuits
(direct judicial strategy) enables a group of people in a similar situation to combine their common grievances into a single suit.
Recently, nearly ______ the candidates running for reelection in the House of Representatives received the majority of their money from PAC's.
*1/2* the candidates running for reelection in the House.
Ideologues
*12%* - think in ideological terms, connect their opinions and beliefs with *broad policy* positions taken by parties or candidates
1st restrictions to immigration
*1875* - limited criminals and prostitutes & then lunatics and people with serious illnesses
Study by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba found....
*1959-1960* Found america to have a stronger sense of *civic duty* and a stronger sense of *civic competence* (one can affect government policies) than Germany, Italy, and Mexico ->>>I HOPE SO... they are all under CRAZY communist rule during time of study.
Solution: (3)Determining the size of the congressional districts
*1964* the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires that districts be drawn so that, as close as possible *one person's vote would be worth as much as another's* (one man one vote).
In ______, the Southern States created ________ ________ because...
*1980* *Super Tuesday* bc they felt that northern states like New Hampshire had disproportionate influence in the choice of the Democratic nominees
Simpson-Mazzoli Act
*1986*- requires that employers document the citizenship of their employees -> attempt to penalize employers for hiring illegal immigrants = failure
Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
*1994* quotas abolished & made *family integration a goal* for the US.
2000 update to "The American Voter"
*20%* of population were "ideologues"... little change from 12% in 1960 -> concluded that it is not realistic to attribute ideological meaning (voting only on liberal or conservative terms) to voting patterns.
example of Convergence
*2007* - the *Washington Star* was moved by *Capital News* to become an online enterprise. It was *rebranded as POLITICO*
No Issue content
*22%* - of voter could give no issue-based or ideological reason for voting. These people *vote for someone because* of the way the candidate *looks or their personality.*
Nature of the Times
*24%* - voters who connect *good/bad times* to the party in control; if bad, they vote OPPOSITE of who is currently in power (usually economic)
Over 1/2 of Asian Americans over the age of ____ hold a college degree.
*25* Their median family income has surpassed non-Hispanic whites
For the __#__ time in 16 years and just the __#__ time in American History, the winner of the presidency was NOT the winner of the POPULAR vote.
*2nd* in 16 years ; *5th* time in history
Group Benefits
*42%* - vote in terms of groups they *like/dislike* and hold president accountable for his actions ex: Republicans support small business and if someone really like this, they may vote for the party based off this 1 fact.
electoral college: _______ of the 50 states employ a winner-take all system in which...
*48* out of 50 states. Winner take all system = ALL the states electors are awarded to the presidential candidate who wins the most vote state wide.
Campaign Finance Rules: If you are a Minor-Party candidate and receive at least ___% of the vote during the last election you may receive FEDERAL FUNDING in the next election.
*5%*
Outcomes of the Voting Rights Act: In Mississippi the proportion of registered voters rose from ____% to ______% in 10 years.
*5%* to *70%* in *10* YEARS
Total of ______ electoral college electors. The candidate must win by a _________ majority, which consists of a minimum of ______votes.
*538* electors simple majority 270 vote minimum
The key to Trump's victory was that he won __#__ states that had been carried by Obama - *name states.
*6* states: 1) Florida 2) Ohio 3) Pennsylvania 4) Michigan 5) Wisconsin 6) Iowa
It is true that there are about _________ PACs, but the relatively few big spending ones dominate the fund-raising game.
*6,000 PACs*
Sam Donaldson said...
*ABC* - said that when he first came to Washington in 1961, "many reporters saw themselves as an *extension of the government*, accepting, with very little skepticism, what government officials told them.
political participation
*All the activities* used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue
___________ PAC's have increased more dramatically than any other category of PAC's over the past several decades. **KNOW**
*BUSINESS* PAC's
Which PAC increased DRAMATICALLY vs. the others?
*Business* PACs have increased ALOT
Between the primaries and election day, *the Associated Press* reported that the Clinton campaign spent $_____ million to run ___________ television ads; by contrast, Trump invested $______ million to run _________ ads.
*Clinton*: $365 million & 361,114 ads *Trump*: $76 million & 89,405 ads
The _party?_ (also known as the Jeffersonians) replaced the Federalists. This coalition was derived from __________ interests - which made the party popular in the rural south- but the coalition was torn apart by _____________.
*Democratic-Republicans* *Agrarian* (values rural society as superior to urban society and the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker) *factionalism*
The Party in *Government* consists of...
*Elected officials* who call themselves members of the party.
National Convention: From __________ through _________ of election year, the individual state partied choose their delegates to the National Convention.
*February* to *June*
What party was the first TRUE anti-slavery party? when?
*Free-Soilers* in the *1850s*
Big Newspaper Chain example: They represent _______% of the nations daily circulation.
*Gannet, Knight-Ridder, and Newhouse* Control newspapers that represent *80%* of nations daily circulation.
party-column ballot (also known as...)
*Indiana* Listing *by party* - encourages straight-ticket voting
Procedures of requiring identification were pioneered in _(state)_ and upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in which Case?
*Indiana* in the *2008 case of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board*
*1924* Immigration Act
*Johnson-Reed immigration Act* that established *quotas* for immigrants. Based on the number of people from each particular country living in the united states at the time of the 1890 census. -> excluded based off 1890 census! crazy because so long ago
1st day of national Convention
*Keynote Presentation* - designed to stimulate interest & build party morale (usually a celebrity)
The Party in the Electorate is the
*Largest component* of an American political party. ->> Biggest bc its the VOTERS
Brian Williams said...
*MSNBC* because *BLOGS* the news now *faces competition* from people with an opinion, a modem, and a bathrobe.
Office-block ballot (also known as...)
*Massachusetts* listing candidates *by office*
R. W. Apple Jr. saw..
*New York Times* - he observed a beautiful woman being escorted to President *Kennedy's* suite. He rushed it to his editor, but was told to *ONLY report on political and diplomatic policies*, not girlfriends.
What states have enacted laws implementing automatic voting registration...
*Oregon, California*, and *Vermont* have recently enacted laws implementing *automatic voting registration.* In these states, the Department of Motor Vehicles transmits information about citizens who are not on the voting registration lists to the Secretary of State's office and they are automatically registered unless they opt. out.
Key Lawson writes what?
*Parties* are seen as *agencies for forging links btwn citizens and policymakers*. She made a checklist that lists what tasks the parties perform.
3rd day of national convention
*Presidential Candidate is chosen* by ROLL-CALL vote of the states, following lengthy nominating and seconding speeches (each state tries to outdo the others in speeches and rollcall)
The Election of 1896 candidates
*Republican William McKinley* defeated *Democrat William Jennings Bryan* (the youngest Democrat candidate ever) in 1896.
Americans are ____________ conservatives but ____________ liberals. Means? Who said this?
*Symbolic* conservatives & *Operational* liberals -> means that they oppose the IDEA of big government but favor its practices = *GRIDLOCK* => Christopher Ellis & James Stimson
Run Campaigns: What has made it easier for candidates to build their own PERSONAL campaign organizations?
*Television* and the *Internet*
What events marked the end of trust between Reporters and Politicians?
*Vietnam and Watergate* gave way to skepticism and cynicism. -> Newspeople have come to assume that politicians rarely tell the whole story and that their own job is to ferret out the truth.
public opinion
*aims to understand* the distribution of the populations beliefs about politics and policy issues -> not always representative because american people don't know where they stand, ill-informed
Economist Mancur Olson points out that all groups are in the business of providing _____________________.
*collective goods* (something of value, such as clean air, that cannot be withheld from potential group member)
Critics of the Responsible Party Model argue that the __________ and ______________ of American society are too great to be captured by such a simple model of party politics.
*complexity* and *diversity*
opponents to restricting the power of public sector unions argued that this was a power play by ___________ forces seeking to break the back of public sector unions.
*conservative* forces
Americas founding fathers feared that political parties could be forums for...
*corruption and national divisiveness* than they were with the role that parties could play in making *politics user-friendly* for ordinary voters.
Anthony Downs also notes, though from a Rational-choice perspective, one should expect the parties to significantly...
*differentiate themselves* in order to win over loyal adherents, who will participate in party activities and provide a core of regular supporters.
Critics of PACs are convinced that they _____________________ and _________________.
*distort* the democratic process and *corrupt* our political system in favor of those who can raise the most money.
Nixons Presidency begins the era of _________ government.
*dividing* government
Gerrymandering
*drawing some bizarre shape to make it easy for the candidate of one party to win* an election in that district. (tear up districts to make it easier for you to win)
TV is especially biased towards stories that generate...
*good pictures*. (repeating the story over and over again).
Malapportionment
*having districts of very unequal size.* If one district is twice the populous as another, twice as many votes are needed in the larger district to elect a representative and a person's vote in the smaller district is worth twice as much as the vote in the larger district. (saying that the people in the smaller district counts more)
Closed primaries favor...
*ideological purity* and help to keep the policy distinctions between Democrats and Republicans clear.
*Theodore Lowi* said that hyperpluralism led to the phrase...
*interest group liberalism*
Group Theory - link between people and gov't
*legitimate* groups can get a hearing from the government
Drutman points out that the content of legislative acts is now ________ and more __________ than ever before.
*longer* and more *detailed*
2000 Census what did Hispanic population do?
*outnumbered* the African American population
When a group shows that it cares deeply about an issue, politicians _________________.
*politicians* are more likely to LISTEN.
PBS Stations
*publicly owned*TV stations, but play minimal role & attract low ratings
The Party machine's organization depends on...
*rewarding* its members for their *loyalty* in some *material* fashion.
PAC's represent a...
*specific economic interests*, and care little on how members of congress vote on many issues, just the issues that affect them.
McGovern-Fraser Commission: In order to correct the delegate situation, they...
*wrote new rules* to make Democratic Party Conventions more representative and open to input from the public.
Supreme Court interpretation of the 15th Amendment: The Burden of proving it was RACE that led to the denial fell on WHO?
fell on the BLACK person that was denied.
A PAC is formed when...
formed when a business association or union or some other interest group decides to contribute to candidates whom it believes will support legislation it favors.
Lobbyists are often former...
former legislatures
Results of the Motor Voter Law: Explain the 2001 study...
found that the turnout of people who registered at the DMV was lower than that of people who registered in other ways -> those who register when its cost-less are LESS likely to vote.
Given that the Iowa caucuses are the 1st test of the candidates' vote-getting ability, they usually become a
full blown media extravaganza ->> All major networks and worldwide networks present
The voting rights act of 1970 gave ______ year olds the right to vote in FEDERAL & STATE elections, beginning ____date____
gave *18*-year-olds the right to vote in FEDERAL & STATE elections, beginning *January 1st, 1971* ->> done bc of the Vietnam Draft
3) Competence - example
-> a personal trait most often mentioned by voters. ex: in *2012*, competence ratings *FAVORED Obama over Romney*. Voters rated Obama substantially higher on the specific traits of being *knowledgeable and intelligent*.
2) Reliability - example
-> being dependable and decisive. ex: When the Bush campaign labeled John Kerry as a "flip-flopper" during the 2004 campaign, *Kerry's image of reliability suffered.*
Election of 2004: Bush vs. John Kerry explain...
-Large # of People vote for Bush bc he started war on Terrorism, he should end it (people who didn't vote for him b4) -OHIO = controversial state - BUSH = 135,000 votes in OHIO (popular) -> electoral college = 286 - 252
Africans Americans values...
-More liberal than national average -high priorities placed on affirmative action programs and social welfare
How to improve voter turnout: The biggest problem is...
getting people to vote
Private Ownership of Media
getting the *biggest possible audience* is their primary objective
Give Cues to Voters: what cues are given?
-Use of language ex: "Rodman and her *liberal* agenda." - this gets conservatives to vote against her. -Just knowing if they are Republican or Democrat can decide what a voter will do.
Matthew Hindman about webtraffic...
-found that traffic to political sites is only *0.12%* of ALL web traffic -HuffingtonPost.com = #1 political site but only ranks *796th* in viewing hits.
What did Ross Perot do?
-he bought air time at *8pm*. He becomes known as the *Reform Party*. -He receives *3%* of the votes. -This was the *1ST* 3rd party to be in a *presidential debate*. ->>Problem: takes votes away from the Republican Party
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) did what...
-invented media politics -Reported 2 presidential press conferences a WEEK
People under the age of 30 values...
-more liberal -supportive of gov't spending for healthcare and enviro protection -less inclined to spend on military -more supportive of gay and abortion rights -underepresented at the polls because don't vote
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) did what... He said what?
-people submitted their questions to the president in writing and he responded in writing -Hoover writing back was very hit or miss **he said that the Great Depression would fix itself = out of office "The President of the United states will not stand to be questioned like a chicken thief by men whose names he does not even know."
In 1960 one newspaper was sold for every _______ adults. In 2014 this ration plummeted to one paper for every _______ adults.
