AP Human Geo Unit 2 Test
Which of the following explains an impact of open-border policies regarding migration within the European Union?
Growing political tensions as immigration increases, due to competition between immigrants and local people for available jobs
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have total fertility rates that exceed 5.0. Which of the following population characteristics is associated with this phenomenon?
High youth dependency ratio
What is physiologic population density?
It relates to the total population of a country or region to the area of arable land.
People are not distributed evenly across Earth's surface. Two-thirds of the world's populations is clustered in four major regions including all of the following except:
North America
US Immigration Boom First Wave
North and West Europe
Which of the following scenarios explains a demographic push factor for less developed countries?
A large youth population, lacking educational opportunities, seek schooling in more developed countries.
Based on the diagram of the demographic transition model, which of the following correctly describes the expected population change over time?
As birth rates are higher than death rates, population growth remains high.
From 2010 through 2017 there was a large increase in the number of migrants from Africa to Europe. Which of the following explains a possible impact on the emigrant countries of origin during and after that time period?
As more emigrants sent money home, the influx of money created an economic boom in the countries of origin.
Bangladesh has seen its total fertility rate drop to 2.1, but its population is projected to be higher in 2050 than it is today. Which of the following explains why Bangladesh will continue to experience positive rates of natural increase?
Bangladesh's population will continue to grow as a result of a large youthful population.
Which of the following statements accurately describes how various factors affect population density?
Population density is dependent on the development of transportation systems.
Which of the following is the best describes an example of transhumance?
Shepherds in France who move their sheep to mountain pastures each summer
Deaths in Country A often occur due to outbreaks of epidemic disease, while in Country B most people are dying from chronic disorders such as heart disease. Which of the following best describes where these countries fall in the demographic transition model and in which region they are likely located?
Country A : Stage 2, West Africa; Country B : Stage 4, western Europe
Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9. Which country has a higher natural increase rate?
Country X
Country B has: literacy rates are low, population is traditional in regards to religious observance, elder needs is low
DTM stage 1, but could be 2
Country D has: population works in agriculture, literacy rates are low, increased quality of healthcare
DTM stage 2
Country F has: youth needs are high, ingenuity and creativity are high, increasing quality of santition
DTM stage 2
Country C has: population centers are in cities, education is available but not universal, increasing gap between the rich and poor
DTM stage 3
Country A has: women are highly educated, families have discretionary income, tax base is high
DTM stage 4
Country E has: nursing homes are common, population centers are shifting to suburbs, unemployment is low
DTM stage 4
Which of the following explains how data from the population pyramid for Spain would be useful for government policy makers?
Data on the size of the middle-aged population would be used to plan for retirement and social security benefits.
A high level of mobility for international migration and employment is best explained by which of the following demographic groups?
Unmarried men in their late twenties with no children and a university education
A large number of Turkish people migrated to Germany in the 1960s, when West Germany's manufacturing economy was booming and Turkey's economy was predominantly agricultural. Which of the following best describes Turkish migration to Germany?
Voluntary guest workers
DTM of stage 5
ZPG: low CBR, high CDR, negative NIR
The annual global population growth rate increased approximately 10,000 years ago because of the
agricultural revolution
The total number of live births per year per 1,000 people in a society is the
crude birth rate
Zelinksy Migration Trans. Model Characteristics for Stage 1
daily or seasonal mobility
ETM of stage 3
degenerative diseases (ex. cardiovascular and cancer)
ETM of stage 4
delayed degenerative diseases
The percentage of people who are too young or too old to work in a society is the
dependency ratio
Stage 4 development of group
developed, ex. USA
Stage 5 development of group
developed, ex. none technically
Stage 2 development of group
developing, ex. Congo
The medical revolution has been characterized by
diffusion of medical practices
In contrast to the experience of more developed countries, less developed countries entered Stage 2 of the demographic transition model through
diffusion of medical technologies from other countries
Stage 3 development of group
early developed, ex. Mexico
Stage 1 development of group
early developing, ex. none
advantages of stage 4
educated workforce, low youth dependency ratio, women at work, extra income/discretionary income
The population pyramid of Naples, Florida is "upside down" or "top heavy" because the city has a large percentage of
elderly people
ETM of stage 5
evolution of diseases poverty increased connection
disadvantages of stage 4
high elder dependency ratio (high taxes), labor shortages
DTM of stage 2
high growth: very high CBR, low CDR, high NIR
disadvantages of stage 2
high youth dependency ratio, strain on resources, fewer women at work, low-literacy rate
Zelinksy Migration Trans. Model Characteristics for Stage 3
international migration urban --> suburbs
disadvantages of stage 1
large youth dependency ratio, lack of education, strain on resources
advantages of stage 2
less elder needs, large workforce, youthful ppl
DTM of stage 4
low growth: low CBR, low CDR, low NIR
DTM of stage 1
low growth: very high CBR, very high CDR, no NIR
DTM of stage 3
mod growth: mod CBR, low CDR, mod NIR
advantages of stage 1
no elder needs, expanding workforce
disadvantages of stage 3
no universal education, economic inequalities
Physiological density is the number of
people per area suitable for agriculture
ETM of stage 2
receding pandemics (ex: cholera)
Zelinksy Migration Trans. Model Characteristics for Stage 2
rural --> urban international migration
One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications is that:
the most rapid growth in occurring in the less developed countries
Geographers define overpopulation as
too many people compared to resources, too many people in a region, too many people in the world
Human beings avoid all but which of these regions?
