GEOL 1014 Okstate Exam 1

Intrusive igneous rocks are often coarse-grained because ________. A) the pressures at depth cause them to have a rough texture B) the slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow C) the uplift process that exposes the rock fractures them and makes them rough D) small holes from escaping gases leave them rough and coarse

B

Atoms that share electrons have a(n) ________ bond. A) covalent B) ionic C) partial D) metallic

A

Consider Bowen's reaction series. Which mineral would you expect to see as a phenocryst in a porphyritic basalt? A) olivine B) quartz C) orthoclase D) sodium-rich plagioclase

A

Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique killed thousands of people in ________. A) a pyroclastic flow, also called a nuee ardante Nuée Ardante B) a caldera collapse C) an ash fall that smothered the people living there D) a cinder cone eruption

A

The most common group of silicates is ________. A) feldspar B) quartz C) mica D) granite

A

The process by which ions arrange themselves into orderly patterns during the cooling of a liquid is called ________. A) crystallization B) melting C) extrusion D) intrusion

A

Which electrons are responsible for most chemical bonding? A) outer electron shell because these electrons can be readily exchanged with adjacent atoms B) innermost electron shell because the electrons can be transferred to the nucleus C) middle electron shell because they are intermediate in distance between the nucleus and the adjacent atom that bonds with the atom D) Any electron can exchange with adjacent atoms to form a bond; there is no preference.

A

Which magma is most likely to quench (congeal) to a natural glass? A) highly viscous; cools quickly B) highly viscous; cools slowly C) highly fluid; cools slowly D) highly fluid; cools quickly

A

Which of the following statements apply to the asthenosphere, but not the lithosphere? A) zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage. B) cool, rigid layer of crust and upper mantle that forms the tectonic plates. C) deforms mainly by brittle fracturing and faulting. D) partial melting of rising granitic plumes produces huge volumes of basaltic magma.

A

________ is the major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases. A) Water B) Carbon monoxide C) Hydrogen chloride D) Methane

A

1 gram is defined as the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water. A cubic centimeter of quartz weighs 2.65 g and a cubic centimeter of galena weighs 7.5 g. The density of these materials from highest to lowest is ________. A) quartz, galena, water B) galena, quartz, water C) galena, water, quartz D) water, quartz, galena

B

A naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically is a(n) ________. A) reserve B) ore C) resource D) tailing

B

Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________. A) electrons in the nucleus B) protons in the nucleus C) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell D) electrons in the valence bond level

B

Clay is an example of ________. A) a carbonate that forms from weathering of other carbonates B) a silicate that forms from weathering of other silicates C) a sulfate that forms from weathering of other sulfates D) a halide that forms from weathering of other halides

B

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? A) Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rockstrata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past. B) Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface. C) Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past. D) None of the above-physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same.

B

Which of the following is most resistant to both chemical and physical weathering? a) clay minerals b) quartz c) granite d) Limestone

B

A map of the ages of the sea floor shows ________. A) the direction of the plate motions B) the location of modern plate boundaries C) how much material was produced at the ridges during a given period of time D) how fast the plates are moving

C

Carbonates always include ________. A) SiO4^-4 B) SO4^-2 C) CO3^-2 D) Cl-1, F-1, or Br-1

C

The Himalayas formed as a result of ________. A) an ocean-ocean convergence B) an ocean-continent convergence C) a continent-continent convergence D) a hot spot

C

The concentration of aluminum precipitated by chemical weathering in soils forms _________. a) oxisols b) pyrite c) bauxite d) hematite e) oxite

C

The mineral olivine is characteristic of a ________ magma. A) felsic B) intermediate C) mafic D) ultramafic

C

Volcanic bombs originate ________. A) as enormous blocks launched in a solid form from a volcanic plug B) as blocks of volcanic rock ejected from an erupting volcanic crater C) as erupted magma blobs that partly congeal before falling to the ground D) as ash particles that join together in the eruptive plume and fall as cobble-sized objects

C

Wegener thought that ________. A) ) there were once two big continents that were separated later by the Atlantic Ocean B) there was once one big continent that was later separated by the Atlantic Ocean C) there was once one big continent that later broke into several pieces D) there were once several continents that recombined to form the continents we have today

C

What is true of the apparent polar wandering? A) There were two magnetic poles in times past, and now there is one. B) The magnetic pole wanders all over the globe, so sometimes it is near the equator. C) There is only one magnetic pole, and it is the continents that wander. D) Eurasia and North America have never been connected.