1 in every 2 adults 1 in every 6 adults
Today Federal law allows for about ____________ new immigrants & about __________ illegal immigrants a year have entered.
1 million ; 500,000
Native Americans make up ____% of minority
1%
Common clause argues that the influence of corporate PACS on capital hill has led to... (2)
1) "corporate welfare" 2) costs taxpayers billions
What did the Columbia University: Project for Excellence in Journalism find?
1) *11%* of time was taken up with *written & edited* stories 2) role of the reporter was to *extemporaneously speak* 3) stories *repeated* frequently 4) coverage of real news was spotty, *ignoring many important topics*
list the 5 realignments during or just after an election:
1) *1800*: Jeffersonian's defeated the Federalists 2) *1828* Jackson Democrats come into power 3) *1860* Whig Party collapses & Republicans come into power 4) *1896* Republican William McKinley defeats Democrat William Jennings Bryan 5) *1932* Democrats under Roosevelt come to power
1st 3 major networks
1) ABC 2) NBC 3) CBS
There are several reasons given for Americans' abysmally low turnout rate. List all 4:
1) American requirement of *voter registration*. 2) A second difference between the US and other countries is that the American government asks citizens to vote far more often. 3) Third, the stimulus to vote is low in the United States because the choices offered to Americans are not as starkly different. 4) The US is one of the few democracies that still vote mid-week, when most people are working.
here are two types of campaigns in American Politics:
1) Campaigns for party nominations 2) Campaigns between 2 nominees
Staying in office requires several accomplishments and has numerous effects of policy making... (3)
1) Casework 2) Serving on a Committee 3) Money
Phillis Schlafly's 4 reasons to STOP the ERA
1) Destroy the integrity of the family 2) Require communal bathrooms (made this up) 3) Lead women in combat 4) Eliminate legal protections that women already had.
5 pieces of criticism about the primary and caucus system
1) Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries 2) prominent politicians find it difficult to take time out from their duties to run 3) money plays too but a role in the caucuses and primaries 4) participation in primaries and caucuses is low and unrepresentative 5) the system gives too much power to the media
What did the Southern Strategy do?
1) Emphasized Nixon's support for states' rights = south 2) Law and order 3) strong military (# 2 & 3 were for the REST of America)
Because of these two problems Congress had to address 4 problems:
1) Establish the total size of the House 2) Allocating seats in the House 3) Determining the size of the congressional districts 4) Determining the shape of districts.
3 categories of immigrants
1) Family sponsored (largest) 2) Employment Sponsored 3) Refugees/Political Asylum seekers
Researcher Jack Walker found that 80% of the groups originated from... (3 types)
1) Industrial 2) occupational 3) professional membership
The Electoral College is important to Presidential elections for 2 reasons:
1) Introduces a BIAS to the campaign and Electoral process. 2) the winner-take-all norm means candidates will largely *focus on winning a relatively small number of states* (the battleground states).
Violent Protests
1) Kent State- broadcasted on TV and WORLD watched young kids being harmed by their OWN military (supposed to be protecting them, but is now killing them on like TV). 2) Jackson State - police open fired at black students in a dorm that were throwing rocks (2 killed many injured). 3) 1960s African American neighborhoods torn with riots
5 basic elements to US political system
1) Liberty - rights 2) Equality - voting/participation 3) Democracy - hold gov't officials accountable 4) Civic duty - take part 5) individual responsibility - actions
Supreme Court interpretation of the 15th Amendment: These rulings opened the door for states to enact other laws that would limit the right to vote (list them):
1) Literacy Test 2) Poll Tax 3) to allow whites who were poor or illiterate, a *Grandfather Clause* was enacted
Reason for decline of voters after 1890s: Voter registration became more burdensome... 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) Longer residency requirements 2) aliens that had begun but not completed process of becoming citizens could NO LONGER vote in most states 3) education qualifications 4) voters had to register long in advance to election ->> all in hopes of REDUCING FRAUD, but they *reduced voting* overall
Results of the 26th Amendment: 1) turnout rate? 2) party? 3) voter turnout since 1972?
1) Low voter turnout among youth 2) they did not flock to one particular party 3) since '72 their voter turnout has FALLEN out both in absolute terms & relative to rates of senior citizens
There are two problems with drawing the congressional district lines:
1) Malapportionment 2) Gerrymandering
Examples of well organized groups (3)
1) National Beer Wholesalers Association 2) Tobacco Institute 3) Air Transport Association
The Nations Newspapers of record
1) New York Times 2) The Post (rival to NY Times) 3) Boston Globe 4) Chicago Tribune 5) LA Times 6) Atlanta Journal-Constitution
News Weeklys: Magazines
1) Newsweek 2) US News & World Report 3) TIME Magazine
The Whigs had 2 distinct wings - 1? 2? These wings were brought together more by the Democratic policies they opposed than by issues on which they agreed.
1) Northern Industrialists 2) Southern Planters
List 3 main things a PAC must do
1) PAC *registers with the FEC* & then puts $ into the PAC coffers (account) 2) PAC *collects money* from stockholders, members, or other interested individuals 3) then it donates this $$ to specific candidates, often after careful research - to support interest.
Highly regarded News outlets (shows) on TV:
1) PBS Newshour 2) ABC Nightline 3) CBS 60 Minutes
There are 4 main linkage institutions:
1) Parties 2) elections 3) interest groups 4) media
Third Parties in the US come in 3 basic varieties:
1) Parties that *promote certain causes* ex: represent an extreme ideological position 2) Splinter Parties (offshoots of a MAJOR party) 3) Parties that are an extension of a *popular individual* with presidential asperations
List in order of Kay Lawsons Checklist.
1) Pick Candidates 2) Run Campaigns 3) Give Cues to voters 4) Articulate Policies 5) Coordinate Policymaking
What is in the arsenal of policy entrepreneurs?
1) Press releases 2) conferences 3) letter writing -> convincing reporters to *tell their side*
There are 3 kinds of elections
1) Primary OR Caucus (vote to choose Party nominee) 2) General Election (November; every year) 3) Election on Policy Issues
The divide across the Mason-Dixon line of Rep. & Dem. resulted in 2 distinct factions...
1) Stalwarts 2) Mugwumps
Today's Voting regulations: National standards now govern almost every aspect of eligibility 1) States may require ... 2) Areas with a certain # on non English speakers may... 3) Federal voter registrars & poll watchers may...
1) States may require RESIDENCY of more than *30 days* in that state b4 a person may vote 2) Areas with a certain # of citizens not speaking english must have ballots in THEIR language 3) Federal voter registrars & poll watchers may be sent to areas where *less than 50%* of voting age population participates in a presidential election
Lyndon B. Johnson - programs?
1) The Great Society 2) The War on Poverty
Selling internet subscriptions has thus far generated substantial revenues for major papers like....
1) The New York Times 2) The Wall Street Journal
All strategies must address these questions... (3)
1) Tone 2) Theme 3) Timing
Tone
1) Tone - will it be positive or negative
Trust in US government greatly decreased in late 1960s and going forward because of...
1) Vietnam 2) Watergate 3) Economic troubles of Carter Administration 4) Iran Contra affair - oil crisis
True policy voting can only take place when FOUR conditions are met:
1) Voters must have a clear sense of their own policy positions. 2) Voters must know where the candidates stand on policy issues. 3) They must see differences between candidates on these issues. 4) They must *actually cast a vote* for the candidate whose policy positions coincide with their own.
Political scientists think very little of the mandate theory of elections. They focus on three voters' decisions:
1) Voters' party identification 2) voters' evaluation of the candidates 3) the match between voters' policy positions and those of the candidates and parties ("Policy Voting")
Who were the 3 groups who had been poorly represented in the party leadership?
1) Women 2) Minorities 3) Youth ->> these groups were protesting INSIDE the DNC
A big campaign contribution may ensure... (3)
1) a phone call 2) a meeting 3) a favorable vote or action on a particular policy
McGovern-Fraser Commission: States were told that delegates had to be selected via a method that EVERYONE could participate in - either (1) or (2)...
1) a state run *primary election* OR 2) an *open meeting* at the local level
Today's Voting regulations: Why was their a large history of VOTER FRAUD?
1) bc party printed OWN ballots 2) did not vote in SECRET 3) Rules were overlooked
In 2016 the Consumer Product Safety Commission issued product recalls on items that included ______, ________, & _______.
1) climbing equipment that posed a risk of falling 2) bicycles with quick-release levers that were a crash hazard 3) Portable battery packs that could catch fire
The County level organizations... how are they doing this?
1) distribute yard signs & campaign Literature 2) register voters 3) get out the vote on election day 4) help state and local candidates in any way -> soccer moms aren't using their education that they have, so they have become extremely helpful in campaigning
2000 presidential election Measures passed?
1) each state have in place system to count disputed ballots of voters whos names were left off official registration lists. 2) Providing federal funds for *upgrading voting equipment & procedures & for training election officials*
The demographic factors that are related to voter turnout are:
1) education 2) Age 3) Race and ethnicity 4) Gender 5) Marital Status 6) Government Employment
provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: 1) Ended the use of... 2) Authorized appointment of ________________ who could order registration of Blacks in states & counties where fewer than _______% of voting age population were registered. 3) Provided criminal penalties for...
1) ended Literacy Tests 2) Authorized appointment of FEDERAL EXAMINERS who could order registration of Blacks in states & counties where fewer than *50%* of voting age population were registered. 3) Provided criminal Penalties for interrupting the Right to Vote
The PAC system allows people with common professional interests, such as _______,______,_______, and ______, to express their support of candidates jointly through political configurations.
1) farmers 2) lawyers 3) dentists 4) college professors
Samantha Klar and Yanna Krupnikov showed the reasons (4) of why people prefer not to identify with a party
1) greater *social desirability* of calling oneself Independent (makes them look *open minded*) 2) many independents view *partisan labels as negative and oppressive* 3) identifying with a party is akin to affiliating oneself with *disagreement*, *fighting*, and *gridlock* 4) view being independent as *positive* and *constructive*
Trends to continue increase in minority majority
1) immigration will continue to be concentrated among Hispanics and Asian Americans 2) birth rates have been consistently higher among minorities
Miller, Wattenberg, and Malanchuk show that the three important dimensions of candidates image are:
1) integrity 2) reliability 3) competence
Today's Voting regulations: Views about low voter turnout include: (3 things)
1) lack of interest 2) weakening competitiveness 3) History of voter frauds (20th century machines)
Ways candidates are listed in a general election?
1) listing candidates of each party down a single column 2) listing their names in random order
In pursuing their goals, environmental groups have opposed a ranged of policies and practices, including __________, ____________, and ______________.
1) oil drilling in Alaska's Arctic national Wildlife Refuge 2) strip mining 3) nuclear power plants
*R. Kenneth Godwin* and *Barry J. Seldon* asked a sample of PAC directors to explain why their PACs gave their $$ to certain candidates. The top 5 answers were that these candidates were...
1) on committees important to their interests 2) very supportive 3) from a district or state where they had facilities 4) helping them with executive & regulatory agencies 5) in leadership positions that enabled them to influence issues that affect the PAC.
Sobieraj and Berry found that news channels use "outrage discourse" by using...
1) overgeneralizations 2) sensationalism 3) misleading or patently inaccurate info 4) ad hominem attacks (personal attacks) and 5) partial truths about opponents
Responsible Party Model believes the parties should meet the following conditions (4):
1) parties must present *distinct, comprehensive programs* for governing the nation. 2) each party's candidates *must be committed to its program* and have the *internal cohesion* and *discipline* to carry out its program. 3) the MAJORITY party must implement its programs, and *the MINORITY party must state what it would do if it were in power* 4) the majority party must accept responsibility for the performance of the government
McGovern-Fraser Commission: under their new rules...
1) party leaders could no longer handpick the convention delegates virtually in secret 2) All delegate selection procedures were required to be OPEN so that party leaders had no more clout than a college student
Progressive reforms did what to the Urban Party Organizations (3 things)...
1) placed jobs under the *merit system* rather than at the discretion of the machine. 2) Created *regulations on fair bidding* on government contracts which took away their ability to reward the party 3) *Ethnic integration* in big cities, weakened the group loyalties in big cities.
Interest groups participate in elections in many ways: (4)
1) recruiting their own members to run as candidate for office 2) issue official endorsements of candidates 3) providing volunteer labor for campaign work 4) sending delegates to state and national party conventions to try to influence party platforms
Americans are weird about social welfare....
1) that they are willing to help people "truly in need" (but what classifies someone as "truly in need"?) 2) but don't help those deemed able to take care of themselves
During the invisible primary, candidates work carefully to create a positive personal image amongst who? (3)
1) the media 2) the Political elite 3) the attentive portion of the public ->> Use a *Media Event* to get name out in public
three-headed political giants the 3 heads are...
