AP Gov. Unit 4-College Board and Khan Academy

Based on the data shown in the table and your knowledge of political socialization, which of the following is the most likely implication of lifecycle effects on an individual's political attitudes?

As people age, they are more likely to identify as conservative

On Election Day, radio news network Guam Live is trying to project the result of the presidential election. They send pollsters to 350 voting places throughout the United States to survey people after they have voted. Which type of poll is the news network conducting?

Exit poll

(Perceived Seriousness of Global Warming by Political Ideology table) Which of the following statements are supported by the data in the table?

Liberals are more likely than moderates to agree that global warming is a crisis.

(Democratic generation chart)Which of the following statements is reflected in the data in the chart?

Party identification differs significantly between generations

(political party dot chart) The data in the chart is too limited to support which if the following generalizations?

Republicans believe climate change is a priority for state governments rather than the federal government.

(States with Capital Punishment & Map of the Electoral College 2016 Maps) Using both maps, which of the following best explains how states without the death penalty voted in the 2016 presidential election?

States without the death penalty were more likely to cast their ballots for the Democrat, Hillary Clinton, in the 2016 election.

(What one issue mattered most to you in deciding how you voted for president? Table ) Which of the following elements of polling likely created the difference in the poll results?

The formats of the survey questions are different

A recent poll indicates that 75 percent of all people in the United States support new gun control legislation. Which of the following supports the credibility of the poll result?

The poll reported a sampling error of plus or minus 2.5 percent

Which of the following sets of policies appears to be most influenced by a liberal ideology?

establish a universal healthcare program to insure all Americans

Which of the following parties would be most likely to support requiring voters to show photo identification when going to the voting booth?

The Republican Party

A member of Congress is arrested and convicted of failing to pay the proper amount of income tax. Which of the following core American values is most relevant to this case?

The rule of law

(States with Capital Punishment & Map of the Electoral College 2016 Maps) Using both maps, which of the following explains how states with the death penalty voted in the 2016 election?

The maps show that states with the death penalty were more likely to vote for the Republican, Donald Trump, in the 2016 election.

"There's something even more revolutionary at work here. By lowering the barriers that protect state-owned industries, China is speeding a process that is removing government from vast areas of people's lives. In the past, virtually every Chinese citizen woke up in an apartment or a house owned by the government, went to work in a factory or a farm run by the government and read newspapers published by the government. . . . "Now people are leaving those firms, and when China joins the W.T.O., they will leave them faster. "The Chinese government no longer will be everyone's employer, landlord, shopkeeper and nanny all rolled into one. It will have fewer instruments, therefore, with which to control people's lives. And that may lead to very profound change. . . . The genie of freedom will not go back into the bottle. As Justice Earl Warren once said, "liberty is the most contagious force in the world." In the new century, liberty will spread by cell phone and cable modem. In the past year, the number of Internet addresses in China has more than quadrupled, from two million to nine million. This year, the number is expected to grow to over 20 million." -Source: President Bill Clinton, "Clinton's Words on China: Trade Is the Smart Thing," The New York Times, 2000 Which of the following statements is most consistent with Clinton's argument in this passage?

Globalization can spread US political culture to countries around the world.

(States with Capital Punishment & Map of the Electoral College 2016 Maps) Using both maps, which of the following best explains why support for the death penalty is concentrated in the southern and middle parts of the United States?

The maps show that the southern and middle parts of the United States have conservative views on social issues.

(political party dot chart) Which of the following explanations is least supported by information on the chart?

Most Democrats and Republicans surveyed believe that an increase in social security taxes is needed to address social security deficits.

According to the bar graph, which of the following is true about the influence of the general environment on political traits? A. The general environment is the greatest influence in the acquisition of political knowledge in twins. B. The general environment accounts for about 20 percent of the influence on political party identification in twins. C. The general environment plays the biggest role in whether twins will participate and turn out to vote. D. The general environment accounts for about 50 percent of the influence on attitudes about race in twins.

The general environment accounts for about 20 percent of the influence on political party identification in twins.

"Finally, there are the legal and moral arguments. Health care is considered a human right in every other developed nation. By not providing Medicare to all Americans, the government is not providing equal protection under the law: those with Medicare have more protection against the devastating effects of illness and injury, get more help overcoming or living with disabilities, and are protected against financial ruin. People say that single-payer would cost too much. Not true. We could provide health care for all our citizens for no more than we are currently spending on our very dysfunctional, fragmented and unfair system. How is this possible? Currently almost half of every health care dollar is spent on something other than health care: profit for insurance companies; multi-million-dollar salaries of their CEOs; money spent on advertising, processing (and rejecting) claims; and creating mountains of paperwork and endless hassles for doctors and patients." Dr. Ann Toy, Marin Voice, August 27, 2018. Which of the following explains how the passage could influence policy trends in health care?

