AP Human Geo - Chapter 2 & 3

Southeast Asia

--emerging population cluster/smaller concentration -Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia -Most live in rural areas and farm

infectious disease

-65% of all diseases -They result from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body. ex. malaria

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model

-CBR: High (40+/1,000) -CDR: Lower (15/1,000) -NIR: Very High (25+/1,000) -Reasons for falling death rate: improved health care (smallpox vaccine), improved hygiene, improved sanitation, improved food production and storage, improved transport for food, decrease in IMR's, typical of Britain in the 19th century -stage of receding pandemics

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model

-CBR: High (40-50/1,000) -CDR: High (40-50/1,000) -NIR: None (0,1000) -Reasons for High Birth Rates: lack of family planning, high infant mortality rate, need for workers in agriculture, religious beliefs, children as economic assets. -Reasons for High Death Rates: high level of disease, famine, lack of clean water/sanitation, lack of healthcare, war, lack of education, competition for food from predators such as rats -no country today is in stage 1 -stage of pestilence and famine

stage 4 of the demographic transition model

-CBR: Low (10/1,000) -CDR: Low (10/1,000) -NIR: None (0/1,000) -Reasons for low birth/death rates: economy is fully settled, fully developed middle class, political stability, typical of USA, Sweden, Japan, Britian -stage of delayed degenerative diseases

stage 3 of the demographic transition model

-CBR: Lower (20/1,000) -CDR: Low (10/1,000) -NIR: Low (10/1,000) -Reasons for lower birth rates: family planning available, lower infant mortality, increased mechanization reduces need for workers, increased standard of living, changing status of women, typical Britain in late 19th and early 20th century. -stage of degenerative and human-created diseases

Sub-Saharan Population Growth

-Decrease in population growth -Rate is higher than India's but parts of Sub-Saharan Africa are still reeling from the impact of AIDS epidemic, which killed millions, orphaned children, reduced life expectancies, and curtailed growth rates.

5 Major Flows of global migration from 1500

-From Europe to North America -From Southern Europe to South and Central America -From Britain and Ireland to Africa and Australia -From Africa to the Americas during the period of slavery. -From India to Eastern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Caribbean America.

South Asia Population Growth

-Increase in population growth -Only Sri Lanka in this region has a growth rate lower than the world average. Natural growth rates remain higher, but this region's total population is much lower than either East or South Asia.

North Africa/Southwest Asia (Middle East) Population Growth

-Increase in population growth -Point to the correlation between high growth rates and opportunities for women; where cultural traditions restrict education and professional prospects for women, and men dominate as a matter of custom, rated of natural increase tend to be high.

Which countries have experienced declining TFR rates in recent years?

-Kenya: 4.5 -China: Fell from 6.1 to 1.75 in just 35 yrs and in 2010 dropped to 1.5 which it maintains today. -When Iran's gov allowed family planning, TFR fell from 6.8 in 1980 to 1.9 in 2013

East Asia

-Major population concentration -China, Japan, Korea -Almost 1/4 of the world's population is here, 1.36 billion in China alone -China: High pop densities in large cities, along Yangtze and Yellow Rivers Valleys (produce wheat and rice to feed major cities like Shangai and Beijing)

Europe

-Major population concentration -Dense population from Ireland and UK into Russia, and large parts of Germany, Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus. -Also includes Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of France, and Northern Italy -Over 715 Million people -reflects the orientation of Europe's coal fields -cluster in numerous cities and towns country is sparsely populated

South Asia

-Major population concentration -India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka -Cluster is in major cities, coasts, river basins like Ganges and Indus -Population cluster is growing rapidly as a result of China's declining fertility rates -Physical barriers of pop clusters: Himilayan mountains to the north and Indus River Valley (the mountains left of it in Pakistan) -Pressure of land is much greater

Which age group makes up the highest % population in Niger & Guatemala? In the US?

-Niger/Guatemala: ages 0-4 is the highest %. -U.S: ages 20-21 is the highest %

Where and Why - Internal Migration of the U.S

-Where: 2 century long migration stream has carried the center of population west and more recently also South. As the African American populace migrants westward, it is also shifting from North to South, to reflect migration flows from South to North and back again. -Why: After the American civil war, and gaining momentum during WWI, millions of African Americans migrated north to work in the Industrial northeast and Midwest. In the 1970s, Africans began leaving the North and returning to the South. The reversal had several causes: Civil rights movement played a role, disillusionment with deteriorating living conditions, coupled with growing economic opportunities in Southern cities.

South America Population Growth

-decrease in population growth -Natural Population rates used to be very high but now is experiencing significant reductions in their growth rate. Brazil's population growth rate has declined and the populations of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay are growing at rated well below the world average.

Russia Population Growth

-decrease in population growth -declining because of the social dislocation that took place in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union: deteriorating wealth conditions, high rates of alcoholism and drug use, and economic problems combined to shorten life expectancies (especially among the males) and to lower birth rates.