1) the party in the *electorate* 2) the party as an *organization* 3) the party in *government*
The Party organization includes...
1) the precinct leaders 2) county chairpersons 3) state chairpersons 4) state delegates to the national committee 5) and officials in the party's Washington office.
Frontloading poses two potential problems:
1) there is a concern that, with so many delegates being chosen so quickly, there may be a *rush to judgement before the public can adequately learn about the candidates.* 2) often times states that have held *late primaries have proved to be irrelevant* given that one candidate had already secured the nomination by the time their primaries were held.
Iyengar and Kinder found...
1) they could significantly affect the *importance* people attached to a given problem by *splicing a few stories* about it into the *news over the course of a week* (by the end of the week the public saw the story as important) 2) They concluded that "what television news does, is *alter the priorities* Americans attach to problems, all of which are plausible contenders for public concern"
How does the FCC regulate?
1) to *prevent monopolies* control over a broadcast market 2) FCC *conducts periodic examinations* of the goals and performance of stations as part of its licensing authority. (a station must *serve the public interest*) 3) the FCC has issued a numbered of *fair treatment rules* concerning access to the airwaves for political candidates and officeholders.
Anthony Downs argues 2 things...
1) voters want to *maximize* the chance that *policies they favor* will be adopted in government 2) parties want to WIN offices
types of interest groups (4)
1. *Economic* interest groups: These groups have to do with LABOR related interest groups like unions *or* BUSINESS interests. 2. *Environmental* interest groups: These groups want to preserve the environment at the cost of economic expansion. 3. *Equality* interest groups: These groups are concerned with civil rights and the equal treatment of all. EX: NAACP 4. *Consumer* and Public Interest groups: These groups seek a collective good.
3 ways Wayne Baker states America is having a crisis of cultural values
1. A loss overtime of "Traditional Values" (very unspecific - what constitutes a these values?) 2. An unfair comparison with the citizens of *other countries*. (different demographics & economies) 3. the division of society into opposed groups with moral differences too hard to resolve
3 policymaking institutions
1. Courts 2. Presidency 3. Congress
selective benefits
goods that a group can *restrict* to those who actually pay their yearly dues. ex of benefits: magazines, travel discounts, & group insurance rates.
5 criteria that Robert Dahl suggests all democracies *should* possess
1. Equality in voting - "one person, one vote." 2. Effective participation - when citizens have opportunities to express their preferences. 3. Enlightened understanding - free press and free speech is available. 4. Citizen control of the agenda - people decide what debates should be about 5. Inclusion - those who follow laws of country should have right to citizenship.
4 challenges to democracy
1. Increased Technical Expertise 2. Limited *Participation* in Government 3. Escalating Campaign Costs 4. Diverse Political Interests
Seymour Lipset argues that the "American Creed" can be summarized by 5 elements...
1. Liberty 2. Egalitarianism 3. individualism 4. laissez - faire : abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. 5. populism: support average citizen vs. well to do -> founding fathers agree bc of their opposition to the English monarchy
Study by Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey found that...
1. People's opinions did shift with the *tone* of the news coverage 2. *Popular president*s were much *more effective* than unpopular ones in *changing people's opinions* 3. News *commentators* had the *strongest impact* (not as much anymore, now its talkshow hosts)
4 ways lobbyists can help a member of Congress
1. They can confine themselves to only one area & can provide *specialized expertise.* 2. Help politicians with *political strategy* for getting legislation though 3. Help formulate *campaign strategy* and get the groups' members behind a politicians reelection campaign. 4. They are a *source of ideas & innovations*
Running for president starts about _______ year(s) before the election.
1.5 years
There are about _____ million elected officials in this country. Someone somewhere is always running for office.
1/2
During the fall campaign, __/__ of Republican Senators either announced they they would NOT vote for Trump or called for him to be REPLACED on the Ticket.
1/3
Results of the Motor Voter Law: By 1999, registration in DMV offices accounted for __/__ of all voter registration applications
1/3
Rozell, Wilcox, and Madland report that in one recent election cycle __/__ of ALL PAC contributions came from just ___ PACs, each of which gave over a million dollars.
1/4 48 PACs
*Social Security* consumes about ____ of the budget.
1/5
In recent years, over ________ of TV coverage of the nomination races has been devoted to the New Hampshire primary.
1/5
A major metropolitan newspaper averages roughly __________ words daily, whereas a typical broadcast of the nightly news on TV amounts to only about ___________ words.
100,000 3,600
this low threshold in Israel explains how there are SO many parties represented in the Knesset - ____ parties as of the 2015 election
11 parties
2016 women were ____% LESS likely to support Trump.
11%
In contrast to views on Donald Trumps speech in 2016, ____ million people tuned in to see the Broncos defeat the Panthers in Super Bowl 50, which was broadcasted only on ONE NETWORK in February 2016.
112 million
African Americans make up ____% of minority
12%
____ % of the nations population were born *outside* the US in 2015 & it is expected at ____% will be by 2050.
13% ; 18%
The 2010 census was mailed to all ______ million residential addresses in the US
134
History of Voting in America: By 1880, only ______% of white males could NOT vote
14%
The _________ amendment guarantees equal protection under the law.
14th amendment
In 2016, the political elite made up ____% of the delegates to the DNC.
15%
Results of the Motor Voter Law: Between 2001-2002 over ____ mil people, representing over ____%, registered at the DMV
16 million 40% registered
In a crowded field of _____ republican contenders, what did trump do to catch the eyes of America?
17 Trumps unique *attention-getting strategy* enabled him to *dominate the news* and *control the ISSUE AGENDA*
First Census was conducted in
1790
The ratification of the First Amendment in ______, guaranteeing _______________, gave even the earliest American newspapers freed to print whatever they saw fit.
1791 freedom of speech
________-_______ : The FIRST party system
1796 - 1824
Hispanics make up ____% of minority
18%
The framers envisioned that the House would often have to vote to choose the president, but they haven't done so since ______.
1824
Political practice since _____, has made the vote of members of the electoral college responsible to *popular majorities.*
1828
________-_______: Jackson & the Democrats vs. the Whigs
1828 - 1856
2nd wave of immigration
1850s - 1920s Southern and Eastern Europeans (Italians, Jews, Poles, Russians, & more) **Came through Ellis Island in NY ->*italians, Jews, Poles, Russians*
_______-________: The Republican Era
1860 - 1928
From State to Federal Control: Changes: 15th Amendment added... (what year?)
1870 - The right of citizens in the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on the account of 1) Race 2) Color 3) Previous Condition of Servitude ->> Means ALL MEN could vote, but enacted the Jim Crow Laws
Solution: (1) Establish the total size of the House
1911 Congress set the *size at 435*
What did Woodrow Wilson propose?
1913 - Wilson proposed a National Primary. People did not like Bc it's like having a pre-election to the big Presidential election. -> people wanted it all in *1 day*
A slow legal process of challenging each voting restriction in court began... In ________ the Grandfather Clause was declared UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
1915
Women and the Right to Vote: By _______, several states, mostly in the WEST, Permitted women to vote.
1915
_______-_______: Laissez-Faire Economy
1929 - Crash "Let it happen"
_______-_______: The New Deal Coalition
1932 - 1964
Congress created the FCC when? What does this stand for?
1934 Federal Communications Commission
A slow legal process of challenging each voting restriction in court began... The WHITE Primary was done away with in _______.
1944
Since _______, the American National Election Study surveys have asked "..."
1952 - asked "do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, Democrat, or an Independent?"
Daley was the city's mayor from _______ to _______.
1955 to 1976
The Democrats regained power in 1960 when _who?_ was elected & with _who?_ in 1964.
1960 = Kennedy 1964 = Lyndon Johnson
The relatively cozy relationship between politicians and the press lasted through the early ________s.
1960s
A President that DIDN'T keep his promise.
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson promised the American people that he would not "send American Boys to do an Asian boy's job" and involve the United States in the Vietnam war, but HE DID send american boys.
A slow legal process of challenging each voting restriction in court began... Dramatic change did not occur in _____ with the passage of the *Voting Rights Act.*
1965
In _______, the FCC said that no single owner can control more that _____% of the broadcast market
1966 ; 35%
It was not until the Democratic Party's disastrous Convention in ______ that pressure mounted to rethink the traditional elite-dominated close procedures for selecting convention delegates.
1968
The federal government ran a budget deficit every year from _____ to _____.
1969 - 1997 -> surplus with Clinton
Talk radio emerged in the _______
1970s
ERA was first proposed in _____
1972
Since ______, the Iowa Caucuses have been the first test of candidates'...
1972 Iowa Caucuses = *show candidates "vote getting ability"*
The voting rights act of 1970: The ______ election became the 1st where all people 18-21 could vote.
1972 election
In __yr__, Congress responded to the consumer advocacy interest groups by creating the __?__. What did this do?
1973 - Consumer Product Safety Commission -> is authorized to regulate all consumer products and to ban products that were dangerous.
The last time there was any doubt as to who would win at the national convention it was in ______. When...
1976 - Ford edged out Reagan for the Republican nomination. **Ford WINS
From __yr?__, when the nation's worst nuclear accident occurred at ______________, to 2010, the federal government approved NO NEW nuclear plants
1977 = 3 mile island 2010 = NO NEW nuclear plants
What year was the Fairness Doctrine repealed?
1987
Ellis Cose wrote...
1992 - wrote that "racial animosity has been an enduring American phenomenon" & predicts that *immigration will be "a magnet for (1) conflict and (2) hostility."*
How to improve voter turnout: In 1993 Congress passed which law?
1993 Motor Voter Law -designed to make it easier to vote -the Law required states to provide registration when obtaining a license through the mail & at some offices -Law took effect in 1995
Women and the Right to Vote: In 1920, the ______ Amendment was ratified, this allowed women the right to vote.
19th Amendment
Presidential elections are held in November on the _____ Tuesday following the 1st Monday of every 4th year.
1st
Congress passed scores of Roosevelt's Anti-Depression measures during his 1st ___#___ days in office.
1st 100 days in office
Nixons 1968 election was the 1st time in the 20th century a newly elected president did what?
1st time new president moved into the *White House* WITHOUT his *party in control of BOTH houses of congress*
In most industrialized countries, campaigns last no more than ______ months.
2 MONTHS.
Israel has one of the lowest thresholds at ___% for the minimal percentage of votes needed to award seats.
2%
In 2014 the General Social Survey found that just _____% of people under the age of 25 reported reading a newspaper every day, whereas _____% never read a newspaper at all.
2% 47%
2012 Blacks participated how much higher than whites in the election? why?
2% higher because their ancestors died for them to have their right to vote.
Theme
2) Theme - A simple appealing idea, that can be repeated over and over again
Party Platform: anytime over _____% of the delegates to the platform committee disagree with the majority they can bring an....
20% ; can bring a *alternative minority plank* to the convention floor for debate
Hispanic and Asian Participation in elections is ______% below white & black rates. Why?
20% below They tend to struggle with the english language and/or are new to the USA and are less likely to vote. If they did vote they would vote 75% Democratic, so Dem's are working to get their numbers up.
The *National Journal's "Promise Audit"* identified about _____ of Obama's most important promises and found at least some progress made on keeping ____% of them. -> can't keep because they get blocked by congress.
200 84%
Frontloading reached its highpoint in _______, when __/__ of both Democratic and Republican delegates were chosen within 6 weeks of the Iowa caucus. Why is this significant?
2008 ; 2/3 ->> Significant bc they already know the delegates, which means the public knows how they will vote. Nominations were pretty much set way before the Caucus.
Today's Voting regulations: The ______ Amendment was ratified to allow residents in DC to vote in Presidential elections in ______.
23rd Amendment 1961
How many African Americans live below the poverty line?
24%
2016 election Liberals ______% of all voters ______% voted for Clinton
26% 84%
The voting rights act of 1970: Which Amendment is created bc of this act?
26th Amendment
If an interest group fails to achieve its legislative objectives in congress, another option is to...
got to court in hopes of getting specific rulings
Although the ERA fell _#_ states short of ratification, NOW (national organization for women) remains committed to achieving the protection that the amendment would have constitutionally guaranteed by...
3 STATES by advocating the enactment of many individual statutes.
Stopping ERA: Only need _____ states to stop it and it works :(
3 states to stop got 35 out of 38 states for the Amendment
Timing
3) Timing - if you are unknown it starts with the primaries (when will you drop your name?)
In late 1950 early 1960s ___/___ of america *trusted* the government.
3/4
Drutman finds that __/__ of all lobbying expenses now comes from business interest groups, with many multinational corporations employing over _____ lobbyists on a full-time basis.
3/4 over 100
Getting the right image on the TV news for just ______ seconds can have a much greater payoff that a whole day's worth of handshaking.
30 seconds - looking like an average joe
Trump won the White house by winning the ELECTORAL COLLEGE vote by a margin of ____ to _____.
