AP Human Geography - Chapter 1
Small scale map
shows a large area with less detail
Large scale map
shows a small area with greater detail
Isoline Maps
shows changes in the variable being mapped. It can also show elevation or depth.
Chloropleth Map
shows the level of some variable with predefined regions. It categorizes variables into classes and depicts each class with colors or shading patterns.
Map Scale Ratio or Fraction
shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth's surface
local diversity
(folk culture) A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective (or a community) who share experiences, custom traits, and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others.
globalization
(pop culture) the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact the processes transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales.
Phoenicians
- Carriers of News and Civilization to less advanced ppl - Came from present day Lebanon - 1220-800 B.C.E. - Semitic Speaking - tyre and Sidon- present day - Giant Cedar trees used for their boats - high skilled ship builders and navigators - would establish colonies (most important one was carthage) - created an alphabet that led to Latin - Purple dye (Tyrish Purple) Contribution to Geography: - Trade (NO CONQUEST)
Chinese
- Have great geographical knowledge of their world - It developed independently- away from all the other groups - Found out everything on their own - Found out about the middle east because of the Silk Road
Cylindrical Map Projection
- Have straight meridians and parallels - The meridians are equally spaced - The parallels are unequally spaced - The scale is true along the equator and the two lines equidistant from the central line (equator) - The shape and scale distortion increases near points 90 degrees from the central line (equator) EX: Mercator Map, Peters, Gall projection
Romans
- Knew that there were other civilizations around them - Controlled a vast majority of land
Pseudocylindrical Map Projection
- Resembles cylindrical projections straight and parallel latitude lines and equally spaced meridians but the meridians are curved EX: Area IV Equal Area, Eclart VI Equal Area, BEST ex: Robinson Projection !!! (know this!) (Robinson is most commonly used in classrooms)
Conic Map Projection
- Result form projects a spherical surface onto a cone - Good to show shipping routes (especially on arctic routes) preserves the poles
Azimuthal (Planar) Map Projection
- Result from projecting a spherical surface onto a plane - Parallels are circles around the middle - Shows how close the Soviets are to the U.S. - Looks down at the north pole or the south pole EX: Lamberth Azimuthal Equal Area preserves more of the sides of the map
Eratosthenes
- came up with the word geography - known as the father of geography - appointed head librarian of the Great Library at Alexandria - Introduced climate zones (torrid & frigid) - calculated the circumference of the earth using rays of the sun in certain angles and was just barely off the actual circumference - Observed an eclipse and saw the shadow of the ROUND earth and came to the conclusion that the earth is a sphere - 276-195 B.C.E - Divided the world into 5 climate zones (by 30 degrees.. temperate in the middle, torrid, than frigid
Mercator Map Projection
- have straight meridians (lines of longitude) ans straight parallels (lines of latitude) - the meridians are equally spaced while the parallels are unequally spaced - Shape and size distortion increase near points 90 degrees from the equator
Connections
refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur.
Space
refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects. Geographers observe that many objects are distributed across space in a regular manner, for discernible reasons.
Map Scale
refers to the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth
Robinson Map Projection
-straight and parallel lines (equally spaced) - meridians are curved - oval shaped - most likely in classrooms
Prime Meridian
0 degrees longitude
Map as a communications tool
A map is often the best means for depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution. (used to show change overtime and to map patterns)
By the end of the Roman Empire, geographers had....
1. developed theories about a spherical earth 2. established climate zones 3. recognized environmental influences on humans 4. learned to modify their world
Parallel
A line of latitude
Map as a reference tool
A map helps us to find the shortest route between two places and to avoid getting lost along the way. We consult maps to learn where in the world something is located, especially in relationship to a place we know, such as a town, body of water, or highway. The maps in an atlas or a smart phone app are especially useful for this purpose. - smartphone app - hand drawn map to someone's house - in geography class - road map
map
A map is a two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it. Geography is immediately distinguished from other disciplines by its reliance on maps to display and analyze information. A map serves as a reference tool and a communications tool.
Example of a story behind a places name (hint: migration makes movements and indigenous people)
A place name may also indicate the origin of its settlers. Place names commonly have British origins in North America and Australia, Portuguese origins in Brazil, Spanish origins elsewhere in Latin America, and Dutch origins in South Africa. Some place names derive from features of the physical environment. Trees, valleys, bodies of water, and other natural features appear in the place names of most languages
Polder
A polder is a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.
Cultural landscape
A region derives its unified character through the cultural landscape—a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
Mental Map
A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that accurately determines the precise position of something on earth. The GPS used in the U.S. includes 3 things... - Satelites in predetermined orbit by the US Military - tracking stations to monitor and control - receivers to locate satelites and figure out the distance to each which uses that to pin point to location EX: Can be used by 911 Operators to track where the person in help is
Distortions: Shape
Can be distorted so that it appears more elongated or squat than it is in reality ex: Greenland on most maps
Ancient Groups: Commerce and a Conquest
Conquest- Early map making was for commerce (trade) and conquest.
ED: Contagious Diffusion
Contagious diffusion is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. As the term implies, this form of diffusion is analogous to the spread of a contagious disease, such as influenza. Contagious diffusion spreads like a wave among fans in a stadium, without regard for hierarchy and without requiring permanent relocation of people.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time.
Distortions: Direction
Direction from one place to another can be distorted
Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
Latitude
Distance north or south of the equator
ground truthing
Driving around to gather information for street navigation devices EX: Google Maps cars that go around and take pictures to eventually post to Google Maps/Earth
Three Pillars of Sustainability
Environment: The sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation is conservation. preservation, is the maintenance of resources in their present condition. Society: Humans need shelter, food, and clothing to survive, so they make use of resources to meet these needs. Consumer choices can support sustainability when people embrace it as a value. Economy: Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace. The price of a resource depends on a society's technological ability to obtain it and to adapt it to that society's purposes.
space-time compression
Geographers apply the term space-time compression to describe the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
Cultural ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
ED: Hierarchical Diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion is the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. Hierarchical diffusion may result from the spread of ideas from political leaders, socially elite people, or other important persons to others in the community. Innovations may also originate in a particular node or core region of power, such as a large urban center, and diffuse later to isolated rural areas on the periphery.
The first question a cartographer must ask themselves when making a map is....
How much of the earth's surface am I going to depict on this map?
Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopatamia - "land between the rivers" site of the first agricultural revolution! - domestication of plants and animals - Fertile Crescent (from Persian Gulf to Medit. Sea) - Tigris River - Euphrates River - Sumerians - Persian Gulf - Mediterranean Sea - Flat area with no natural defenses - Area was fertile Contributions to Geography (present day Iraq btw) - Fertile Land - Trade & Conquest
Ancient Contributors to Early Geography includes which groups and/or people?
People: Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Hecateus, Aristotle, Eratosthenes, Strabo, Ptolemy, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn-Battuta, Martin Waldseemuller, Abraham Ortelius, Bernhardus Varenius, "Yu Gong", Pei Xiu, Pytheas, and Hipparchus Groups: Mesopotamians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Europeans
George Stewart
Recognized that certain themes dominate American toponyms. Developed classification scheme focussed on ten basic types of place names.
Map Projections: Types of Distortion
Shape, Distance, Relative Size, and Direction
Arabs
Since the fall of the Roman Empire in 479 CE, they stopped learning and gaining knowledge.. but the Arabs kept that going. They traveled across - North Africa - the Sahara Desert - the Indian Ocean - the Southeastern Ocean Around the 600s, the Islam religion came around and this caused the Arabs to move more to set more people to convert. - Baghdad became the Islamic capital
Sense of Place
State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.
ED: Stimulus Diffusion
Stimulus diffusion is the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.
Resources (Sustainability)
Sustainability requires curtailing the use of nonrenewable resources and limiting the use of renewable resources to the level at which the environment can continue to supply them indefinitely. To be sustainable, the amount of timber cut down in a forest, for example, or the number of fish removed from a body of water must remain at a level that does not reduce future supplies.
Board of Geographical Names
The Board of Geographical Names, operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, was established in the late nineteenth century to be the final arbiter of names on U.S. maps. In recent years the board has been especially concerned with removing offensive place names, such as those with racial or ethnic connotations.
Modification of the environment
The Dutch have modified their environment with two distinctive types of construction projects—polders and dikes. The Dutch government has reserved most of the polders for agriculture to reduce the country's dependence on imported food. The second distinctive modification of the landscape in the Netherlands is the construction of massive dikes to prevent the North Sea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, from flooding much of the country
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. These satelites are used to scan earth's surfaces and take data ex: taking pictures of the earth's surface - can also detect radiation
Why must a cartographer omit detail on a map?