North America

-emerging population cluster/smaller concentration -cities in this region agglomerate into large urban areas that include Washington D.C, NYC, Boston, etc. -Megalopolises account more than 20% of the U.S's population -Canadian Megalopolises: Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City, etc. -Does not compare to densely populated cities like Mumbai or Jakarta.

What type of graph is a population pyramid? What does it represent?

-horizontal bar graph -Displays the percentages of each group in a total population (usually 5 year increments) by a horizontal bar whose length represents its share males in the group to the left of the center line, and females to the right.

United States NIR

0.5%

Which countries have the most people?

1. Chine 2. India 3. U.S 4. Indonesia 5. Brazil

Top 5 Countries that have the highest number of legal immigrants to the U.S.

1. Mexico 2. Dominican Republic 3. El Salvador 4. Cuba 5. Jamaica

The world NIR today

1.2%

If the global "average" TFR is 2.5, what TFR is needed in order to keep a population stable over time?

2.1 TFR

When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?

2.2% in 1963

What does IMR reflect?

A country's healthcare system. Higher IMRs shows us the health of the mother, they tend to be inadequately nourished, disease, poorly educated, etc.

zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. When birth rates equal death rate.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures and moving livestock according to seasonal availability.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics. -1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. -2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. -3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. -4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. -5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

The most lethal pandemic in recent years has been? Where did it orginate?

AIDS; In Africa in the early 1980s. It is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa.

About how many people are being added to the world's population each year?

About 80 million

How did 9/11 affect immigration policy in the US?

After 9/11, many countries especially in the U.S tightened up border security. Money was allocated to build fences along the Mexican border, hiring more border patrol agents, and installing new technology to intercept undocumented migrants.

Push Factor

Are the conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place. EX. War, Lack of economic opportunity

In what regions is most growth occurring?

Asia, subsaharan africa, latin america, and the middle east

Impact of conflict/war on Germany

At the end of WWII, 15 million Germans migrated westward from Eastern Europe, voluntarily or forced to leave. Before, the Berlin Wall and Iron curtain, several millions of Germans fled soviet-controlled East Germany into what was then West Germany. As many as 8 million Europeans emigrated from Europe in the postwar stream.

Countries with high physiological density

China, Singapore, Azerbaijan, Monaco, Maldives

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. Believes food supplies grow linearly and population grows exponentially.

expansive population policies

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase/population growth. Ex. some countries use things like free daycare services to encourage large families.

Ernest Ravenstein proposed what/

He proposed an answer to the question of why people voluntarily migrate.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. It sounds fairly clear, but host countries often decide the status of refugees and this can become a political decision. EX. Deportation, Slavery

Cyclic Movement

Involves short, regular trips away from home for defined amounts of time. EX. Commuting- the journey from home to work again. Nomadism- a matter of survival, culture, and tradition.

Malthus's Critics

Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding and some critics disagree with Malthus's theory thinking that a larger population could stimulate economic growth and therefore, the production of more food. Increase in technology and genetic food production increase available food.

Remittances and their importance on home countries

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries. Remittances make a lot of people's income and rely on that money as their country's wages or opportunity lacks.

stage 5 of the demographic transition model

Negative Growth (death rates that exceed birth rates); countries such as Japan, Italy, and Germany -stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.

population density

Number of individuals per unit area. Measure of total population relative to land size. Assumes an even distribution of people over land. (EX. US: 316 million pop./5,692,815 sq miles=pop density: 83 per square mile)

Dry Lands

One of the 4 most sparsely populated regions in the world, has large desert regions. Areas are too dry for farming and growing crops.

Cold Lands

One of the 4 most sparsely populated regions in the world, lands covered in ice; mainly at the poles, permafrost prevents agriculture, few animals can survive, and few humans can live here

Wet Lands

One of the 4 most sparsely populated regions in the world, receive a very large level of precipitation that may not be suitable for human conditions, along with heat that rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil. May however be good for rice cultivation as it is in some parts of Southeast Asia.

High Lands

One of the 4 most sparsely populated regions in the world,, high elevations not suitable for farming; such as mountains, few people live at high elevations with the exception of areas in Latin America(Mexico City) and some parts of Africa

island of development

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

Reasons for Immigration

Poor quality of life in their home country, wars in their home country, chance at freedom in US

How does distance decay play a part with pull factors?

Prospective migrants are likely to have more complete perceptions of nearer places than farther ones, which confirms the notion that the intensity of human activity, process, or function declines as distance from its source increases.

Neo-Malthusian Theory

Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology. Focus on the continuing rise in the world's population, which they see as a direct cause of human suffering. Argue that overpopulation is a real problem that must be addressed now.

What is the largest type of migration in the history of the planet?

Rural to Urban (primarily China)

Pattern found in studies of gender and migration

Studies find that in many regions, men are more mobile than women and men migrate farther than women. Generally, men have more choices of employment than women and women earn less than men in the jobs they find at destination locations.

Which region has the lowest life expectancy?

Sub-Saharan Africa; male life expectancy is 57 and female is 60.

What led to the migration of 1000s of Jews to return to Israel?