The passage could convince more members of Congress to support Medicare for all.

Two market research firms conduct public opinion polls in the month before the city council votes on a proposed ordinance to issue fines to homeless individuals. Each firm uses a random-dialing system to contact 1000 city residents. DynamicData's survey asked: "Do you think homeless people should be issued a fine for making our city streets unsanitary?" 53% of respondents answered yes, 41% answered no, and 6% said they didn't know. Reardon Research's survey asked: "Do you think homeless veterans should be punished for sleeping in the streets?" 23% of respondents answered yes, 68% of respondents answered no, and 10% said they didn't know. Which of the following most likely accounts for the different results?

The questions contained a difference in wording

(2016 Election Polling Tracking Poll Table) The polling in the summer of 2016 shows a sharp increase in popular support for Clinton, followed by a sharp increase in popular support for Trump. Which of the following factors most likely accounts for these increases in popular support?

The timing of political events covered by the news which temporarily influenced preferences

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of conservative and liberal views concerning social policy? Liberal/Conservative A The federal government should conduct background checks for gun purchases/The federal government should not restrict an individual's access to a gun B The federal government should regulate and restrict access to abortion procedures/The federal government should respect a person's right to privacy and not restrict access to abortion procedures C The federal government should allow same-sex marriage/The federal government should not make policy decisions on marriage D The federal government should allow voluntary prayer in schools for all students/The federal government should allow more state experimentation with school vouchers and charter schools

Comparison A-The federal government should conduct background checks for gun purchases/The federal government should not restrict an individual's access to a gun

Use the text below to answer the following question. "Simplifying our tax code will help the middle class because it will make it easier for small businesses to hire and grow. And we agree with the President that we should lower our corporate tax rate, which is one of the highest in the world, so that companies will start bringing their money and their jobs back here from overseas." Senator Marco Rubio in a response to the State of the Union Address, 2013 Which of the following ideological perspectives is most consistent with the author?

Conservative

(Public's policy priorities: 2011-2019 table) Based on the data shown in the table, which of the following statements is true about policy preferences?

Policy preferences reflect the attitudes and beliefs of Americans participating in politics.

Which of the following public policies would Democrats be most likely to support?

Increasing taxes on the wealthiest Americans

The idea of having a constitution, which includes a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances, promotes which of the following core American values?

Limited government

In 2019, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed a bill that ended the practice of vaccination exemptions based on religious beliefs. What does this scenario illustrate?

how the government tries to balance promoting stability and safety and ensuring civil liberties

FRQ 2: PERCENT OF EACH PARTY WHO SELF-IDENTIFY AS IDEOLOGICAL GRAPH. Use the bar graph to answer the following questions. A. Describe the percentage of Democrats in 2014 who described themselves as "mostly liberal." B. Describe a trend over time that the data illustrate. C. Draw a conclusion about that trend. D. Explain how the data in the bar graphs illustrate the role of ideology in the political party system.

A. 33% B. Over time, the amount of democrats who identify themselves as "consistently liberal" increases. C. This trend could be a result of social rights movements that have also been on the rise. D. The data in this graphs supports the idea that the Democratic party aligns with liberal ideology and that the Republican party aligns conversation ideology.

Which of the following measures would a president adhering to Keynesian economic principles most likely employ during an economic recession? Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A A national budget with dramatic cuts in federal spending for the education department and defense department (Choice B) B Legislation that eliminates Environmental Protection Agency regulations to reduce the cost of operation for major businesses (Choice C) C An executive order to reduce the federal interest rate from 1.65% to 1.0% (Choice D) D An executive order that built three solar panel farms and two wind-powered generators in rural areas to decrease unemployment

An executive order that built three solar panel farms and two wind-powered generators in rural areas to decrease unemployment

"I believe great decisions are made with care, made with conviction, not made with polls. I do not need to take your pulse before I know my own mind. I do not reinvent myself at every turn. I am not running in borrowed clothes. When I act, you will know my reasons." -George W. Bush, Acceptance Speech, Republican National Convention, August 3, 2000 Which of the following statements best summarizes Governor Bush's argument?

He does not use polls to decide his stance on policy

Which of the following policies would create the most tension between competing interpretations of limited government and individualism? Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Increasing funding for school lunch programs (Choice B) B Requiring all businesses to provide paid family leave (Choice C) C Expanding the national defense system (Choice D) D Increasing regulations on the sale of automatic weapons

Increasing regulations on the sale of automatic weapons

(2016 Election Polling Tracking Poll Table) In the 2016 election, Donald Trump won the election despite losing the popular vote by about two percent. The line graph illustrates which of the following about presidential election polling?

