AP Government Chp. 19 Vocab

Affirmative Action

Designing remedies for overcoming racism and sexism by taking race and sex into account

Buffer Zone

Device used, and upheld by the Court to address concerns about protestors at abortion clinics

NOW

a leading feminist organization

Civil Rights

The rights of citizens to vote, recieve equal treatment before the law, and share benefits of public facilities.

Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

a philosphy of peaceful violation laws considered unjust and accepting punishment for the violation

Roe v. Wade

a ruling that declared all state laws prohibiting abortion unconstitutional

Rostker v. Goldberg

a ruling that held the Congress may draft men but not women

Freedom of Choice

a school integration plan mandating no particular racial balance

Plessy v. Ferguson

a supreme court decision upholding state enforced racial segregation

NAACP

a black interest group active primarily in the courts

Aliens

any persons who are not U.S. citizens

Preferential Treatment

giving minorities preference in hiring, promotions, college admissions, and contracts

Suspect Classification

A legal distinction that the Supreme Court scrutinizes especially closely

Brown v. Board of Education

A Supreme Court descision declaring segregated inherently unequal

Bakke

A Supreme Court ruling stating that a college may not use an explicit numerical quota in admitting minorities but could "take race into account"

Martin Luther King Jr.

An early nonviolent leader in black civil rights

Compensatory Action

Helping disadvantaged people catch up, usually by giving them extra eduacation, training, or services.

Reed v. Reed

Landmark case declaring gender discrimination a violation under the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and asserting the resonableness standard for such discrimination

Griswold v. Connecticut

Landmark case in which the Court first found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution

Hyde Amendment

Legislation that barred the use of the federal funds for nearly any abortion.

Equality of Results

distributing desired things equally to the races

Southern Manifesto

document signed by over 100 members of Congress complaining of "abuse of judicial power"

Equality of Opportunity

offering the races an equal chance at desired things

Norma McCorvey

original litigant in Roe who, today is an outspoken opponent of abortion

Reconstruction

post-civil war era when southern laws protected blacks' freedoms

De Jure Segregation

segregation created by law

De Facto Segregation

segregation that exists by that was not created by law

Strict Scrutiny

the standard by which the Supreme Court judges classifications based on race; they must have a compelling public purpose

Separate-but-Equal Doctrine

the standard under which the court once upheld racial segregation

Reasonableness

the standards by which the court judges gender-based classifications

Reverse Discrimination

the use of race or sex to giver preferential treatment to blacks or women