306 to 232
About ____ million people watched Donald Trump's speech to the 2016 Republican convention, which was covered by ALL major news networks.
32 million people
Base of the political party is how many % of voters?
32-34% of voters are the base
MLK was youngest person to receive Nobel Peace Prize at what age?
35 years old.
Farnsworth and Lichter found that ______% of major TV networks contained *combat scenes* in *2003*, while only _____% in *1991.*
35% 20%
In 2014, ______% of public sector employees were union members, as compared to only ____% of workers in the private sector.
35% = public (state, local, & federal) 7% = private
An annual nationwide study of college freshman found in 2005 that only ____% said "keeping up with politics was an important priority to them.
36%
In 2016 ______% said they were conservative, ____% Moderate, & _____% liberal
37% 35% 24%
Congress passed the ERA, the next step was to get ratified by _______ states
38
In the 80's roughly _____% could expect to view some coverage of the presidents speech on the highly rated national *newscasts* at dinner time.
38%
The typical nightly newscasts on the three traditional broadcast networks had plummeted from (1980s) _____% to just _____% in 2008.
38% -> 16%
In 2004, _____% of population said they were Independent.
39%
2016 election Moderates ______% of all voters ______% voted for Clinton
39% 52%
Among the ____% of voters who said that what they most cared about was the ability to bring change, Trump won an impressive ____%.
39% cared about ability to bring change 83% for Trump
At its height, the Democratic political machine in Chicago dispensed ________ patronage jobs.
40,000
How much funding is put into infrastructure and public services EACH year?
400 *B*ILLION for hospitals, schools, job training, etc
In 1968, the average sound bite was ______ seconds.
43 seconds
How many seats in the House of Representatives?
435
Among senior citizens, ______% said they read a newspaper daily and just ______% said they never read a newspaper.
44% 18%
In 1960, there were ________ workers per retiree; today there are ____ workers per retiree; by 2040 there will only be about _____ workers per retiree.
5.7 3 2
There are ____ party systems, and no ____ are exactly alike.
50 ; 2
If no candidate has a majority, then the balloting is repeated as many times until someone emerges with over ____%.
50%
Interest Group types
501c PAC
Since 1992, the Gallup Poll has asked if the Government is doing too much or too little. _____% too much _____% too little
52% too much 40% not enough
Presidential vs. Congressional Campaigns: In the typical presidential race the winner gets less than ______% of the vote, in the house, the incumbent wins with over ______% of the vote.
55% 60% (incumbent- person already holding the elective office- usually the turnout is not as large)
In the 80's, at least ______% of the public said they read a *newspaper* every day in surveys at that time and could be expected to what?
55% Pick up a newspaper containing stories about the President Reagan's Speech
By the time Obama took office, the percentage of the public who read the newspaper daily had fallen from ____% of the early 1980s to only _____% in 2008.
55% -> 32%
Researcher *Jack Walker* studied ___#___ groups listed in the *Washington Information and Directory.*
564 groups
In 2016, ____% of adult citizens voted in the presidential election, and only about ____% voted in the midterm congressional elections of 2014.
58% 36%
In 2008 the Republicans trailed Democrats by just _____% points.
6%
participation in primaries and caucuses is low and unrepresentative: Although about ____% of adult citizens vote in the *November presidential election*, only about ____% cast ballots in the *presidential primaries.*
60% 25%
The number of African Americans serving in an elected office has increased over ____% since 1970
600%
____% of voters believed the country was on the WRONG track and felt that the condition of the National Economy was not good or poor.
62%
Results of the Motor Voter Law: 2 months after the Law was enacted __________ new voters signed up in _____ states
630,000 27 states
Voter turnout among people over ____ yrs of age has actually gone up.
65
Paul Abramson and his coauthors analyzed responses to 6 questions about Policy Issues in the 2012 National Election Study. They found that on the average issue _____% of the respondents met the *first 3* informational criteria for policy voting. When ALL criteria are met, they voted for the candidate closest to their OWN positions _____% of the time.
66% 68%
Researcher Jack Walker found In 1960, ______% were headquartered in DC; today over ______% are located there.
66% ; 90%
Voter Turnout: Between 1860-1900, about _____% of eligible population went to polls bc SMALL eligible population & MACHINE CONTROL
70%
_____% of people responded to 2010 census
72% households responded
When the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal broke _____% of the questions asked during the daily White House press briefings concerned the scandal.
75%
*Politifact* in the *St. Petersburg Time* reported at least some progress on _____% of a broader selection of over _____ promises made by Obama.
77% ; 500 promises
In 2008 the average sound bites dropped to _____ seconds. Clips chosen were negative _____% of the time. Only ______% contained information about issues.
8 seconds 40% 30%
Sophomore candidates get ____to____% more votes than when they were first elected.
8 to 10% more
A recent study of the *last 4 weeks* of a presidential campaign found that ______% of the stories involved tightly scripted appearances by the candidates.
80%
In 2014 ____% in the General Social Survey said that they were *proud* of USA Democracy.
81%
in 2016 over _____% of Americans said they were proud of Democracy in America, but only ______% voted in the 2016 presidential election, _____% in the midterm, and only _____% in local elections.
81% proud 58% presidential 36% midterm 10% local
A week before the 2016 election, a New York Times/CBS polls found that _____% of Republicans viewed their party as DIVIDED, as compared to just ______% who thought is was UNITED.
85% divided 14% united
Sobieraj and Berry estimate that outrage rhetoric is used on average once every ______seconds on cable TV.
90 seconds
Incumbents in congress have a _____% chance of getting reelected.
90%
Incumbents will most likely return the favor to the PACs, with ____% elected and gaining ____% of the vote.
90% incumbents reelected 60% of the vote
The result of Reformers, Women, Minorities, and Youth being upset about how delegates were chosen was...
A Committee of Inquiry
Electoral College
A body of electors who are charged with the task of voting for the president and vice president.
political ideology
A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose, which helps give meaning to political events.
policy gridlock
A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy. *Nothing gets done.*
Civil Disobedience
A form of political participation based on a *conscious decision to break a law believed to be unjust* and to suffer the consequences.
Protest
A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through *dramatic and unconventional tactics.* -> the medias willingness to cover the unusual can make these worthwhile
high-tech politics
A form of politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by *technology.*
Random Sample
A group chosen by poll takers, that is *representative of the universe* being polled
How does an Amicus Curiae Briefs work? How many interest groups can file during brief?
A group states is position on a case as well as how the welfare of its members will be affected in the outcome. -> *Unlimited #* of interest groups can file.
Lobbyist Master of Detail: positive example
A lobbyist for a major retailer noticed that there was a tariff on imported *ceiling fans*, which had been put into place long ago to protect domestic producers of such fans. However, as there are no longer any domestic manufacturers of ceiling fans, the lobbyist was able to successfully lobby Congress to have the tariff removed, thereby helping his clients increase its profit margins.
Watershed Election (1896)
A period when party coalitions shifted & the Republicans were entrenched (dominate) for another generation.
Party Platform
A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years.
The antiwar faction won 1 concession from the party regulators:
A special committee to *review the party's delegate selection procedures,* which they felt discriminated against them.
Elite and Class theory (2)
A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an *upper-class elite will rule*, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.
2) A second difference between the US and other countries is that the American government asks citizens to vote far more often. Describe...
A typical European voter may cast two or three ballots in a four-year period, many Americans are faced with a dozen or more separate elections in the space of 4 years.
Responsible Party Model
A view about *how parties should work*, held by some political scientists. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters and once in office, should carry out their campaign promises.
The Republicans forged a coalition out of the remnants of several minor parties & elected _who?_ as president in 1860.
Abraham Lincoln
race and ethnicity: 2012 the turnout rate for __________________ was higher than for white non-Hispanics.
African Americans
What common term in American politics was established in the 1980 delegate chase?
After *George W. Bush* scored a surprise victory over *Ronald Reagan* in Iowa, he proudly claimed to posses *"the big mo"* - momentum ->> Bush actually had a little "mo" and quickly fell victim to a decisive victory in New Hampshire. But the term describes what candidates for the nomination are after.
At one time, *Urban Machines* in _________, ________, _________, and ________ depended heavily on who's support?
Albany, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Kansas City + elsewhere relied heavily on *Ethnic Groups* support.
Who was most instrumental in establishing the 1st party system?
Alexander Hamilton
Define Political participation
All the activities used by citizens to *influence the selection* of political leaders or the policies they pursue. Voting is the most common but not the only means of this in a democracy. Others include protest and civil disobedience.
John F. Kennedy said...
America is "not merely a nation but a nation of nations."
James Q. Wilson states what about the nation...
America is a more *polarized* nation today than in any time. said in 1992 & there has been no change, but an increase in polarization.
New Minority Majority
America will eventually cease to have a white majority --> now encompass only 65%
Today, even lobbyists have lobbies to represent their profession such as the_______________.
American League of Lobbyists
Who defined a Political Party
Anthony Downs
Political scientist Marty Cohen and his coauthors argue what?
Argue that during the Invisible Primary key elected officials in a party often coalesce around the candidate that they find most acceptable and via their endorsements give a crucial boost to the candidate. By doing this, the elite of the party often set the agenda during the nomination process, smoothing the candidates to unify a party and influence the votes of rank and file. ->> Leaders are trying to form backing behind the scenes.
Anthony Downs argues...
Argues that *rational people* vote if they believe that the policies of one party will bring more benefits than the policies of the other party.
4) The US is one of the few democracies that still vote mid-week, when most people are working. Describe & reference the Constitution article...
Article I, Section IV of the US Constitution allows Congress to determine the timing of federal elections. Thus, Congress could certainly change the date of Election Day, if it wanted to.
Who are the superachievers of the emerging minority majority?
Asians
Staying in Office: 1) Casework
Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors (usually done for people back home).
*Paul Johnson* argues that the biggest factor in the deadline of union membership is the problems unions have had in convincing today's workers that they will ________ from unionization.
BENEFIT from unionization
The _bigger/smaller_ the group, the more serious the Free Rider problem
BIGGER = more problems
Lobbyist - regular, paid employees of a corporation, union, or association. Their title is usually vice president for __________________, but everyone knows that their office is in Washington for a reason.
government relations
What happened outside of the 1968 DNC?
Because the War in *Southeast Asia* was *expanding*, sending more American men overseas to Cambodia and Laos, protesters took the streets of CHICAGO during the convention. Demonstrators against the war battled Mayor *Richard Daley's* POLICE. ->> This is pivotal because TV is new. Around the world TVs are playing the riots between *college students and police*. -Even people who did not agree with the protest did not like seeing the college students get whipped.
Trial Balloon example **who the aids tell??
Before *Bill Clinton* admitted his affair with *Monica Lewinsky*, his aids leaked the story to *Richard Berke @ New York Times* & people reacted that it was about time be admitted the relationship. -> leak made it easier for him to share with the public.
The Annual Encyclopedia of Associations Reported what about Interest groups?
Between 1959-2001, the # of Interest groups listed went from *6,000 to 23,000*
Group Theory - Groups weak in one resource can use another. example:
Big business has money but labor has members
What child of Indian immigrant became governor of Louisiana?
Bobby Jindal
Election of 2000: Bush vs. Gore explain...
Bush files to STOP recount 1) Heard in Florida Supreme Court - rule in favor of own state laws 2) Bush people appeal to US Supreme Court - recount is now stopped -> Overrule FL court decision - need a *Precise and Consistent* way to evaluate ballots in ALL counties -> BC 1st part (above), there was NOT enough time to recount ballot, by the time elections meet in December 3) Bush WINS - supreme court decides election
2000 presidential election controversy what did congress do?
Bush vs. Gore bc of controversy, Congress passed several measures to try to FIX the nations voting system
Elite Theorists clearly disagree with Salisbury's conclusion and point to the proliferation of __________ PAC's as evidence of more interest group corruption in American politics than ever.
Business PAC's
Interest groups do not...
CAN'T *nominate* candidates for office, though they may *try to influence* elections. ex: NRA doesn't nominate, but they can influence
Voters have tended to prefer those with experience as _________ or ________ leaders over Congressmen
governors or Military leaders
Lobbyists available for hire on a temporary basis. They are hired by groups that __can/cannot__ afford a full-time lobbyist or one that has a temporary need for access to congress or the executive branch.
CANNOT afford a full-time lobbyist
A state where the party organizations are weak and underfunded.
California
Nomination Campaigns
Campaigns for party nominations. Prize for winning this is the endorsement. (General election)
One issue to Policy Voting is that candidates often... example?
Candidates often decide that the best way to handle a controversial issue is to *cloud their positions in rhetoric.* ex: in *1968*, both major party candidates -*Nixon and Humphrey*- were deliberately ambiguous about what they would do to end the Vietnam War. This made it extremely difficult for voters to cast their ballots according to how they felt about the war.
_________ lean toward the political left, although, as mentioned above many are conservative on social issues
Catholics -> conservative on Abortion, gay rights, contraception, etc.
The "Christian Right"
Catholics and Protestants who consider themselves "born again" Christians - Jesus saved them. -Most Conservative demographic
Politicians need to balance satisfying their own party's CORE supporters without moving too far away from the ________ of national opinion, and in particular from ________________ swing voters.
Center ; Independent
Women and the Right to Vote: Women were kept from the polls by law. Women were considered ________. They were first owned by the father then by their husband or brother.
Chattel (an item of property other than real estate.)
Which group pursues what they consider to be moral standards for society?
Christian Coalition
Give example of Environmental Legislation in
Clean Air Act - includes provisions allowing ordinary citizens to SUE for the environment.
Clinton had ____ campaign offices, while Trump had _____ offices.
Clinton = 489 local offices Trump = 207 offices
1997 New York Times
Clinton is President. A story is published about a company *gold mining in Yellow Stone National Park*. Clinton sends people to see if it is true & it is. He orders it to be shut down bc its a national park (by Roosevelt).
Congressmen can ride on the ______________ of a popular president.
Coattails (if you're from the popular president, take credit for things they did, take pics with them, use their name a lot). This can be a good or bad occurrence depending on the state of the nation at the time.
1st Black Secretary of State
Colin Powell
Miller and his colleagues found what about college-educated voters?
College-educated voters are MOST likely to view they candidates in terms of *personal attributes* and to make important issue oriented inferences from these attributes.
Lobbyist Master of Detail: negative example
Comcast, for example, recently found that its staff of 128 lobbyists could not convince members of congress or regulators to approve its proposed multibillion-dollar merger with Time Warner.
Protestants political view
Conservative -> very true in the South, where white Protestants who *attend church regularly* are among the nation's *strongest supporters of the Republican Party*
Environmental groups have promoted policies to control __________ and to combat _____________, to protect the __________, and preserve _______________.
Control *pollution* combat *global warming* protect the *wilderness* Preserve *endangered species*
In the 1952-1980 period, Democrats...
greatly outnumbered Republicans
"Nader's Raiders" were a(n)
group of young lawyers crusading for the rights of the people/consumers
chain
groups of Newspapers published by *media conglomerates*
Karn Orren said environmental interest groups have...
have "skillfully exploited & magnified limited legislative gains"
Results of the 26th Amendment: Rates of participation in civic activities have...
have hit an all time HIGH for the youth
Government employment
having something at stake (their jobs and the future of the programs they work on) and being in position to know more about the government impels government workers to high levels of participation
Congressional Candidates need PACs bc _________ campaigning is expensive.
high-tech campaigning
Nader's "Unsafe at any Speed": General motors made the mistake of hiring __who?__ for some dirt so they could discredit Nader.
hired a Private Detector
Internet
hit or miss led to a lot of misinformation
Many states decided that the easiest way to comply with these new Democratic delegate selection procedures was simple to...
hold a *Primary* to select convention delegates
franking privilege
if in congress already, you do NOT have to pay for the postage you send out during your campaign
John McCain and George W. Bush Scandal?
in 2000, John McCain was SUPPOSED to be nomination. -Super Tuesday happened & in *South Carolina* there was a RUMOR leaked that *McCain had an illegitimate black child*. But his child was adopted. -McCain gets annihilated during Super Tuesday. -McCain has press conference and looks like a raging old man. -Rumor Spread by Bush administration, helping him win.
Give an example of a candidate who "bounced back"?
in 2000, after being trounced by *John McCain* in New Hampshire, *George W. Bush* quickly bounced back to win the big states necessary to get the Republican nomination.
1) integrity - example
in 2000, one of the Key factors that helped George W. Bush was that he was rated more POSITIVELY on *integrity* than *Al Gore*. Bush earned better ratings for his perceived *honesty and morality.*
Nate Silver found...
in 2016 with 16 running - Trump was the subject for *46%* of Google News hits regarding Republican Nomination.
Example when late primary is proven irrelevant:
in 2016, by the time California and New Jersey voted, Donald Trump had already secured his parties nomination.
If you are truly indifferent, you may...
indifferent: you see *no difference* whatsoever between the 2 parties -> You may rationally *decide to abstain*
The more areas the federal government has become involved in, the more interest groups have developed to attempt to _____________.
influence policy.
Trial Balloons
information leaked to the media to see what the political reaction will be.
Democracy depends on _________ citizenry, and the citizenry depends on the ______ ________ for its information. If only a fraction of the public is paying attention to political events, then democracy may well suffer.
informed mass media
Many American politicians have found their attempts to cut waste in federal spending frustrated by ____________.
interest groups
Elites believe: The power of a few is fortified by an extensive system of _________________________
interlocking directions
An actual group
is composed of those in the potential group who choose to join
The most frequent reason for nonvoting given by those who were registered but didn't vote has been that they could not...
Could not take time off from work or school that day.
From State to Federal Control: In early elections, other states used ________ but elected more than 1 representative for each.
DISTRICTS
Women are more likely to vote ___________, support government ___________ __________ programs, and *less* likely to support increases in _________ spending.
Democratic Social Welfare Military
Jackson was originally a _PARTY?_ , but soon after his election his party became known as the __________ party.
Democratic - Republican Democratic party
Election of 1896: Democrat Convention
Democrats meet in Chicago in July. -Unlimited coinage of Silver -*William Jennings Bryan* was a great speaker (from Nebraska)
1999 Chicago Tribune
Documented the experience of Illinois men sentenced to DEATH who were convicted on *questionable evidence* or *coerced into confessing*. -> Corruption was found because Law Students were conducting research on *1 man* faultily convicted, then they uncovered many men on trial for murder. bc of this = The *governor suspends all executions* in the state of Illinois because of *massive corruption* in the *PROSECUTORS OFFICE*
All the $ spent on lobbying pays off for big business in numerous ways, according to _who?_ study.
Drutman's Study
From State to Federal Control: Changes: All federal elections must be held in __(even/odd)___ # of years on the ____day_____ following the 1st ____day_____ in ____month_____
EVEN # of years on the TUESDAY following the 1st MONDAY in NOVEMBER
the more ____________ an individual receives, the more likely that person is to *hold liberal political positions*
Education -> they show more knowledge about politics and public policy; are more likely to vote in elections; and, are more tolerant of opposing opinions
Examples of Splinter Parties
Examples of Splinter parties: 1) *Teddy Roosevelt* broke away and created his own party in 1912 = the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) 2) *Strom Thurmond's* States' Rights Party (Dixie Crats) branching from the Democratic Party in 1948 3) *George Wallace's* American Independents Party in 1968
PAC donations must be reported to the _______, which makes the records of PAC donations quickly available for *public scrutiny*
FEC : 1) who and how much 2) how $ was used
Even with condensed TV coverage, Nielsen ratings have...
Fallen to rather low levels
The integrity of the election process is protected mostly by the detailed body of both the _______&_________ election laws
Federal & State
Data from the Census helps to get what?
Federal Funding from programs
The ___________ were america's shortest lived major party. They were poorly _________, they faded after _who?_ was defeated in his reelection bid of 1800. The party no longer had a presidential candidate after _when?_.
Federalists ; organized ; John Adams ; 1820
Condoleezza Rice
First African american appointed as *national security advisor*, by President George W. Bush, in 2001. -> 2nd black secretary of state & 1st black woman to hold this position
free rider problem
For a group, the problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining.
1995 Survey of citizen participation in politics by Verba...
Found that the US lagged behind Austria, netherlands, germany, and UK in voter participation but were still more active citizens than anywhere. ->> if you are going to protest it, vote against it - show the government how you feel.
Who brought together the original New Deal Coalition & defeated Hoover for the presidency in 1932?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
goal of Interest groups
Freedom of Speech & right to assemble
WHO founded the modern American political party (the Democrats) when they forged a new coalition in 1828.
General Andrew Jackson
Westerners political view
Generally Conservative -> they *like the environment* and *focus on the economy* rather than social things like abortion - makes them different than southern conservatives.
Public opinion polling was first developed by
George Gallup in 1932
Efforts to combat voter fraud: Australian ballot... created a ________ printed ballot of uniform ______ & _______ that was cast in secret.
Government PRINTED uniform in SIZE and SHAPE
2008 case of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board
Governor Nikki Haley of South Carolina signed her state's new voter ID law in 2011. This (1) Restricted people bc they required a drivers license and (2) They now only need something to prove who you are. Opponents of voter ID requirements have charged that such requirements impose an unfair burden on groups such as *students, racial minorities, and poor people*.
Asians are immigrating looking for...
Greater opportunity rather than escaping poverty. The most Highly skilled immigrant group.
As a result of citizens suing for environmental enforcement, every federal agency involved in environmental regulation now has __________ of lawsuits pending against it at any give time.
HUNDREDS
Matthew Hindman found... (blogs)
He analyzed the most successful Political Bloggers and found that in their credentials they are very *similar to leading traditional journalists*.
What does Darrell M. West propose?
He proposes that US should change policy to eliminate aunts, uncles, cousins, and other distant relatives from being eligible to immigrate over with main family.
What message did George Wallace want Washington to receive? when?
He told his supporters in *1968* to "send a message" to Washington - message of *support for tougher law and order measures* = *American Independence*
Roosevelt did what with reporters?
He used his Presidential wrath to warn reporters off material he did not want covered, and he chastised reports he deemed inaccurate.
Americans in __________ income brackets tend to be more supportive of such liberal goals as *racial* and *sexual equality*
Higher -> support greater international cooperation rather than governmental social welfare programs.
Infotainment
Humorous shows that cover current events. *Facts wrapped around drama.* -can make politics more appealing to viewers who might otherwise ignore the subject & add to their political knowledge. -in order to be funny the audience must be politically informed.
The subgovernments, also known as ______________, are composed of key *interest group __________* interested in Policy X, the *gov't __________* in charge of administering policy X, and the *members of _______________* handling policy X
IRON TRIANGLE *interest group leaders* interested in Policy X the *gov't agency* in charge of administering policy X and the *members of congressional committees & subcommittees*
Punch Card Voting
If count is off, they need a recount. At recount they were getting in fights bc punch card was bad at placement of punch, so don't know if it was Gore or Stine. In 2000 - Florida was still using system
Staying in office: 3) Money
If they serve on a committee such as the Appropriations (money) the home state has a better chance of getting federal grants
Staying in office: 2) Serving on a Committee
If they serve on a particular committee (Transportation, Arms, etc.) your state has a better chance of getting such items as a new bridge - If from state of VA you will be on a Military Committee (starting from Northern VA we have many of the agencies and bases).
At the early state of primaries, the campaign is NOT for delegates, but for _________.
Images
Kennedy vs. Nixon Debate date? whats going on?
In *1960*, John *Kennedy* faced off against Richard *Nixon* in the *first*-ever televised presidential debate. -*Haggard* from a week in the *hospital*, *Nixon looked awful* compared to the crisp, clean, attractive Kennedy. -*Nixon refused to wear makeup*, so he looked super sick on TV.
Walter Cronkite Story... DATE? NETWORK? problem?
In *1968* *CBS* anchor Walter Cronkite journeyed to *Vietnam* for a firsthand look at the state of the war. -In the news the government was reporting that the US was winning, but Cronkite saw just the opposite. -In a TV special, Cronkite reported that the *war was NOT being won* nor was it likely to be. -President *Johnson* said that if he had *lost Cronkite* he has *lost the support of the American people.*
Democratic Superdelegate example in California: when? who? what?
In *1981* California Governor *James B. Hunt* recommended that the DNC reserve *14%* of delegates seats for party leaders and elected officials. This did not go into effect until the *1984 convention*.
A President who DID keep his promise.
In *2001 George W. Bush* promised a major tax cut for every taxpayer in America and he did just that.
Sometimes endorsements from members of congress and governors within the party fail to persuade the voters. Give an example:
In *2016* the Republican campaigns of Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio failed to win the parties nomination.
FDR vs Thomas Dewey
In 1944, people would gather around their radio to hear the news and radio shows. -FDR bought *15 minutes* of airtime from *NBC* -Dewey buys *15 minutes* of airtime right after FDR, he believes that FDR's listeners will stay on to hear the rest of the news. When the day comes FDR only speaks for *1 minute and 14 seconds* and then stops as if there is a problem in the radio. Families turn off their Radio and never hear what Dewey has to say. **This all happens in the same studio, so Dewey can see.
Billionaire Ross Perot used saturation of TV airwaves to talk about what? when?
In 1992 Perot used the TV to ensure the issue of *federal deficit* was NOT ignored in his campaign.
Why were 500 reporters embedded in the war in 2003?