The details must be omitted simply because there's not enough space for everything on the map. For instance, if you're making a map of the whole world, you're not going to be able to fit every city on there.
Distortions: Distance
The distance between 2 points may become increased or decreased Ex: The distance between Parkland and Coral Springs
Distance Decay
The farther away someone is from another, the less likely the two are to interact. Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears. This trailing-off phenomenon is called distance decay
Toponym
The name given to a place on earth
Site
The physical character of a place
Location
The position of anything on Earth's surface.
Distortions: Relative Size
The relative size of areas analyze altered so that one area may seem larger even though in reality it isn't
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process is expansion diffusion
human geography
The study of the spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity.
True or False: It is impossible to have a map without distortion
True! Every map ever has some type of distortion
Dot Maps
Uses a dot to represent the occurrence of some variable in order to depict variation in density in a given area
Europeans
Vikings: - Erik the Red/Eric Thorvaidson - Established colonies in Ireland, Greenland, North America, and Newfoundland - It is thought that these people were the first to go to the New World - Icelanders can trace their heritage back to the vikings
Why do toponyms change?
When colonies become independent place names often change. Changes in power through coups and revolutions prompt name changes. People can choose to change a toponym to memorialize an important person or event. ... Creating "brands" of places.
graphy
Writing
Environmental determinism
a belief that developed in the 19th century and early 20th century that the environment determines how a culture will develop (basically saying that the physical environment will affect human actions/decisions) Main factor: Climate --> used by the europeans to justify imperialism and racism ex: white european nations believed that people from warmer climates like Africa, Asia, and the New World were lazy because they aren't as advanced as the europeans
Meridian
a line of longitude
Cartographer
a person who makes maps
What are the 5 critical decisions a cartographer must make when creating a map?
a. Map Scale b. Map Projection c. Simplification d. Aggregation e. Type of Map
Regions
an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries; There are three types: Vernacular, Formal, and Functional
Functional region
an area where people believe exists as a part of their culture
Formal Region
an area where the majority in that area share one or more common characteristics
Great Circle Route
an imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth and represents the shortest distance between two points
Possibilism
belief that people, and not the environment, are the forces responsible for shaping culture - any environment offers a variety of ways that a culture can possibly develop - the culture is shaped by the choices the people make in interacting with their environments
Geographic Information Science (GIS)
captives, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data. it produces maps that are more accurate then hand drawn ones. Used for maps and for layers on maps. Goes w/ remote sensing. Keep in mind that: an analysis of data about the Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
Map Scale: Written Scale
describes the relationship between the map and Earth in words
geo
earth
vernacular region
has a node- where is has the most activity
Interruption Maps
interruptions are separations on a map to prevent distortion.
Place
is a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic. Every place occupies a unique location, or position, on Earth's surface.
Region
is an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics. Geographers divide the world into a number of regions, such as North America and Latin America.
Greeks (MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR!)
literally gave us geography ! - Eratosthenes - Anaximander - Pythagoras - Aristotle - Pytheas - Hipparchus
Mashup
map that overlays data from one source on top of another
Possible reasons for a toponym include
may be named for person, founder, or random famous person with no connection to place.
geography
means "Earth writing" or writing about the Earth
Measurement of Time
per 15 degrees longitude is a different time zone, starting from the Prime Meridian (GMT)
Situation
the location of a place relative to other places
Commodification
the process of through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be through and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be turned into a market economy.
Scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. Geographers study a variety of scales, from local to global. Ex: Many Processes that affect humanity's occupation of Earth are global in scale, such as climate change and depletion of energy supplies. At the same time, local-scale processes—such as preservation of distinctive cultural and economic activities—are increasingly important
Cartography
the science of map making
Map projection
the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map (falls into 4 general classes... cylindrical, pseudocylindrical, and azmuthal)
Physical geography
the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude
Proportional Symbol Maps
uses a symbol to show the intensity or frequency of a certain variable. The size of the symbol represents the value of each variable. The sizes vary with the frequency of what is being mapped.
Map Scale: Graphic Scale
usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface
Culture
which is the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. Geographers distinguish groups of people according to important cultural characteristics, describe where particular cultural groups are distributed, and offer reasons to explain the observed distribution