AP HUG UNIT 5
growth arrest lines
Horizontal lines on bones Proof of illness - when bones stop growing so nutrients can help fight disease When something occurs to the point that it halts bone growth for more than ten days
How do economic forces influence agricultural practices
Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms. •Complex commodity chains link the production and consumption of agricultural products. •Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the land's carrying capacity.
Pastoral Nomadism
Less land available for cultivation or other practices, more land left to natural management. Labor intensive.
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. (1940s - 1960s)
Ranching
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
Intensive Farming practices
include market gardening, plantation agriculture, and mixed crop/ livestock systems.
Second Agricultural Revolution
new technology and increased food production to lead to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.
Columbian Exchange/Agricultural Revolution
resulted in the global spread of various plants and animals.
Township and Range
rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands
irrigation
The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
Linear
common in French America, including Quebec, Louisiana, and parts of Texas
Long Lot System
divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals
Refers to the practices of crop cultivation and livestock rearing that require little hired labor or monetary investment.
*Usually, a larger amount of land used and a smaller output per unit of land
Agriculture production regions
Agricultural production regions are defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture).
Shifting Cultivation
Balance of moving crops to benefit the soil quality. If managed, can be beneficial. Labor and capital intensive.
Wetlands
Capital intensive, can be effectively managed to provide water for agricultural pursuits
deforestation
Clears land for agricultural, and other, pursuits. Diminishes ecosystems, effects windshield/cover from trees.
Early hearths of domestication
Fertile Crescent, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America
Nomadic Herding
Many animals naturally live and travel together in groups called herds. Goats, sheep, and llamas, for instance, live in herds as a form of protection. They move from one fertile grassland to another without an organized direction. Humans have followed them predating seed agriculture (10,000 years!) to obtain milk, meat, and fur
Market Gardening
Market Gardening is a business. More is grown than the typical home garden and the idea is to turn a profit. You can see these businesses sell to the local market including grocery stores, meal delivery services, restaurants, or farm stands
Monoculture
Planting a single crop in a field for a season Example: Organic farmer planting squash on a field 1 year and kale on the field the next year.
Monocropping
Planting a single crop multiseason/ season to season Example: Banana plantation, tree farm
Intensive farming
Refers to the practices of crop cultivation and livestock rearing that require high levels of labor and enough financial capital to operate a farm. *Usually, a smaller amount of land used and a larger output per unit of land
Extensive Farming Practices
Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, ranching
Metes and Bounds Survey
When natural features are used to set the boundaries of an amount of land
Skeletal analysis
can provide insight to how community members lived Conditions they may have lived under Their state of health What contributed to their deaths
Shifting cultivation
clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them
Von Thünen's model
helps to explain rural land use by emphasizing the importance of transportation costs associated with distance from the market; however, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to von Thünen's concentric rings.
Enamel hypoplasia
is a defect that occurs when dental enamel doesn't form completely, usually because of malnutrition or disease.
Slash and Burn
method of cultivation in which forests are burned and cleared for planting.
Clustered
most common in Europe, parts of Africa, Northeastern USA
Dispearsed
most common in the American midwest and west
Terraces
steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming