AP human exam

Many European countries provide families one or more of the following: tax credits, flexible parental leave, monthly payments, public-transportation fare reduction, free vaccines, and subsidized childcare. Which of the following would explain why a country such as Belgium would implement the described policies? A) Belgium has concerns about gender equality and wants to increase female participation in the workforce. B) Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates. C) Belgium has concerns about a large youth population and wants to encourage lower birth rates. D) Belgium has concerns about the ability of immigrants from developing regions to support themselves. E) Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage lower birth rates

B) Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government? A) Sponsored refugees brought to a city far from their point of entry B) New immigrants relying on friends and family for chain migration C) Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves D) The division of land based on traditional land survey systems E) Historical preservation of religious structures

C) ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves

Which of the following explains an impact of open-border policies regarding migration within the European Union? A) Increased free trade within Europe based on elimination of tariffs, due to the need for economic cooperation between member states B) Greater cultural unity within Europe as it becomes a melting pot, due to the use of a common currency C) Growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs D) Greater restrictions on travel within European Union countries, due to the need for internal security E) Less environmental pollution as a result of stricter regulations, due to member states agreeing on a common air-quality policy

C) growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia's population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia? A) Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority. B) In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed. C) Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia. D) Ethiopia is too far from Rome for the Roman Catholic Church to be dominant. E) Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

E) Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa

Which of the following population patterns is common in more developed countries? A) High birth rates, leading to younger age structures B) An uneven ratio of males to females, leading to lower total fertility rates C) Higher population densities in rural areas, leading to scarcity of natural resources D) A rapidly increasing working-age population, leading to high unemployment rates E) Declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures

E) declining levels of fertility and mortality, leading to older age structures

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example? A) Relocation and stimulus B) Stimulus and hierarchical C) Hierarchical and relocation D) Contagious and relocation E) Hierarchical and contagious

E) hierarchical and contagious

Neo-Malthusian theory can be used to explain which of the following situations? A) Brazil's interior was previously unfit for farming, but recently more land is being cultivated. B) Mexico has utilized new technology to shift from being a food importer to being a food exporter. C) Malawi previously experienced famine but has improved agricultural yields through subsidies. D) India has been able to increase agricultural yields by utilizing bio-engineered seeds. E) South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought.

E) south Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term? A) Assimilation B) Convergence C) Appropriation D) Diffusion E) Syncretism

E) syncretism

Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries? A) A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries. B) Religious persecution and threats of violence create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. C) A working population, seeking higher wages, emigrate to more developed countries. D) Drought threatening agricultural output and food supplies create a refugee crisis in neighboring countries. E) An oppressive government discriminates against minorities, forcing ethnic groups to live in rural enclaves.

A) a large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries

The Arabic word sawahili means "a language of the coast." Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa? A) As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed. B) German colonizers needed a language that would unite all the people in their colonies. C) Traders from around the world used the countries of coastal Africa to spread not just goods, but also various languages. D) British colonizers found Swahili easy to use and encouraged its use in Africa and in Great Britain. E) As religious teachers spread Islam through Africa, many people adopted words from the Quran into the local languages, creating a new lingua franca.

A) as Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and lingua france developed

Malthusian theory would explain which of the following possible consequences of high birth rates in a less developed country? A) Famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production. B) Technological advancements will lead to increased agricultural production. C) People will implement family-planning methods as resources grow scarce. D) Areas with the greatest population density will import scarce resources. E) Farmers will bring more land under cultivation to produce more food.

A) famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production

Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have total fertility rates that exceed 5.0. Which of the following population characteristics is associated with this phenomenon? A) High youth dependency ratio B) Long life expectancy C) Low birth rates D) High elder dependency ratio E) Zero population growth

A) high youth dependency ratio

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food? A) Relocation diffusion B) Contagious diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Reverse hierarchical diffusion E) Expansion diffusion

A) relocation diffusion

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as A) stimulus diffusion B) hierarchical diffusion C) relocation diffusion D) independent invention E) distance decay

A) stimulus diffusion

Which of the following best explains an effect of migration within the United States between 1950 and 2010 ? A) The mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate. B) Population increased in the industrial North because of large-scale migration of African Americans from the South. C) Rapid suburbanization occurred in the Midwest as retirees migrated from the East Coast. D) Large clusters of migrants from other countries settled in the South and West, leading to significant population growth in this region. E) Population increased in the northeastern United States as large numbers of college graduates moved to this region to seek employment.

A) the mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate

A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups? A) Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education B) Unmarried woman in their twenties with no children and a high school education C) Married man in their forties with children and a high school education D) Unmarried men in their thirties with children and a high school education E) Married woman in their thirties with children and a university education

A) unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education

Japan has a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Which of the following explains why Japan will struggle with demographic challenges in 30 years? A) Too many youth dependents for the education system will require increased taxes. B) An aging population needing health care will require more public funding. C) Too many workers for available jobs will lead to high rates of unemployment. D) A rapidly increasing population will strain the country's infrastructure. E) A rapidly increasing population will strain the available food supply.

B) an aging population needing health care will require more public funding

From 2010 through 2017 there was a large increase in the number of migrants from Africa to Europe. Which of the following explains a possible impact on the emigrant countries of origin during and after that time period? A) Increasing emigration resulted in the governments of the countries of origin providing financial support for emigrants. B) As more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin. C) Increasing emigration resulted in a decreased need for language training programs in schools to help emigrants find work. D) Many emigrants became unemployed, which decreased the total financial contributions to countries of origin. E) Remittances increased diffusion of cultural traits such as customs, religion, and food products from the host countries to the countries of origin.

B) as more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin

South Korea, as of 2018, has the lowest total fertility rate in the world at 1.1. Which of the following best explains a population policy South Korea could enact to promote higher birth rates? A) Decreasing the age of retirement so that older Koreans can work in childcare centers B) Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children C) Increasing social-security benefits so that retirees can financially support their grandchildren D) Decreasing health insurance so that parents pay more for the cost of childbirth E) Increasing educational costs for universities so that the government can spend more on preschool

B) decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children

In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow's research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage. What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow's research? A) As cities remove natural resources from the landscape, those resources become insignificant. B) Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society. C) once water enters an area of urban land use, that water is no longer considered a natural resource. D) The prosperity of a society is determined by environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources. E) Societies leave a cultural imprint on the land, such as the pattern of streets and water systems.

B) even in areas of urban land use, there is significant relationship between nature and society

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths? A) Assimilation B) Expansion diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Relocation diffusion E) Agglomeration

B) expansion diffusion

Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago? A) Perceptual region B) Functional region C) Formal region D) Conformal region E) Equal area region

B) functional region

For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape? A) Environmental determinism B) Possibilism C) Cultural relativism D) Contagious diffusion E) Political ecology

B) possibilism

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion? A) Cultural convergence B) Space-time compression C) Syncretism D) Cultural divergence E) Creolization

B) space-time compression

In 1980 China implemented an antinatalist one-child policy. Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of the policy? A) There are more women than men because of a cultural preference for female children. B) There are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children. C) China's total fertility rate dropped below the replacement rate due to strict enforcement of the law. D) China's age structure shifted toward a high youth dependency due to limiting births. E) China discontinued the policy to accommodate an unexpected increase in infant mortality rates.