The trend appears to indicate that Clinton is more likely to win, but factors such as margin of error and the electoral system also need to be taken into account.

(What one issue mattered most to you in deciding how you voted for president? Table) The data from the two polls, which ask the same question, illustrate which of the following?

Those making inferences from polling results should understand the methods used by pollsters.

Based on the twin studies data shown in the bar graph, which of the following political traits are most influenced by genetics? A. Political knowledge B. Attitudes about race C. Participation and voter turnout D. Political party identification

Political Knowledge

Which of the following examples describes the core value of equality of opportunity?

A student gains admittance to a university solely based on academic performance.

Conservative ideology is best defined as which of the following?

A belief in limiting government regulation of the economy, but upholding traditional values by imposing restrictions on behaviors like same-sex marriage

FRQ 3: PERCENTAGE WHO ALWAYS VOTE IDEOLOGICALLY graph. Use the bar graph to answer the following questions. A. Describe the percentage of those who identify as "mostly conservative" who always vote. B. Describe a trend in the data. C. Draw a conclusion to explain that trend. D. Explain how public policy is affected by the trend in the bar graphs.

A. 58% B. Those who are either mostly liberal or mostly conservative more often always vote when compared to their respective counterparts, including the mixed section. C. This could be a result of confusion between candidates. Those who are mixed or only mostly liberal/conservative might not be able to clearly identify the candidate that aligns with them the best. As a result, they might not always vote. D. Citizens who vote elect leaders and representatives. Those leaders push policies that align with their party's ideology.

FRQ 1: Respond to all parts of the question. In your response, use substantive examples where appropriate. In May of 2017, congressional leaders introduced the Raise the Wage Act, which would raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2024, which is more than double the current level of $7.25 an hour. The legislation is the culmination of a three-year campaign promoted by organized labor known as "Fight for $15." Some cities, such as Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, have already adopted the $15 minimum wage. "What we are here today to say is that a living wage is $15 . . . If you are working 40 or 50 hours a week, you should not be living in poverty," said Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt. However, some economists warn that raising the minimum wage can hurt workers by causing job loss. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that a raise to a more modest $10.10 would cost approximately 500,000 jobs. Describe the ideology that supports the policy issue described in the scenario. Explain how the ideological perspective, described in part A, affects legislative process in Congress on the policy issue. Explain how a major political event, such as the recession that began in 2008, could influence how citizens would behave politically in the context of the scenario.

A. Liberal ideology would support this policy B. Democrats in congress who identify with Liberal Ideology would most likely support this policy to raise the minimum wage and push for its success. C. Major political events effect how citizens would react in this scenario. Those major events effect how they view, see and hear things. It also changes how they interact with each other and politicians/representatives. For example, based on their views and experiences, citizens would choose to vote with the candidate that aligns with what they believe in this context.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of typical conservative and liberal views concerning economic policy? Liberal/Conservative A The federal government should have a less involved role in regulating the economy/The federal government should have a stronger role in regulating the economy B Raising taxes on top US earners allows the government to help the middle class/Cutting federal regulations and taxes provides businesses with more opportunities to hire more workers C Cutting spending on entitlement programs helps to stimulate the economy/Decreasing government spending can help to stimulate the economy D When unemployment is high, the government should not intervene/When unemployment is high, the government should create jobs to decrease unemployment

Comparison B-Raising taxes on top US earners allows the government to help the middle class/Cutting federal regulations and taxes provides businesses with more opportunities to hire more workers

"Finally, there are the legal and moral arguments. Health care is considered a human right in every other developed nation. By not providing Medicare to all Americans, the government is not providing equal protection under the law: those with Medicare have more protection against the devastating effects of illness and injury, get more help overcoming or living with disabilities, and are protected against financial ruin. People say that single-payer would cost too much. Not true. We could provide health care for all our citizens for no more than we are currently spending on our very dysfunctional, fragmented and unfair system. How is this possible? Currently almost half of every health care dollar is spent on something other than health care: profit for insurance companies; multi-million-dollar salaries of their CEOs; money spent on advertising, processing (and rejecting) claims; and creating mountains of paperwork and endless hassles for doctors and patients." Dr. Ann Toy, Marin Voice, August 27, 2018. Which of the following explains how the role of government in health-care policy would be influenced if the policy proposal in the passage were to be implemented?