In the *Persian Gulf War (1991)*, freedom of journalist movement and observation was severely restricted. After the fighting was over *15* influential new organizations sent a letter to the *secretary of defense* complaining hat the rules for reporting the war were designed more to control the news than to facilitate it. -> In the *2003* campaign the Pentagon "embedded" about *500 reporters with coalition fighting forces*, allowing them to report on combat activity as it happened.
Midwest political view
In the heavily unionized Midwest, for example, *Democratic candidates and goals are generally successful*
Young people are particularly likely to be __________ voters and open to the possibility of voting for candidates who are neither Democrats nor Republicans.
Independent voters
Most important, some candidates have received tremendous boosts from unexpected strong showings in _______.
Iowa
Disproportionate attention goes to the early caucuses and primaries. Explain...
Iowa, first caucus, and New Hampshire, with the first primary, revived far more attention than some of the most heavily populated states. Iowa and New Hampshire play a key - and *disproportionate* - role in building momentum ("the big mo"), by generating money and media attention.
Initiative
Is when we the people can propose a law to get on the ballot. -> need to get signatures in order to be on ballot (from people who voted in previous election) -> a TON of these occur on the West Coast
The most liberal religious group in America are
Jews and African Americans
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that over-exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. **started in the Spanish American War 1) William Randolph Hearst 2) Pulitzer these 2 men started it and it spread widely.
Example of lobbyist helping to formulate campaign strategy
Labor Union leaders often provide help in how to appeal to working people.
Karen Orren liked much of the success of environmental interest groups to their use of ___________.
Law suits
Robert Salisbury concludes that the increase in lobbying activity has resulted in...
Lobbying activity has *resulted in less clout overall for interest groups - and in better democracy*
From State to Federal Control: In early elections, some require congressional candidates to win the _________ rather than the ____________.
MAJORITY rather than the PLURALITY
The residents in Battleground states are much more likely to see...
MORE likely to *see the candidates ADS* and to have the *candidates and their top surrogate COME BY* to court them during the campaign.
What did the 1993 Motor Voter Act do?
Made voter registration easier by requiring states to allow eligible voters to register by simply checking a box on their *drivers license* application or renewal form.
electoral college: In _________ and _________ (states), a candidate is allocated an elector for...
Maine and Nebraska -> a candidate is allocated an elector for every *congressional DISTRICT* he or she wins.
Jackson's successor, _WHO?_, was a realist who argued that a governing party needed a loyal opposition to represent other parts of society. This opposition was provided by the _party?_, but this party was only able to win the presidency when it nominated popular military heroes such as...
Martin Van Buren ; Whigs 1) William Henry Harrison (1840) 2) Zachary Taylor (1848)
______ has been referred to as "the new parent"
Mass Media
Narrowcasting
Media programming on cable TV or the Internet that is *focused on on a particular interest and aimed at a particular audience*. Examples include MTV, ESPN, and C-SPAN.
electoral college: Electors meet in their states in ________, following the November Election, and then mail their votes to _who_?
Meet in *December* and mail to the *Vice President.*
The Democratic Party's edge in terms of identifiers in the electorate has been __________.
Modest.
money plays too but a role in the caucuses and primaries
Momentum means money - getting more of it than your opponents do.
Womens political view
More liberal than men.
The West Coast political view...
Most *Polarized* -*Liberals in Cities* -*Conservatives scattered* in contingencies up and down the coast.
Non-partisan primaries are usually held in _____________ elections.
Municipal elections (city)
While civil rights bills remained stalled in congress, interest groups like the __________ won major victories in court cases concerning...
NAACP (national association for the advancement of colored people) 1) school desegregation 2) equal housing 3) employment discrimination
Comcast owns
NBC
Group Theory - no group can dominate: when one group dominates too much, its *opponents* are likely to...
its opponents are likely to *intensify to restore order*
The rise of the *"information society"* has done what?
NOT brought about the rise of the *"informed society"*
History of Voting in America: Only in a few states property restrictions remained, which ones?
New Jersey (1844) North Carolina (1856)
Congressional members can take credit for things like...
New highways or federal funding for projects
What Japanese American was appointed secretary of transportation in 2001?
Norman Mineta
Registration procedures currently differ from state to state. Example:
North Dakota there is NO registration at all, and in eleven states voters could register on Election Day in 2016.
From 1896 to the 1930s, northern states were solidly ________________ and southern states were solidly ________________.
Northern = Republican Southern = Democratic
1st wave of immigration
Northwestern Europe, mostly British colonies/Britain, needed for labor in cities 1800-1850 ->*English, Irish, Germans, Scandinavians*
From State to Federal Control: In early elections, some held elections on _____ numbered years.
ODD # years
electoral college: Each state delegation has ____ vote.
ONE vote.
What does Benjamin Page say about policy stands...
One result is that the policy stands are sometimes shaped by what is called *"the art of ambiguity"* in which "presidential candidates are skilled at *appearing to say much while actually saying little"*
1st century of america immigration policy
Open Door policy for anyone who wanted to fill up the vast new territory
Socialist
Originally came from Carl Marx & the workers. Western European nations realized some everyday things should be taken care of by the government. ex: Health Care or College
PACs often exercise behind the scenes committee meetings making it hard for _____________ to scrutinize. The technical decisions made in these meeting often have an impact on...
journalists The American People's checkbook
Many politicians freely admit - once they are out of office- that it is a myth to think that PACs don't
PAC's don't *want something in return*
Candidates need $ (without compromising their integrity) and PAC's want access to __________ (they insist they can gain without actually buying votes).
PACs want access to OFFICEHOLDERS
Split-level Party
Parties that have *strong, vigorous organizations* but with *weak followings in the mass level*
In the European system, the campaigns are run by the _______ & their money.
Party
Who were the "Stalwarts"? what did they do?
Party Regulators (professional politicians) ->> they were devoted to *building party machinery*
In the 1950s , scholars singled out ___(what?)___ as the best single predictor of a voter's electoral decisions.
Party affiliation
Ghandi's civil disobedience
Peaceful Resistance - Salt March & Fasting
Example of a state where the parties are well organized, have sizable staffs, and send a lot of money.
Pennsylvania
The Movement to stop the ERA was leaded by
Phillis Schlafly ("stop ERA")
From State to Federal Control: In the early elections, how did the many states pick their House members?
Picked their members *AT LARGE* (state wide)
In the USA you need a __________ of the vote.
Plurality
PAC stands for
Political Action Committee
From the late-nineteenth century through the New Deal years of the 1930s, scores of cities were dominated by...
Political Machines
"The American People"
Politicians favorite phrase - makes citizens believe they are doing what the american people want
Political "capital"
Popular people who outwardly share their political views to try to make change. ex: Crissy Teigan
Positive and Negative of the Knesset
Positive: the 2% threshold allows for a good representation of ALL views Negative: there is LOTS of fighting. Form *coalitions* to get things done.
The Great Depression of the 1930s, gave rise the New Deal Coalition. President _who?_ handling of the Great Depression was disastrous for the Republicans. He took the position that "economic depression ___________ be cured by legislative action."
President Herbert Hoover believed that the depression CANNOT be cured by government
Most of the Delegates to the National Conventions are selected in _____________ primaries, in which voters in a state go to polls & *vote for a candidate* OR for *delegates pledged to a candidate*
Presidential
Columbia University study name and what they looked at...
Project for Excellence in Journalism -looked at *240 hours* of *Cable News*
The National Committee sets the _______ under which delegates are chosen.
RULES
Afterward, all the party leaders come out to congratulate the party's ticket, they...
Raise their hands in unity, and bid the delegates farewell.
Dan Rather story
Rather and *CBS* ran a story in *2004* about documents that allegedly showed that *George W. Bush* had *neglected his duties in the National Guard* (wealthy people put their kids in the National Guard to get them out of the running to go to Vietnam) in the 1970s. Bloggers quickly raised questions concerning the *AUTHENTICITY* of the documents. -> Bloggers were correct. -> *Rather resigned* & *CBS apologized* because of the false documents.
Many people assume that corporate PAC contributions are always tilted in favor of the __________ party.
Republican
The Civil War brought a party realignment & the ___________ Party was in ascendancy (dominant influence) for more than 60 yrs (though Democrats controlled the South).
Republican
The _party?_ continued as the nations majority party until the Stock Market Crash of 1929 & the ensuing Great Depression.
Republicans
During the New Deal, blacks largely changes their allegiance from _party?_ to _party?_.
Republicans -> Democrats
1896 Election: Republican convention
Republicans held convention in St. Louis. -McKinley wins Nomination (from Ohio). -election based on Gold Standard platform & High Tariffs
Republican Party compromise formula:
Republicans take into account the *# of representatives in Congress* & whether the state in past elections casts its electoral votes for the *Republican presidential candidate* & elected Republican to the House, Senate, and Governorship. **LOYALTY**
In *2012*, Romney had won this group (whites with NO college degree) over Obama by a ____ point margin; Trump had a ____ point margin over Clinton, turning the tide in his favor in the key *states of the industrial Midwest*
Romney = *25* point margin Trump = *39* point margin
prominent politicians find it difficult to take time out from their duties to run
Running for the presidency has become a full time job. This factor often discourages well-qualified politicians from running.
The National Chairperson
Runs the day-to-day activities of the national party. 1) Hire the staff 2) raise money 3) pay the bills 4) attends to the daily duties of the party
electoral college: If each state delegation has ONE vote, then the one representative from Wyoming has just as much say in choosing the president as...
just as much say as the *53* representatives from California.
The issue of _______ dominated American politics and split BOTH the Whigs and the Democrats in the 1850s.
Slavery
Elections serve to ______ and _________ political activity.
Socialize AND Institutionalize
A wide variety of different procedures are used because _________ laws determine when Primaries are held. Why?
State - bc each state sets up their own set of RULES for how delegates are allocated.
The voting rights act of 1970: What does the Supreme court do? What does Congress say?
Supreme court says the Act in unconstitutional. Congress says screw you & writes an Amendment
1796: John Adams (President) & Thomas Jefferson (VP) explain situation...
TJ does not want Adams to be VP (in 1800). TJ tells people to vote for TJ and Burr. This results in a tie, so now Burr goes to House of Representatives. The House had to vote *35* times to break the tie. -> JEFFERSON WINS
It is __t/f_ that corporate PAC's are more likely to favor the Republicans. However, PACs have also swayed significantly with the political winds over time, with Democrats receiving more __PAC type?__ money when they are in the majority than in other years.
TRUE BUSINESS pac = democrats more $$
___________ has made it easier for groups to make their voices heard.
Technology (A well-organized interest group can overwhelm members of Congress with tens of thousands of faxes and e-mail messages in a matter of hours)
________________ now displaces parents as the chief source of information as children get older
Television -> not as much today
Republican-controlled states, such a _______ and _________, have focused on combating voter fraud by requiring people to show an official piece of identification when they sign in to vote.
Texas and Georgia
Explain why National Healthcare was able to be passed in 1945 in Britain and not in the USA?
The *Labour Party* (Britain) won election in 1945. -ALL members of parliament voted to enact National Healthcare into law. President *Truman* also proposed the National Healthcare Bill, but it DID NOT get very far. ->> Many Democrats (Trumans OWN party) opposed the proposal -President *Clinton* tried AGAIN decades later, but never passed bc his own party would NOT go along with the plan. -FINALLY in *2010*, President *Obama* got the Healthcare Bill into law. ->>*34* Democrats opposed ->> Bill passed with a narrow vote
Universe
The *total* group from which poll takers select a random sample in order to measure public opinion.
Party Image
The *voter's perception* of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism.
Solution: (2) Allocating seats in the House
The Constitution requires a reapportionment every 10 years
Demoratic Party Compromise Formula:
The Democrats take into the account the vote each state cast for *Democratic candidates* in past elections & the # of *electoral* votes.
Ralf Nader & the Ford Pinto explanation
The Ford Pinto was a car made for teens/college students. -When hit from behind the car exploded. -Nader brings the media into the case & gets the attention of the consumer.
What impact did the Green Party have on the 2000 election?
The Green Party cost Gore the presidency by drawing away a small % of liberal votes -> people blame the Party for Gore's loss
3) Third, the stimulus to vote is low in the United States because the choices offered to Americans are not as starkly different. Describe...
The United States is quite unusual in that it has always lacked a major left-wing socialist party, with only Bernie Sanders identifying himself as a Socialist among the Democratic Party's members of Congress.
Thomas Patterson found...
The analyzed *media coverage* of presidential campaigns *since 1960.* Found that the news coverage of Presidential Candidates has become *increasingly less favorable.*
proportional representation: what happens if you don't win the majority?
The candidates *form a Coalition* & together they vote who will become Prime Minister **this usually creates A LOT of disagreement
Who is the chairperson selected by?
The chairperson of the party that controls the white house is *selected by the president* ex: Trump selects a chair
What has become one more battle-ground in which policies can be opposed?
The courts. People will now file law suits to get what they want.
voter registration
laws which require individuals to first place their name on an electoral roll in order to be allowed to vote.
Referendum
legislature body proposes a law and the people vote on it ex: After 9/11, each Border state needed to add a line of succession. (this was an amendment)
The Reformers promoted the Primary to...
let the *people vote* for the candidate of their CHOICE and then bind the delegates to vote for that candidate in the national convention.
1) American requirement of *voter registration*. Describe...
The governments of many (but not all) other democracies take the responsibility of seeing to it that all their eligible citizens are on voting lists (AUTOMATICALLY REGISTERED). In America, the responsibility for registration lies solely with the individual in almost all states.
Machine politics in Chicago survived through its ability to...
limit the scope of reform legislation
In America, the formal party organizations have _______ power.
little
Pick Candidate: Up until the early 20th century, American parties choose their candidates with...
little or no input from voters
Define Government
The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies
What is the new method of Polling?
The internet is the new method, with people first being contacted by phone and asked if they would take a poll online
Battleground States
The key states that the presidential campaigns focus on because they are most likely to decide the outcome of the Electoral College vote.
The term _____________ comes from the place where petitioners used to talk to legislatures.
lobbying
Well organized groups like the NRA and AARP spend millions of dollars a year on...
lobbying & campaign contributions
Canada news station
The most prominent stations are part of the *state-run* network the CBC - Canadian Broadcasting Company **like this is european countries as well
When is the party platform drafted?
The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. ->> Usually chosen when there are only 2-3 candidates left in the race. Platform based on the strength of the candidates overall
The process of selecting American leaders is a _______ and __________ one that has little downtime before it revs up all over again.
long and convoluted
In Pennsylvania the percentage of young voters in its closed Democratic primary was much ______ than in compared to their total population in the state.
lower
campaign strategy
master game plan a candidate lays out to (1) raise money, (2) garner media attention, and (3) win supporters in a campaign for political office.
Lobbyists are masters of _________, and business lobbyists have managed to get many, many points written into legislation in ways that greatly benefit their clients.
masters of DETAIL
Reapportionment
The process of reallocating the seats in the House of Representatives *every 10 years* on the basis of the results of the census to reflect each state's proportion of the population.
Political socialization
The process through which a person *acquires knowledge, a set of political attitudes and orientations, and forms values and opinions* about the political system and social issues
Frontloading
The recent pattern of *states holding primaries early in order to maximize their media attention and political influence*. Three-fourths of the presidential primaries are now held between February and mid-March.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced *in a nation*
national party convention
The supreme power within each of the parties, which functions to formally *select presidential and vice presidential candidates* and to *write the party platform.*
example of Iron-Triangle
The tobacco industry - all of the elements work to protect the interest of tobacco farmers.
Most common outrage = ?
mockery/sarcasm, with misrepresentative exaggeration, name calling, & insulting language
Today, many voters agree with the statement that "I choose the best person for the office, regardless of party," in part because...
modern technology makes it easier for them to evaluate and make their own decisions about the candidates.
Data over time indicate that as people get OLDER, they become more..., but the CURRENT generation...
more likely to *identify with one of the Major parties* -> the current generation of youth *remains to be unseen.*
PAC contributions from __________ kept congress from scrutinizing questionable lending which played a role in the 2008-2009 recession.
mortgage brokers
Others argue against the Common Clause, they believe that... give example:
most congressmen are not affected b contributions of PACs, which come from groups they already agree with. ex: Labor PACs will not waste $$ trying to influence Congress who have already opposed raising minimum wage.
Some scholars have proposed that one of the easiest ways to increase American turnout levels would be to...
move Election Day to Saturday or to make it a holiday, is in many other countries.
Faulty Statistics: Bc of large voter fraud in the 19th Century, the stats on voter turnout would be...
much LOWER than the *inflated figures* that were calculated
For much of American history, multiple ballot contests involved... The last time a convention took more than 1 ballot to decide a nomination was in _____.
much behind the scenes maneuvering and deal-making 1952
Because attending a caucus requires greater time commitment than a primary election, participation in caucuses is...
much lower than the level of turnout for primaries.
Each state has a...
national committeeman and committeewoman as delegates to the party's national committee.
The Party in government: although presidents, members of Congress, governors, and lesser officeholders may share a common party label, they do not...
necessarily agree on policy.
Supreme Court interpretation of the 15th Amendment: 1870s by a series of decisions held that the 15th Amendment did not...
necessarily confer the right to vote on anybody; it merely asserted that is someone was denied that right it could not be *explicitly* on the grounds of RACE
Why is the drama drained from conventions today?
The winner is a foregone conclusion
Robert Putnam: Bowling Alone
Theorizes that advanced technology, like TV and Internet, has served to increasingly *isolate* Americans from one another. -> leading to decrease in organization participation, like PTA.
pluralist theory (1)
Theory that emphasizes that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for their preferred views.
The Daily ______________ is largely a product of the mid-nineteenth century
newspaper
Morris Fiorina states what about the nation...
There is little indication that voters are polarized or will become polarized. He states that the political divisions is a major problem and potentially fatal.
Democratic Superdelegate of CA did what?
They believed this would *increase the influence of elected officials* & make the convention more cohesive.
Example of lobbyist being a source of ideas & innovations
They can peddle their ideas to politicians eager to attach their name to an idea that will bring them political credit
What did the Democratic Party do in 2012 in relation to their convention?
They cut the traditional four days to three for the first time.
Founding fathers beliefs about democracy
They doubted that Americans could make informed choices on what the government should do. orig: white landowner could vote = the wealthy elite
Party Eras
Throughout American history, one party has been the dominant majority party for long periods of time
As with the Iowa Caucuses, the importance of the New Hampshire primary is not the # of delegates or how representative the state is but rather that it is...
Traditionally the 1ST
The National Exit Poll found... _____% thought Trump had the *temperament to be a President*, whereas _____% thought Clinton did so.
Trump = 35% Clinton = 55%
The National Exit Poll found... _____% thought Trump was *QUALIFIED* to be President, while ____% thought Clinton was.
Trump = 38% Clinton = 52%
In 1964, there were more than ________ as many Democrats as Republicans, whereas in *2016* Republicans trailed Democrats by just _____%.
Twice 10%
electoral college: According to the Constitution, each state has as many electoral votes as it has US __________ and ____________.
U.S. *senators* and *representatives.*
Recently, the CC accused ____________ of using PAC contributions to influence Congress members involved in regulating the internet.
Verizon
Ticket splitting
Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior. -> NOT voting the party line
The NAACP argued and won what supreme court case?What year?
WON *Brown vs. Board of Education* case *1954*, in which supreme court held that segregated schools were unconstitutional.
Researcher Jack Walker found that most interest groups were established after...
WWII
Election of 2000 Bush vs. Gore Bushes lead over Gore was less than ______ of ____% ( _____ votes)
Was less than 1/10 of 1% (537 votes) -> Florida a law Demanded a recount -> Bush's people file a law suit
How does Putnam say we join organizations today?
We write a check and count that as participation, or we just participate but on our own in an unorganized fashion.
Explain Regional Primary Proposal
West Coast always complains about being last Bc the east coast closes polls earlier (due to the time zone) and the national news starts broadcasting the winners of the states. So people on the west coast don't feel as inclined to vote. ->> Regional Idea: do primary by week 1) east 2) middle 3) west (Wouldn't solve issue Bc west is still LAST)
When does a budget deficit occur?
When *taxes do not grow* with the fast spending of the market.
Example of providing collective good
When the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) wins a higher minimum wage, all low-paid workers benefit.
Example of how public opinion affect policymakers
When the government instituted a requirement for tax withholding on savings accounts, the American Bankers Association appealed to their customers to protest to Congress representatives. After 22 million postcards flooded Congress, the lawmakers quickly reversed the policy.
The Republican party was a NEW party and not just a new version of the _________.
Whigs
Trump did very well with whites who... why?
Whites who lacked a college degree. Many were particularly receptive to his argument about how trade deals had shipped jobs overseas.
The media focuses on the "____" of politics .
Who
Election of 1896: Democrats nominated _who?_. What were they hoping to achieve if they won the presidency?
William Jennings Bryan -> The Democrats wanted to *link the value of the dollar to silver*, which was more plentiful than gold, thus devalue money to help debtors.
1896 Election: "Took to the Stump"
William Jennings Bryan -got off the train and went to a stump and made speeches -Bryan did this across the country -Bryan was a great speaker and McKinley's people said he could not give speeches like Bryan -McKinley ran a "Front Porch Campaign" -> you will sit on your porch in Ohio & media will come to you & you will look *old and wise*
Republicans nominated _who?_. What were they hoping to achieve if they won the presidency?
William McKinley ->> They were *pro- gold, industrialization, banks, high tariffs, industrial working class.*
New York Cities Democratic Leader... also known as...
William Tweed - known as "Boss Tweed"
Over the vigorous protests of union members, states such as ______________ & _______________ passed controversial measures to limit the power of public sector unions.
Wisconsin and Indiana
Among the environmental groups that can boast at least *1 million members* in the US are in the ___3 groups?___
World Wildlife Fund Nature Conservancy National Wildlife Federation
Women and the Right to Vote: 1st state that allowed Women to VOTE.
Wyoming (women could vote in state elections)
Many politicians do not concern themselves much with the views of groups with low participation rates in the political system because, sadly, it's easy to ignore nonparticipants. Which of the following analogies best illustrates this sentiment?
Young & Low income don't vote, so NOT represented.
The text argues that one of the broader reasons that todays youth has so much political apathy is because...
Youth have grown up in a time where public affair news is not readily visible as it has been in past years. Less knowledgeable about the government because of the many other networks available.
Common Clause (CC) is
a citizens watchdog group - speaks out against PACs
single-issue group
a group that has a *narrow interest, dislikes compromise*, and single-mindedly *pursues its goal*
Patronage
a key inducements used by party machines. -> A job that is awarded for political reasons rather than for *merit or competence* alone. ->In the late 19th century, political parties routinely *sold* patronage jobs to the highest bidder.
Explain a Precinct
a local government subdivision for organizing the voting process, typically containing less than a thousand voters. -> Choose delegates to attend county caucuses and then Congressional District caucuses
Quota sample
a method of polling, considered less reliable than a random sample, in which members of a particular group are *interviewed in proportion to the group's percentage in the population* as a whole
Women, Minorities, and Youth at the DNC demanded...
a more open OPEN process of convention delegate selection.
Nomination
a party's official endorsement of a candidate for office.
Supreme Court interpretation of the 15th Amendment: Grandfather Clause (year enacted?)
a person could vote is *he or his ancestors voted* BEFORE *1867*
Sample
a small proportion of people who are chosen as *representative of the whole* for the poll
Party as a Organization: in addition to its national office, each party maintains...
a state and local headquarters.
Cluster Sampling
a technique used by polling organizations in which *several people from the same neighborhood are interviewed* with the geographic areas chosen at random
Hyperpluralism
a theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that *government is weakened*
Hyperpluralism (3)
a theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. It is an *extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism* -> Not just Elite groups are strong. -> the government tries to appease all groups and end up with: 1) convoluted, 2) contradictory, and 3) gridlock - Legislation
Promises mount as the campaign goes on, and these promises usually add up to...
add up to new government programs and money
Interest group liberalism states that pressure group demands are legitimate & that the job of the gov't is to __________
advance them ALL
Revitalized party organizations at the county level have partly filled the votes created by the decline of inner-city machines. This is especially the case in _________ ________.
affluent suburbs
McGovern-Fraser Commission concluded that...
after careful review of the procedures used to select delegates to the 1968 Democratic Convention, they concluded that "meaningful participation of Democratic voters in the choice of their presidential nominee was often difficult or costly, sometimes completely illusory, and in not a few instances, impossible."
Exit poll
after voting, they take information on how you voted -> how the media makes predictions on what candidates get what state. -> some people lie so the data can be skewed ex: a lot of people didn't want to say they voted from Trump in 2016.
The primary way for large POTENTIAL groups to overcome Olson's Law is to provide __________ for its members...
provide *attractive benefits* for its members
John Bibby write: the job of the state party is to...
provide *technical services* within the context of a candidate-centered campaign.
The labor union movement has expanded in the __________ sector.
public
"The American Voter" divided public into 4 groups...
published in *1960* 1) Ideologues 2) "Group Benefits" 3) "Nature of the Times" 4) "No Issue Content"
Daley's Chicago Machine was the last survivor, steamrolling its opposition amid charges of...
racism and corruption
Gradually, electronic media -- beginning with the ________ then _____________ -- have displaced _________ media as Americans' principle source of news and information.
radio then television ; print
Electronic Media
radio, television, and the internet
Losing quickly in the early primaries inhibits a candidates ability to...
raise money necessary to win other states.
party realignment
rare events in the US, usually associated with a *major national crisis or trauma*. -> one party's majority domination is replaced with another's. ex: Civil War ; Great Depression
The american party system dates back to the...
ratification of the constitution
elites believe that real power is held by ________,________,&_________.
real power is held by a *few people, key groups, & institutions*
Interest group liberalism refers to
refers to the governments excessive deference (submission) to groups
Today, Caucuses are open to ALL voters who are _____________ with the party.
registered
Hyperpluralists major criticism of the interest group system is that...
relations between groups & the government have *become too cozy*
Jews and politics
remain the most liberal demographic. They were always marginalized & are accepting of immigrants of ALL ethnicities.
Delegates who were experienced politicians and knew he candidates were mostly replaced by delegates who...
replaced by delegates who had attained their seats due to their *preferred candidate pulling in the votes*
Wire Services
reporters that live and die with people. They report things as they are happening. -> RAW info comes from this source and things like the Richmond Times Dispatch will just republish their report. Other big companies like The New York Times will send people to fact check the report bc they have enough money to do so. They are owned by PRIVATE entities. 1) *Associate Press* 2) *UPI* 3) *IP* 4) *Reuters*
2015 New York Times
reports on how Lobbyists had swayed *State Attorneys General*, slanting justice towards the *wealthy and connected*
Lobbyists are political persuaders who represent __________.
represent *organized groups*
Congress decides how many ________________ each state will have.
representatives
Trust _______ after the events of 9/11.
rose
agents of political socialization include...
schools, family, peers, media
In addition to consumer groups, the wide range of public interest groups also includes groups who... give examples
seek to protect those who cannot speak for themselves, such as children or the mentally ill
Rational Choice Theory
seeks to explain political processes and outcomes as consequences of *purposive behavior* (vote based on what policies were passed during the previous election)
From State to Federal Control: Congress had the right to...
select which DAY presidential electors would meet & to *alter state regulations* regarding CONGRESSIONAL elections
Most candidates are _______________, gaining nominations by their own efforts rather than the party's.
self-selected
Broadcasting
signals sent out to a *broad audience*
3rd Wave of immigration
since 1960s hispanics (*cuba, central america, and mexico*) and asians (*Philippines, Vietnam, Korea*) 1970: *Cambodian* immigrants
Outcomes of the Voting Rights Act: implementation was ______ in some areas.
slow
Bandwagon effect
someone changes their mind because the people around them think something else. "Copy Cat" behavior.
Politician have learned that one way to guide the medias focus successfully is to give the media carefully ________ _________ to report on.
staged events
Presidential Primaries
state's voters go to the polls to express their preference for a party's nominee for president.
From State to Federal Control: Initially, it was left up to _________ to determine WHO could vote and for WHAT offices.
states decision
Advocates of registering on Election day, are quick to point out that...
states that allow election-day registration always rank near the top in terms of voter turnout in national elections.
Equal time rule
stipulates that if a station sells advertising time to one candidate, it must be *willing to sell equal time to other candidates* for the same office (they don't have to sell for the same price though). -> by the late 1980s this rule was abolished because of the development of so many TV channels.
Interest group liberalism is promoted by the network of ____________________ in the political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas.
subgovernments
If two candidates are locked in a tight contest, the __________________ could prove to be decisive and even *overturn the people's verdict by giving the nomination to the candidate who received fewer popular votes*. Give example of when this happened.
superdelegate ex: 2008 between Obama and Clinton
Liberal Ideology
supports a *wide scope* for the central government, often involving policies that aim to promote equality.
Conservative Ideology
supports a less active scope of government that gives freer rein to the private sector.
Journalists and politicians have a ______ relationship, with politicians relying on journalists to get their message out and journalists relying on politicians to keep them in the know.
symbiotic
PACs play a major role in paying for expensive campaigns - ____________ relationship between the both the PACs & candidates
symbiotic relationship
Election of 1800: if there is a tie in the electoral college...
take it to the House of Representatives -> Each State gets ONE vote
When there is no incumbent each candidates announces their programs. However, the candidate from the party that holds office will have to take...
take the blame for any mistakes made by the outgoing president's administration.
Anthony Downs explained a political party as a
team of [people] seeking control of the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election.
The __________ and ______________ have been around only since the first half of the twentieth century.
television and radio
Robert Putnam said...
that "diversity *does not* produce bad race relations," but the inhabitants from the *"diverse communities withdraw from the collective life"* thus separating them & causing them to *distrust* their neighbors. **optimistic view
*Jacobs* and *Shapiro* have found in 2000
that politicians use polling information to craft their presentations for public support -> use it to convince people to turn away from an issue and focus on what the politician wants
The long history of the American party has shown what about successful parties?
that successful parties *rarely stray* too far from the midpoint of the public opinion. ->> this is NOT true anymore
Robert Putnam, author of Bowling Alone, found...
that those who READ the news are more *engaged and knowledgeable about the word* than those who only WATCH the news. "Newspaper reading and good citizenship go together."
proportional representation
the % of nations vote you get, are the *# of seats you get* in parliament
The Knesset thinks they are...
the *MOST Democratic* government
4th day of national convention
the *Vice President* is chosen on the final day - also completed by *roll-call* vote of the states, but custom dictates that the *delegates select whomever their Presidential nominee picks* ->> the Presidential and VP speeches are expected to be the highlight of the convention; they draw the battle lines for the coming campaign.
party identification
the *self-proclaimed preference* for one or the other party.
electoral college: In Maine and Nebraska, whichever candidate wins the state as a whole wins...
the 2 electors allotted to the state for its senators.
Plurality
the Candidate must receive the MOST votes, not the majority (50%)
What helps members of Congress who are running for reelection or would-be members running for an open seat?
the Congressional Campaign Committee
2nd level of the Caucus (middle)
the Congressional District
electoral college: If no candidate wins an Electoral College majority, then the election is thrown into...
the House of Representatives
Civil rights groups in the 1960s relied heavily on who?
the MEDIA to tell their stories
Minority rights
the Party who lost election. Guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reasoned arguments.
Presidential Reporting before the 1960's
the Presidents personal life was off limits to reporters. -> reported only about what they were doing in their position
Because of state laws instituting primaries typically apply to both parties, the Republicans...
the Republicans Party nomination process was similarly transformed
What is "the ground game"?
the campaign's effort to *get the vote out at the LOCAL level*
electoral college: Today the electors almost always vote for...
the candidate who won their state's popular vote.
As a nominating device, the caucus was replaced by the convention mainly because...
the caucus limited participation of party members.
Religiosity
the degree that religion influences a person's life
Representation
the desires of the people should be replicated in government through the choices of elected officials. represented in House and Senate.
Sophomore Surge
the difference between the *votes a candidate gets the first time they are elected* and the *votes* they get when they run for *reelection.*
Party Polarization
the growing gap between the stands of the parties on policy issues.
Define policy agenda
the issues that attract the *serious attention* of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at any given time.
Debra Schildkraut study showed...
the longer one's family has had to integrate into American society, the greater likelihood that one will identify oneself primarily as American. -> leading to less of a concern with lack of American Pride
Starting with a victory in Iowa, the Obama campaign won... this proved crucial to his narrow victory over Clinton.
the majority of delegates at stake in *EVERY caucus state in 2008*
Public Ownership of Media
the media can *serve the public interest* without worrying about the size of their audience
Closed parties are generally favored by the _______________ because they...
the party organizations ; encourage voters to officially declare a *partisan preference* when they register to vote.
Roger Sherman said...
the people "should have as little to do as may with the government." He was a delegate to the constitutional convention.
Define Linkage institutions
the political channels through which *people's concerns become political issues* on the policy agenda. These include elections, political parties, interests groups, and the media.
Digital paywall
the practice of *limiting access to a website unless users pay a fee or purchase a subscription*
public opinion & policy
the president has traditionally had the *greatest influence* in shaping public opinion in the area of foreign policy. -> when faced with a foreign policy crisis, public opinion and public support for the President is likely to increase
Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffery Berry studied what? They estimate
the prevalence of *"outrage discourse"* on cable TV news
Define the policymaking system
the process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. Peoples interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers.
The winner of the Iowa caucus doesn't always go on to win the nomination, but the results...
the results from Iowa usually serve to winnow down the # of viable candidates for the primaries to come.
Suffrage
the right to vote
Sampling error
the risk of inaccuracy involved in polling -> level of confidence in a public opinion poll.
Demography
the science of human populations. -> *why* people migrate & *where*
Pluralism
the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation
Nie, Verba, Petrocik argued in 1970 that...
the voters are more sophisticated in the 70s. -> this is because of the GI bill = people were more educated so participated more in politics.
Invisible primary
the wooing of support from elected officials, top fundraisers, and skilled political aids. ->> Occurs behind the scenes of public view
When European voters go to the polls, they are deciding on whether...
their country will be run by parties with socialist goals or by conservative (and in some cases religious) parties.
Civic Duty
they believe that by voting they are, at least, contributing toward preventing democracy.
Some of todays politicians believe what about the family ties of immigration?
they believe that immigration visas should now be given to people with special talents (more skills than blood ties).
Political Efficacy
they believe that ordinary people can influence the government
Why are small interest groups more effective?
they have *organizational advantage* over large groups
Iyengar and Kinder did what?...
they manipulated the stories participants saw on the TV news.
Why did the Framers of the Constitution create the Electoral College?
they wanted the president and VP to be selected by the nation's elite, not directly by the people.
Supreme Court interpretation of the 15th Amendment: When all else failed, minorities (mostly Blacks) were...
threatened at the polls when they showed up.
Blanket Primary
throw names of candidates on ballot without party name = smart voters
In the early years of politics, a person could not call congress up or make an appointment; the only way of getting in touch was to...
to wait in the the lobby & catch them *coming OR going*
Shanto Iyengar & Kyu Hahn study...
took a set of news stories and randomly assigned whether they were presented to subjects as either CNN, FOX, or NPR. -> Conservatives chose to view FOX, regardless of what the story was on, & vise versa (educated conservatives dont listen to fox, but read the paper, magazines, etc...) -> Liberals chose to view CNN & NPR (news for more educated liberals)
electoral college: The House of Representatives must choose from among the top _____ electoral vote winners.
top 3 winners
Labor union membership has declined in what type of jobs?
traditional blue collar industries.
linkage institutions
translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers. They sift through all the issues and identify the most pressing concerns.
American Public opinion
understand the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues. involves interviewing procedures and careful wording of questions.
Elites believe: The fact that there are numerous groups proves nothing bc groups are ___________ in power
unequal
Morris Fiorina said...
unlike what the media says about america being a divided nation he believes "the view of American citizens look *moderate, centrist, etc - rather than extreme/polarized." **Small groups of insane conservatives and liberals fighting have left most of Americans in the crossfire - not knowing what to believe.
*Lee Drutman* argues that large corporations have garnered an unprecedented POWER over ___________ in recent years via...
unprecedented power over *policymakers* ->> via substantially increased lobbying activity.
Barack Obama used who the most?
used the youth (college students) to get his name out
In the European system, once people are elected, they are ALWAYS expected to...
vote the party line
Women and the Right to Vote: After the amendment was enacted, they voted like
voted like the MEN in their lies & LESS frequently
The Downs Model: The party competes for voters _________; its products are its ________ and _________.
voter *support* ; *candidates* and *policies*
Retrospective voting
voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office "What have you done for me recently?" -> state of the economy commonly affects this view
George Washington...
warned the dangers of the political parties. He did not trust parties bc the parliaments in England
Elite theorists particularly note that ____________ interest are greatly advantaged by the PAC system.
wealthier
Jimmy Carters win in 1976 landed him on the covers of major weekly __________, Time and Newsweek, and led the top of all the news ___________.
weekly magazines and news broadcasts
Pick Candidate: The innovation of primary elections spread rapidly to the EAST in the ______ century, which...
went EAST in the 20th century, which *transferred the nominating function FROM the party organization TO the party IDENTIFIERS.* ->> The PEOPLE PICK
*negative* party polarization
when parties become polarized there is substantially less room for finding a middle ground.
Congressional District
where delegates are chosen to go on to the state convention
"you are the policy maker" debates
whether to do away with PACs altogether
Trumps advantage with whites with NO college degree, which is _____% of all voters, was unprecedented for ANY Republican presidential candidate.
whites with NO college degree = 34% of ALL voters
The party "bosses" could control...
who went to the party convention an how the sate's delegates voted once they got there.
Man observers say that the press is biased against...
whoever holds office at the moment and that the reporters want to EXPOSE officeholders.
conventional participation
widely accepted modes of influencing government ex: voting, trying to persuade others, ringing doorbells for a petition, and running for office.
For most newspapers in *medium-sized cities and small towns*, their principal source for reporting national and world news is from...
wire services ex: Associated Press (#1 wire service)
Advisors
write *"position papers"* on issues that the candidate is supposed to know about. -> Papers usually read by special interest groups and journalists, and are used to answer tough questions.