C

What theory dramatically improved geologist's ability to predict where certain ore deposits were formed? A) geosynclines B) faulting theory C) plate tectonics D) quantum mechanics

C

What type of volcanic material is indicative of eruption under water? A) Aa flows B) Pyroclastic flows C) Pillow lavas D) Pahoehoe flows E) Lava aprons

C

Which convection model suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths? A) slab pull B) layer cake C) whole mantle D) ridge push

C

Which of the following best describes Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature in New Mexico? A) a very recently active, basaltic cinder cone B) an extinct, highly symmetrical, composite volcanic cone C) the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes D) an extinct, massive, rhyolitic shield volcano

C

Which of the following is a mineral as defined by a geologist? A) boulder B) concrete C) salt D) water

C

Which two elements combine to make most of the common rock forming minerals in the crust? A) carbon and oxygen B) nitrogen and oxygen C) silicon and oxygen D) silicon and nitrogen E) carbon and nitrogen

C

________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains. A) Obsidian B) Pumice C) Pegmatite D) Granite

C

6. Volcanoes form above subduction zones because ________. A) the subducting lithosphere melts as it descends and the magma descends deeper into the core B) the lithosphere thickens above the subducting lithosphere and causes volcanoes to form C) the asthenosphere is displaced by the subducting lithosphere and rises to the surface to form volcanoes D) water is squeezed out of the subducting slab and the water triggers melting of the overlying asthenosphere

D

A very long-lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a ________. A) magma welt B) basalt spout C) melt well D) hot spot

D

All of the following are factors that affect the generation of magma EXCEPT for ________. A) heat B) pressure C) crystal size D) volatiles

D

Deposits of which of the following minerals would never be considered an ore due to their relatively low market value? A) galena B) hematite C) chalcopyrite D) quartz

D

Gypsum, which is widely used in plaster and wallboard, is a member of the ________ group. A) silicate B) carbonate C) halide D) sulfate

D

In which of the following igneous rocks and environments would you expect to find unusually high concentrations of rare elements such as lithium, beryllium, and boron? A) basalt dike; fills a vertical fracture at shallow depth B) pumice lump; crystallized at depth in a mass of intrusive granite C) peridotite; crystallized at depth in the upper mantle D) pegmatite; crystallized from a water-rich, highly differentiated, residual magma

D

Organisms contribute to soils formation by ____________ a)contributing organic matter to the soil. b) degrading organic matter to form humus. c) stirring the soil to allow air infiltration. d) all of the above.

D

Pyroclastic flows move ________. A) very rapidly, too fast to outrun on foot B) as gravity flows similar to snow avalanches C) as a dense cloud that contains hot magma particles suspended in hot gases and moves rapidly downhill D) all of the above E) none of the above

D

Rocks that contain high amounts of silica typically also contain ________. A) iron, magnesium, and potassium B) aluminum, magnesium, and potassium C) aluminum, sodium, and potassium D) calcium, magnesium, and potassium

D

Structures that result from the emplacement of magma into preexisting rocks are called ________. A) country rocks B) host rock C) extrusions D) plutons

D

The Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain formed as a result of ________. A) convergent plate boundary activities B) divergent plate boundary activities C) transform plate boundary activities D) hot spot activities

D

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in Earth's interior. A) inner core B) lithosphere C) mantle D) outer core

D

The most obvious evidence of a plate boundary where two plates move apart is(are) ________. A) earthquakes B) strike-slip faults on the seafloor C) mountain building along the plate boundary D) upwelling of hot material from the mantle

D

The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is ________. A) hardness B) habit C) specific gravity D) color

D

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as ________. A) luster B) cleavage C) streak D) hardness

D

What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, Oregon? When did they take place? A) A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano 10 million years ago. B) The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water 5 million years ago. C) Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River 500 years ago. D) Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions 6000 years ago.

D

Which igneous rock or magma has the least amount of light-colored silicates? A) granite B) basalt C) andesite D) peridotite

D

Which of the following best describe the E soil horizon? a)regolith zone b) erosion zone c) residual zone d) leaching zone

D

Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? A) Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils. B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. C) Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale. D) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers.

D

Which of the following factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively quiescent? A) amount of dissolved gas in the magma B) temperature of the magma C) composition of the magma D) all of these

D

Which of the following is not a physical weathering process? a)frost wedging b) salt crystallization c) tree root growth d) rocks reacting with organic acids from plants

D

Which of the following is one way that human activity accelerates soil erosion? a) Planting trees and other vegetation b) Using terraces to farm steep slopes c) Creating grassed waterways d) Clearing rainforest e) Planting crops parallel to the contour of the slope

D

Why are boulders not a mineral? A) They are not naturally occurring C) They are not solid D) They do not have an orderly crystalline structure. E) They do not have a well-defined chemical composition

D

Why did scientists not accept the Continental Drift hypothesis? A) It did not explain how ocean basins form. B) It was based on observations from the southern hemisphere which was unfamiliar to most geologists. C) It was proposed by a woman. D) It did not include a viable mechanism.

D

Why do the minerals calcite and dolomite bubble with the mineral or its powder are placed in hydrochloric acid? A) Both minerals are sulfides, and the acid reacts to release sulfur dioxide gas. B) Both minerals are metal hydrides, and when placed in hydrochloric acid they give off hydrogen gas. C) The acid and the mineral together react with oxygen in the air, releasing CO2 gas. D) The acid reacts with the mineral to release CO2 gas that is bound into the crystal as carbonate ion.

D

________ are the largest intrusive igneous bodies. A) Sills B) Dikes C) Stocks D) Batholiths

D

Soil belongs to the ________. A) hydrosphere B) atmosphere C) geosphere D) biosphere E) All of the above

E

Which discipline is not used within the Earth sciences? A) Chemistry B) Physics C) Biology D) Mathematics E) None of the above; Earth Science makes use of all of these sciences.

E