B) there are more men than women because of a cultural preference for male children

Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability? A) Natural resources are the domain of humans because of the ability of humans to take appropriate action for their use without fear of resource depletion. B) Natural resources should be used until they become too scarce or too expensive because of the immediate need for human survival. C) Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable. D) Natural resources will be replaced by technological goods because of concerns that all natural resources will become obsolete within the next generation. E) Natural resource use should generate economic profits because of the new technologies that make procuring the resources cost effective

C) natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable

Immigration of asylum applicants from Africa to the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland increased from approximately 50,000 in 2010 to approximately 200,000 in 2016. In 2017, there were approximately 175,000 asylum applicants. Which of the following best explains the trend in asylum seekers from African countries to Europe since 2010? A) Improvement in the level of economic development in African countries led to an increase in the number of asylum seekers. B) A decrease in the number of armed conflicts in African countries meant a higher number of asylum seekers traveling to Europe. C) Political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term has led to an increase in asylum seekers. D) Low fertility rates and more stable political systems led to an overall decrease in asylum seekers as they found more economic opportunities at home. E) An influx of asylum seekers from the Middle East led to a decrease in the number of accepted asylum applications from Africa

C) political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term has led to an increase in asylum seekers

Which of the following is the best describes an example of transhumance? A) Ranchers in Canada who allow their cattle to graze over a wide area of flat land B) Herders in Kenya who take their goats to a river basin each day for water C) Shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer D) Farmers in Peru who raise their llamas on land that used to be tropical rain forest E) Traders in Mongolia who maintain a herd of camels and a herd of yaks

C) shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer

A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results? A) The new technologies would conserve water and energy supplies. B) The new technologies would reduce preventive checks on population. C) The new technologies would reduce positive checks on population. D) The new technologies would create a rapid decrease in population. E) The new technologies would increase the need for preventative checks of population.

C) the new technologies would reduce positive checks on population

In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South. "Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not." Based on Reed's explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region? A) Functional B) Formal C) Vernacular D) Peripheral E) Linguistic

C) vernacular

Which of the following describes forced migration? A) Residents from New Orleans, United States, being displaced during Hurricane Katrina B) Residents from Sendai, Japan, being displaced during an earthquake and related tsunami C) Population movement to cities with more job opportunities created by economic recession D) British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries E) Northern Europeans moving to southern European countries for health reasons

D) British convicts shipped to Australia in the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern? A) The French language originated in west-central Africa and diffused to Europe. B) Muslims brought the French language into Africa from France. C) Slaves freed from France in the late 1800s relocated to the region that is now Niger and the Central African Republic. D) France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884. E) French diffused hierarchically into the largest cities of Africa after the Second World War.

D) France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884

A population pyramid that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom most likely represents which of the following populations? A) A rapidly expanding population B) A stable or declining population C) A population with an unusually small percentage of older females D) A population of retirees E) A population with a large percentage of younger male guest workers

D) a population of retirees

Which of the following processes best explains a decrease in mortality rates worldwide? A) Increased rates of female literacy B) Increased rates of urbanization C) Modern family planning methods D) Better hygiene and sanitation practices E) Greater female workforce participation

D) better hygiene and sanitation practices

When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome? A) The immigrant group will aggressively maintain their native language and prevent it from changing in order to preserve their culture. B) The immigrant group will quickly abandon their language and adopt the new language in order to achieve economic success. C) The two groups will immediately create a pidgin, or trade language, in order to communicate. D) The languages of the two groups will converge and blend into one new language. E) The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

E) the immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region? A) The region has a large population where many people identify as secular. B) The region has a small population where many people follow an ethnic religious tradition. C) The region's government is actively suppressing religious expression. D) The region's government has declared an official religion. E) The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

E) the region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion

A large number of Turkish people migrated to Germany in the 1960s, when West Germany's manufacturing economy was booming and Turkey's economy was predominantly agricultural. Which of the following best describes Turkish migration to Germany? A) Political asylum seekers fleeing Communism B) Involuntary migrants fleeing transnational wars C) Internal rural-to-urban migrants D) Internally displaced persons E) Voluntary guest workers

E) voluntary guest workers

Which of the following questions must be answered in order to identify a functional region? A) What specific characteristic defines a region? B) What general characteristics define the area's identity? C) What do people call the region? D) What languages are spoken in the area? E) What area is influenced by a node?

E) what area is influenced by a node?