The UK encouraged Jews whose ancestors had fled more than a thousand years earlier from the Middle East to Europe, to return to the region. 750,000 Jews resided in Palestine when the UN intervened. Through a series of wars, Israel expanded its territory and actively built settlements for new Jewish immigrants.

chronic/degenerative diseases

The afflictions of longevity and old age such as heart disease.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. (Emigrants: migrate from a location/Immigrants: migrate to a location)

What does the highest % population of the U.S being from ages 20-24 tell us about the country's future problems?

The middle-age bulge is moving upward reflecting the increase in resources that will need to be given to the older population as the aging population increases.

History of Forced Migrations in World History

The most largest and devastating forced migration in history was the Atlantic Slave Trade which carried tens of millions of Africans. The slave trade changed the cultural and ethnic geography of source/destination regions like the Caribbean and Brazil. In 1788 Great Britain shipped tens of thousands of convicts to Australia. In the 1800s the US took and forcibly moved Native American tribes. Also, the Soviet Union under Stalin removed non-Russians, and the Nazis forced migration of Jews.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture (Ex. Egypt: arithmetic pop-d: 85 per sq km in contrast with physiological pop-d of 2628 per sq km)

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. -Calculate: 70 over % growth rate

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Migration

The periodic movement of animals/humans from one location to another. The movement of ethnically similar people from one place to another. EX. African Americans fleeing segregation in the South move to industrial cities like Chicago and Baltimore.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

General trend among poorer countries that have high population growth rates - pop pyramid

The pyramid looks like an an evergreen tree with wide branches at the base and short ones near the top.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people.

Arithmetic Population Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area. The total number of people in any given are as compared to one square unit of land.

non-ecumene

The uninhabited or uninhabitable area of the world.

Thomas Malthus Argument

The world's population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it. His reasoning was that food supplies grew linearly, adding acreage and crops incrementally by year, whereas population grew exponentially, compounding on the year before. Malthus's predictions assumed that food production is confined spatially, that what people can eat within a country depends on what is grown in the country

In what ways does the population pyramid change?

Wealthy countries have pop pyramids that look a slightly lopsided vase with the bulge in the middle.

Impact of conflict/war on Cuba

When Fidel Castro came to power and the Communist Party was establishing, the number of Cuban migrants increased. The US government formalized the flow (Cuban Airlift). The vast majority arrived and remained in the greater Miami area. In Southern Florida, Cubans developed a core of Hispanic culture. In 1980 another massive, organized exodus of Cubans occurred (more than 125,000 Cubans). Special legislation allowed the large group to become naturalized citizens over time.

Where and Why - Internal Migration of Mexico

Where: Mexican workers from areas farther south in the country migrated northward. Why: To take jobs especially in Mexico's agricultural sector. One of every 2 people born in the Mexican state of Zacatecas, as a result, the northern areas experienced a labor shortage.

Where and Why - Internal Migration of Russia

Where: Migrated east, from the heartland of the Russian state (near Moscow and St. Petersburg) to the shores of the Pacific. Why: Russian and Soviet rulers tried to occupy and consolidate the country's far eastern frontier, moving industries eastward, building railroads, feeder lines, and establishing Vladivostok on the Pacific coast as one of the world's best equipped naval bases. Russification: which sought to assimilate all the people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture. One way the Soviets pushed for Russification was by encouraging people of Russian heritage to move out of Moscow and St. Petersburg and fill in the country.

Causes of High IMRs

Women who bear children are unnourished, have diseases, poorly educated, overworked, poor sanitation. Children often die because they are improperly weaned, many die of diarrhea. This condition, with malnutrition is the leading killer of children throughout the world.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years. Demographers measure whether a population can replace its deaths with births by looking at this.

Census

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

pull factors

are the circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places, the decision of where to go. EX. more jobs

eugenic population policies

designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others. Ex. Nazi Germany. Cn be practiced covertly through discriminatory taxation and biased allocation of resources.

endemic disease

disease constantly present in a population; when it prevails over a small area

vectored diseases

disease such as malaria; is transmitted by an intermediary vector-in malaria's case, a mosquito.

Nonvectored Diseases

diseases transmitted by direct contact between host and victim ex. influenza

Genetic/Inherited Diseases

diseases we can trace to our ancestry. ex. sickle-cell anemia

Where was Malthus right?

he accurately estimated food production

Periodic Movement

involves longer periods away from home undertaken from time to time. EX. millions of workers in the U.S move periodically to take advantage of economic opportunities. EX. Transhumance, military service

restrictive population policies

laws which discourage or punish people for having large families. (anti-natal policies) Ex. China's one child policy.

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not because they are forced.

Chain Migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links. migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Colonization

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

Gravity Model

predicts interactions between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them. The gravity model assumes that spatial interaction such as migration increases as the size + importance of places becomes greater and decreases as the distance between them grows.

epidemic disease

spread to many people at the same time; when it spreads over a large region

Aging Index

the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years in a given population

Pandemic disease

worldwide epidemic; disease when it is global in scope.