Due to the nature of single-payer health-care systems, the federal government would be responsible for funding and administering a Medicare-for-all system.

Which of the following statements are illustrated by the data in table? A. The Silent Generation is more likely to say they have become more liberal over time politically than Millennials. B. Millennials are more likely to say they have become more liberal politically over time than Baby Boomers. C. Generation X is more likely to say their political views have not changed or been mixed over time compared to the Silent Generation. D. Baby Boomers are more likely to say they have become more conservative politically over time than the Silent Generation.

Millennials are more likely to say they have become more liberal politically over time than Baby Boomers.

Which of the following are supported by the data in the table? A. Very few people change their views on social or political issues over time. B. Younger people are more apt to identify as politically liberal rather than socially liberal. C. As people get older, they tend to become more liberal on social issues but not on political issues. D. More people become more socially conservative over time than more socially liberal.

More people become more socially conservative over time than more socially liberal.

According to the bar graph, which of the following statements is true about the influence of family on political traits? A. The family has about a 30 percent rate of influence on the acquisition of political knowledge. B. Foreign policy preferences are about 40 percent influenced by family. C. Political party identification is about 70 percent influenced by family. D. Attitudes about immigration are about 60 percent influenced by the family.

Political party identification is about 70 percent influenced by family.

A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools." Source: CIRCLE, 2013. Which of the following concepts is most closely related to the passage?

Political socialization

(Public trust in government graph) Based on the information in the line graph, which of the following is the most likely implication of the data in the graph?

Public attitudes on whether the government can solve social and economic problems are more likely to decline as people have less trust in government.

Which of the following policies is likely to create the most tension between the competing values of equality of opportunity and free enterprise?

Raising the minimum wage to $15

Which of the following public policies would Republicans be most likely to support?

Reducing government funding to organizations that provide reproductive services

A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools." Source: CIRCLE, 2013. The students mentioned in the passage did not have a strong preference in candidates or increased levels of partisanship, despite their exposure to civics education. Which of the following explains this type of political socialization?

Some life experiences that socialize individuals into politics affect specific behaviors but not partisanship or ideology.

A large national survey of young Americans recently released by CIRCLE shows young Obama and Romney voters had strikingly similar levels of political knowledge. The survey also shows a clear relationship between respondents' high school civics education experiences and their knowledge of campaign issues and political participation in the 2012 presidential election. However, taking high school civics had little or no relationship with young adults' choice between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. "Young people who recalled experiencing more high-quality civic education practices in schools were more likely to vote, to form political opinions, to know campaign issues, and to know general facts about the US political system," said Peter Levine, director of CIRCLE. "Civics education was not related to partisanship or choice of candidate. These results should allay political concerns about civic education being taught in schools." Source: CIRCLE, 2013. Which of the following explains how the scenario described in the passage relates to political behavior?

Taking part in civic education affects whether or not an individual participates politically.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the process of political socialization?

The Belchers, a family of five, discuss the platforms of the 2020 presidential candidates.

(political party dot chart) Which of the following is a possible limitation depicted by the data presented in the chart?

The chart does not account for the segments of the population that identify as Independents.

(What one issue mattered most to you in deciding how you voted for president? Table) Which of the following best explains how the format affected the polls?

The closed-ended format limited respondents to fewer options, which forced respondents to focus on the most important issue of those options.

"Finally, there are the legal and moral arguments. Health care is considered a human right in every other developed nation. By not providing Medicare to all Americans, the government is not providing equal protection under the law: those with Medicare have more protection against the devastating effects of illness and injury, get more help overcoming or living with disabilities, and are protected against financial ruin. People say that single-payer would cost too much. Not true. We could provide health care for all our citizens for no more than we are currently spending on our very dysfunctional, fragmented and unfair system. How is this possible? Currently almost half of every health care dollar is spent on something other than health care: profit for insurance companies; multi-million-dollar salaries of their CEOs; money spent on advertising, processing (and rejecting) claims; and creating mountains of paperwork and endless hassles for doctors and patients." Dr. Ann Toy, Marin Voice, August 27, 2018. Which of the following most likely explains how the views of moderates would be affected by this passage?

The passage might convince a moderate to oppose a single-payer system of health care and contact their representatives in Congress to indicate their opposition.

(Iraq line graphs)Based on the information in the two graphs, which of the following is the most likely implication of political events on political attitudes?

When the United States engages in long-lasting foreign conflicts, public attitudes toward international events become more unfavorable over time.

(2016 Election Polling Tracking Poll Table) The trend in late October and early November showing Clinton ahead but an increase in support for Trump most likely would be

described as momentum by the trailing Trump campaign to encourage supporters to vote