warm lands
Immigration of asylum applicants from Africa to the European Union, Norway, and Switzerland increased from approximately 50,000 in 2010 to approximately 200,000 in 2016. In 2017, there were approximately 175,000 asylum applicants. Which of the following best explains the trend in asylum seekers from African countries to Europe since 2010?
Political instability and conflict along with high fertility levels over the long term has led to an increase in asylum seekers.
Neo-Malthusian theory can be used to explain which of the following situations?
South Sudan experienced famine during the twenty-first century as a result of war and drought.
Which of the following statements accurately explains the population dynamics of a country on the table shown?
Germany has a negative rate of natural increase
Which human and physical factors explain the highly concentrated population in the Northeast region of the United States?
The Northeast is rich in natural resources, such as coal, leading to the formation of the industries that exploit these resources.
Which of the following statements best explains the trend about infant mortality shown in the bar chart?
The trend can be explained by improved health care and nutrition in all regions.
Population patterns shown on the map indicate that areas around river deltas and upland lake and river valleys have higher densities. Which of the following best explains why these regions are more heavily populated?
These regions have higher carrying capacities
Which of the following describes the relationship between fertility and education in the United States and Canada in recent decades?
The increase in the percent of women who are more highly educated correlates with the decline in fertility.
The world's population in 1995 was approximately 6 billion and a steady rate of growth was expected to reach 12 billion in approximately 45 years. The period of 45 years is known as
doubling time
ETM of stage 1
pestilence and famine (infectious and parasitic diseases)
advantages of stage 3
women education, moderate youth dependency ratio, less elder needs
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1. Every migration flow generates a counter-migration 2. Most migrants move short distances 3. Migrants tend to pick large cities 4. Rural migrants tend to migrate more than urban residents 5. Young adults make international moves more than families
Ravenstein's Laws of Distance
1. most people relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. long distance migrants to other countries head to major centers of economic activity
Which of the following would explain why a country such as Belgium would implement the described policies?
Belgium has concerns about an aging population and wants to encourage higher birth rates.
Which of the following processes best explains a decrease in mortality rates worldwide?
Better hygiene and sanitation practices
South Korea, as of 2018, has the lowest total fertility rate in the world at 1.1. Which of the following best explains a population policy South Korea could enact to promote higher birth rates?
Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children
What of the following is the most populated region in the world?
East Asia
What are the three largest population clusters in the world?
East Asia, South Asia, and Europe
Based on the demographic transition model, which region is best described as exhibiting overall negative rates of growth in stage 4?
Eastern Europe
Which of the following is the term for the area of earth's surface with permanent residents?
Ecumene
Malthusian theory would explain which of the following possible consequences of high birth rates in a less developed country?
Famine and starvation will occur as demand outpaces agricultural production.
US Immigration Boom Second Wave
South and East Europe
Gravity model
Spatial interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them. pop 1 x pop 2 over distance between = spatial interaction
Grandparents are very rare
Stage 1
The highest crude death rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition model?
Stage 1
Children are warmer in bed at night because they have more sisters and brothers
Stage 1 or 2
Billy White loses his job as a gravedigger
Stage 2
Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the demographic transition model is this country? (Hint: CBR over 30 are considered high)
Stage 2
Rapidly declining crude death rates are found in which stage of the demographic transition?
Stage 2
The highest natural increase rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition model?
Stage 2
Parents start to think more about family planning
Stage 3
The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition model?
Stage 4
Which of the following best explains an effect of migration within the United States between 1950 and 2010 ?
The mean center of the population of the United States shifted to the South and West as workers migrated to areas with more jobs and a warmer climate.
A country develops new technologies for farming, which help stabilize and increase food supply. According to Malthusian theory, which of the following would best explain those results?
The new technologies would reduce positive checks on population
Which statement best explains an environmental impact of China's population distribution?
The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.
Which of the following patterns is indicated by the population pyramid shown? (Ghana Pop Pyramid)
The population has a high total fertility rate.
The annual global population growth rate increased approximately 200 years ago because of the
Industrial Revolution