AP HUG UNIT 5

growth arrest lines

Horizontal lines on bones Proof of illness - when bones stop growing so nutrients can help fight disease When something occurs to the point that it halts bone growth for more than ten days

How do economic forces influence agricultural practices

Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms. •Complex commodity chains link the production and consumption of agricultural products. •Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the land's carrying capacity.

Pastoral Nomadism

Less land available for cultivation or other practices, more land left to natural management. Labor intensive.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. (1940s - 1960s)

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Intensive Farming practices

include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/ livestock systems.

Second Agricultural Revolution

new technology and increased food production to lead to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

Columbian Exchange/Agricultural Revolution

resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.

Township and Range

rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands

irrigation

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Linear

common in French America, including Quebec, Louisiana, and parts of Texas

Long Lot System

divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals

Refers to the practices of crop cultivation and livestock rearing that require little hired labor or monetary investment.

*Usually, a larger amount of land used and a smaller output per unit of land

Agriculture production regions

Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).

Shifting Cultivation

Balance of moving crops to benefit the soil quality. If managed, can be beneficial. Labor and capital intensive.

Wetlands

Capital intensive, can be effectively managed to provide water for agricultural pursuits

deforestation

Clears land for agricultural, and other, pursuits. Diminishes ecosystems, effects windshield/cover from trees.

Early hearths of domestication

Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America

Nomadic Herding

Many animals naturally live and travel together in groups called herds. Goats, sheep, and llamas, for instance, live in herds as a form of protection. They move from one fertile grassland to another without an organized direction. Humans have followed them predating seed agriculture (10,000 years!) to obtain milk, meat, and fur

Market Gardening

Market Gardening is a business. More is grown than the typical home garden and the idea is to turn a profit. You can see these businesses sell to the local market including grocery stores, meal delivery services, restaurants, or farm stands

Monoculture

Planting a single crop in a field for a season Example: Organic farmer planting squash on a field 1 year and kale on the field the next year.

Monocropping

Planting a single crop multiseason/ season to season Example: Banana plantation, tree farm

Intensive farming

Refers to the practices of crop cultivation and livestock rearing that require high levels of labor and enough financial capital to operate a farm. *Usually, a smaller amount of land used and a larger output per unit of land

Extensive Farming Practices

Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching

Metes and Bounds Survey

When natural features are used to set the boundaries of an amount of land

Skeletal analysis

can provide insight to how community members lived Conditions they may have lived under Their state of health What contributed to their deaths

Shifting cultivation

clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them

Von Thünen's model

helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen's concentric rings.

Enamel hypoplasia

is a defect that occurs when dental enamel doesn't form completely, usually because of malnutrition or disease.

Slash and Burn

method of cultivation in which forests are burned and cleared for planting.

Clustered

most common in Europe, parts of Africa, Northeastern USA

Dispearsed

most common in the American midwest and west

Terraces

steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming