AP Human Geography Food and Agriculture Unit

The domestication of plants and animals occurred in the A. First Agricultural Revolution B. Green Revolution C. Second Agricultural Revolution D. Columbian Exchange E. Industrial Revolution

A.

What are some challenges of the Green Revolution?

Advanced forms of machinery are required in order to make use of high-yield seeds. In developing countries, however, this machinery is difficult to come by, forcing governments to use scarce funds to subsidize the cost of equipment, seeds, and fertilizers. Reserves of the elements required to produce fertilizers are not evenly distributed across the Earth, and some nitrogen-based fertilizers depend on fossil fuels. These resources are expensive for farmers in developing countries.

Which of the following is an example of sustainable land management? A. using groundwater instead of rivers for irrigation B. reduction in fertilizers and pesticides to conserve fossil fuels C. conservation tillage to reduce soil erosion D. organic and truck farming E. using GMOs to reduce water usage

C

The building of the Erie Canal in the 1820s to connect New York City with the Midwest was paid for by the state of New York. It is an example of A. agribusiness B. vertical integration C. a subsidy D. a supply chain E. an economy of scale

C.

Which country is among the largest exporter of agricultural products? A. Russia B. China C. Chile D. Brazil E. Egypt

D

Define plantation farming and list its characteristics.

Plantation farming entails large-scale estate farming meant for growing cash crops. Plantations are found in the tropics and subtropics, and crops include cotton, tobacco, sugar, coffee, and rubber.

Where is ranching common?

Ranching, the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area, is common in China, the US, and Brazil (largest meat producers).

Who is the largest milk producer and largest meat producer, respectively?

India and China

The three dominant grains in the world are?

wheat, rice, and maize

Compare and contrast "wet rice not dominant" regions and "wet rice dominant" regions.

"Wet rice not dominant" regions are not suitable for growing wet rice due to low summer precipitation levels and harsh winters. In these regions, wheat and other crops are grown through crop rotation. "Wet rice dominant" regions on the other hand, experience the opposite environmental conditions. These regions feature terraced hills, flooded rice paddies, and hand planting and harvesting of rice. The regions are similar, however, in that land is used for intensive farming and is worked by humans and small hand tools as well as animals on occasion.

What are some of the primary causes of desertification?

Overgrazing- responsible for 34% of land loss Deforestation- responsible for 30% of land loss Agricultural use- responsible for 28% of land loss

List the major agricultural hearths and the crops and animals that originated there.

Southwest Asia- 8000 BC origin of barley, wheat, olives, and domestication of dogs, goats, cattle, pigs, and sheep. East Asia- 8000 BC origin of millet along the Yellow River and rice along the Yangtze River. These rivers often flood, leaving behind silt and fertile soil. Central and South Asia- 2000 BC origin of chicken and horse Sub-Saharan Africa-8000 BC origin of sorghum, yams, millet, and rice Latin America- 400 to 500 years ago origin of beans, corn (maize), and cotton as well as potatoes in Peru.

How do subsistence farmers increase crop yield?

Subsistence farmers increase crop yields by adopting new farming methods such as applying more manure, replacing axes and sticks with plows, carving terraces out of hillsides, and digging more irrigation ditches. These farmers also increase crop yield by leaving agricultural land fallow, or unattended, for shorter periods of time. The stages of this process include forest fallow, bush fallow, short fallow, annual cropping, and multi-cropping.

The main source of protein in developed countries comes from?

meat

What is the relationship of global food production to population growth?

food production exceeds population growth

The access to safe and nutritious food sufficient to lead an active and healthy life is known as?

food security

What two points were the key driving forces behind the Green Revolution?

An exponential increase in the human population and the advent of industrial fertilizers

A GMO is

An organism that has has its DNA altered for improved productivity

Why is Africa struggling with food supplies?

Both food production and population growh have increased substantially within Africa since 1961, and the country is now struggling to provide food for its inhabitants. Farmers overplanted plots of land, and an increase in herd size led to the exhaustion of vegetation and sources of water.

Describe the relationship between climate and agriculture, and provide some examples.

Climate is closely linked to agriculture, but does not strictly determine it. For example, dry, arid climates are suited to pastoral nomadism, and the tropical wet and dry climate of the southeastern US is suitable for mixed crop and livestock.

What caused overfishing to occur?

Countries with extensive mileage of coastline have captured and cultivated fish faster than they can reproduce.

What types of crops are common in Mediterranean agriculture, and where is it found? What are the growing conditions?

Crops such as olives, grapes, citrus, nuts and fruits, vegetables, and flowers grown by horticulture are common in Mediterranean agriculture. It is found in the countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, Central Chile, Australia, and California. Mediterranean agriculture is found in regions of warm summers, mild winters, and mountainous or hilly terrains.

What is diet and nutrition impacted by?

Diet and nutrition are impacted by level of development, physical conditions such as climate, and cultural preferences.

What is the difference between fishing and aquaculture? What kinds of fish are commonly raised through aquaculture?

Fishing entails the capture of wild fish and seafood while aquaculture entails the controlled exploitation and cultivation of seafood. Aquaculture could also be referred to as fish farming. Fish harvested by aquaculture include catfish and tilapia.

What are the types of agriculture present in developed countries?

Grain farming, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming, Mixed Crop and Livestock, Dairying, and Livestock Ranching

What makes hunter-gatherer groups so small? What governs hunter-gatherer movement?

Hunter-gatherer groups maintain small numbers of people so as to avoid exhausting the resources available within walking distance. The movement of game as well as the distribution of seasonal plants governs the migration patterns of hunter-gatherers.

Which country accounts for the most undernourished people?

India

What makes some produce clean and others "dirty?"

Many crops without husks or peelings are contaminated with chemicals.

What is the biggest danger to prime agricultural land?

Prime agricultural land, or productive farmland, is threatened by the sprawl of urban areas into the surrounding countryside. Urban sprawl has removed 500,000 acres of prime agricultural land, but GIS is used to determine land worth preserving.

What are some common crops of shifting cultivation?

Some common crops of shifting cultivation include rice in Southeast Asia, corn in South America, and millet and sorghum in Africa.

Intensive subsistence agriculture would be found in?

Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

Define subsistence and commercial agriculture.

Subsistence agriculture entails the cultivation of crops for personal consumption (developing countries). Commercial agriculture entails the cultivation of crops for sale in the industry (developed countries). It often produces a large surplus of food.

Where are the most productive wet-rice areas of the world?

The most productive wet-rice regions are found in Southeastern China, East India, and large portions of Southeast Asia.

Which country has the most amount of hectares of farmland per tractor?

U.S

What country leads the world in corn production?

U.S.

What types of improvements came with the Green Revolution in the 70s and 80s?

With the green revolution came improvements in versatile seeds, such as the "miracle wheat seed", "miracle rice seed", and high-yield maize. The introduction of high-yield seeds then necessitated the development of fertilizers to maintain them. Many of these fertilizers contain either nitrogen, phosphorous, or potassium, but some countries cannot afford fertilizers or new seeds.

The vertical integration of food production from the field to the table is known as

agribusiness

Which of the following are plantation crops raised in the tropics at higher elevations?

coffee and tea

The world's population began to grown about 8,000 years ago as a result of?

the cultivation of crops

Describe statistics regarding dietary energy needs.

1,844 calories are recognized as being necessary for daily consumption by the UN. The world average consumption is 2900 calories. The average in the US is 3800 calories, and the average in Sub-Saharan Africa is 2400 calories.

Give statistics regarding fish consumption and overfishing.

132 million tons of fish were consumed in 2012, which makes up 1% of total food consumption. 1/4 of fishing docks are overfished, and 1/2 of the docks are exhausted.

What is the definition of GMO? Why are genetically modified organisms called "roundup-ready?" Describe genetic modification in the U.S.

A GMO is a living organism that exhibits a combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. GMO seeds are genetically modified to survive when exposed to herbicides and insecticides. Therefore, these seeds are referred to as "roundup-ready" because their creator sells weed killers under the name "roundup". Genetic modification is common in the U.S, and labeling of GMOs is not required.

What is a criticism of global agriculture? Local agriculture?

A criticism of global agriculture is that the system of short-term production is not sustainable. Many argue that roundup ready seeds, international trade, and deforestation are damaging to the environment. A criticism of local agriculture is that, although it is sustainable, it does not posses the efficiency to provide for the world's entire population.

What would make a crop from a developing country appealing to a developed country? Explain the dilemma that a developing country has when switching over to export crop.

A crop from a developing country would be considered appealing to a developed country if it is a fruit or vegetable otherwise out of season, or if it is a crop such as coffee or tea that cannot be grown in a developed country due to climate. When a developing country makes the transition to exporting crops for the purpose of buying agricultural equipment, productivity does not increase. Instead, this money must often be used to feed those who left subsistence agriculture behind.

Explain some common methods to prevent damage due to excess water.

A method known as "no tillage" leaves soil entirely undisturbed. The residue of previous harvests is simply left alone to prevent the soil from becoming loose. Another method, known as "ridge tillage", deals with the planting of crops on the same small ridges year after year to prevent disturbing the soil.

What is a milkshed? What types of things is milk used for outside the milkshed? What are some of the challenges milk farmers face?

A milkshed is the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling. Outside the milkshed, milk can be sold to processors that make butter, cheese, or dried, evaporated, or condensed milk. These products do not perish as easily as real milk. Dairy farmers face many challenges due to the low profitability of the business. Dairying challenges entail constant work, providing winter feed, and making a profit due to short spoilage distances. In New Zealand, 95% of milk is converted to other products due to spoilage distance.

Deforestation has resulted in A. more farmland in some places but more desertification in others B. more farmland in some places and less desertification in others C. less farmland in some places but more desertification in others D. less farmland in some places and less desertification in others. E. no noticeable change in the amount of farmland or desertification.

A.

Slash-and-burn agriculture is often used by farmers who live in areas that have A. soil that lacks sufficient amounts of nitrogen to grow food crops quickly B. a climate of extremes, one that includes very hot summers and very cold winters C. a shortage of rain throughout the year, such as an arid or desert region D. very high elevations, such as in mountian ranges in South America and South Asia E. a combination of climate and physical features that result in crops growing very slowly

A.

Pastoral nomadism and livestock ranching are two types of agriculture involving animals. A. Identify a region of the world where livestock ranching is common and another region where pastoral nomadism is common. B. Identify the climate type associated with these activities and explain why it is. C. Identify and describe TWO differences between the way pastoral nomadism and livestock ranching are practiced.

A. Livestock ranching is common in Western North America and East Asia (China). Pastoral nomadism is common in Saudi Arabia and North Africa. B. Pastoral nomadism is found in dry, arid regions because it is based on herding where the cultivation of crops is very difficult. Animals like camels can survive without water for long periods of time, and cattle adapt easily to the hot climate. Livestock Ranching is common in drylands as well because the cultivation of crops is very difficult. C. Pastoral nomadism is a type of subsistence agriculture, and the meat from animals is utilized for personal gain, whether the meat is traded for wheat or consumed by the nomad. Livestock Ranching is a type of commercial agriculture, however, in which meat is produced for sale off the farm. In addition, pastoral nomads practice transhumance, and transport their livestock from mountains to lowland pastures. Those practicing pastoral nomadism depend on their animals for survival, but those practicing livetock ranching are not divided into territorial groups with particular migration patterns.

From 1960 to 2000, the Green Revolution introduced substantial changes in agriculture, especially in the developing countries. A. Identify and describe TWO positive consequences of the Green Revolution B. Identify and describe TWO negative consequences of the Green Revolution

A. The Green Revolution introduced improvements in versatile, high-yield seeds, such as the "miracle rice seed", "miracle wheat seed", and high-yield maize. The Revolution also introduced improvements in nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilizers. Both of these advances led to a decreased reliance on humans for agricultural labor, and represented the increased use of scientific research in agriculture. The Revolution led to a decrease in hunger and in food prices. B. The Green Revolution caused the governments of developing countries to use scarce funds to subsidize the cost of equipment, seeds, and fertilizers. In addition, some of the fertilizers introduced by the Revolution are made with fossil fuels, and the elements needed to compose them are not distributed evenly across the Earth. The Revolution was also considered unsustainable, and led to environmental strain from aggressive irrigation, double cropping, and the increased application of fertilizers.

What water challenges does California face?

After several years of drought in California, the volume of surface water within the state was drastically reduced. Furthermore, the little water that California does have access to does not match the distribution of demand. Much of the water supply is found in the the north, while the demand comes from the Southern and central portions of the state. Agriculture uses 80% of the country's water supply

What is agri-business? What are some of the jobs associated with agri-business?

Agribusiness is the system of commercial farming found in developed countries. (business of agriculture) Some of the jobs associated with agribusiness include farming, seed production, retailing, and food processing for a total of 20% of the labor force.

Which country has the largest share of the world's organic farms?

Australia

Aquaculture A. has caused the decline of native fish species from overfishing B. has increased the amount of fish-based protein available in the food supply by 2/3 C. has created an increase in the human consumption of fish by 20% D. has reduced the demand on wild fish species by allowing populations to re-establish numbers E. is restricted to inland waterways

B

Subsistence intensive farming occurs predominately in A. rural areas of Canada B. hillsides of Southeast Asia C. the Atlantic Northeast and Inland Europe D. rural southern U.S. E. Central and Eastern Europe

B

Which statement best explains why a large number of agricultural products are imported into the U.S. from Chile? A. inexpensive labor in Chile reduces the cost of production B. the growing season in Chile allows U.S. consumers to have fresh fruits and vegetables in the winter C. subsidies in the U.S. make agricultural produce less expensive D. improvements in agricultural technologies have increased Chile's output E. the number of U.S. farmers has declined so significantly that the country cannot produce enough food

B

As a result of the Columbian Exchange, which crop was transferred to Europe from the Americas and later spread through the world? A. coffee B. corn C. rice D. olives E. wheat

B.

Which statement explains why pastoral nomads move from place to place with their cattle? A. they have been contracted to raise these animals for a multinational corporation B. it has been proven to be an effective method of subsistence agriculture in the semi-arid region in which they live C. recent improvements in refrigeration and transportation have greatly expanded how ar milk can be delivered D. it allows the owners of the livestock to stay in one place while the cattle graze over a large area E. Green Revolution technologies have made this practice possible since the mid-20th century

B.

Analyze the impact of the Green Revolution in a named developing country.

By 1971, India experienced a surplus of several million tons in wheat production and became a major exporter of rice in the global market by 2006. Increases in crop yields due to the improvements in seeds and fertilizers in the Green Revolution helped offset potential famines due to an increase the fertility rate and life expectancy as a result of population growth.

A farmer who converts forested land and marshland into cropland has A. created an agricultural hearth B. fulfilled the promise of the Green Revolution C. increased the land's carrying capacity D. shown the advantages of the Columbian Exchange E. increased the yield of the crops on the land.

C

Which was one result of the development of cool chains? A. they eliminated the need for air transport of agricultural products B. they decreased the use of high-speed rail for transporting food C. they increased the distance that fresh fruits and vegetables could travel D. they were a result of advances in agricultural productivity E. they caused the development of large ships for transporting meat products

C

Which countries are the major producers of wheat? Describe wheat as an export crop.

China, India, and the U.S. Wheat is the #1 export crop in the world, and is grown for human consumption. Its production is highly mechanized.

State the flows of the drug trade.

Cocaine: Colombia to Mexico to U.S. Heroin: Afghanistan to Western Europe and Russia Marijuana: Mexico to U.S.

Describe the crops of shifting cultivation as well as its challenges.

Crops- corn in South America, rice in Southeast Asia, and millet in Africa. Challenges- provides an inefficient use of land, can only provide for a low population capacity, and leads to deforestation of rainforests.

Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Mesoamerica, and the sub-Saharan regions were all A. leaders in starting the Columbian Exchange B. sites where the Second Agricultural Revolution began C. areas noted for widespread terracing D. hearths of plant domestication E. regions where the Third Agricultural Revolution failed

D

The Green Revolution involved all of the following EXCEPT A. an increased use of scientific research in agriculture B. an increased use of fertilizer C. a decreased reliance on humans for agricultural labor D. a decreased use of pesticides E. the development of higher-yielding seeds

D.

Which describes a change in agriculture that shows the clearest impact of development of agribusiness? A. the small-scale farming sector has grown stronger B. the number of farmers involved in sustainable agriculture has increased dramatically C. the use of organic farming methods has increased greatly D. the networks for production and distribution have become more efficient E. the emphasis on local trade has increased significantly

D.

Describe food consumption and caloric intake.

Dietary energy consumption is measured in calories. Much caloric intake comes from wheat in Southwest Asia and the Americas, rice in East, South, and Southeast Asia, and corn (maize) in Central America and Sub-Saharan Africa.

In which country would you find pastoral nomads? A. Kazakhstan B. China C. Israel D. Saudi Arabia E. All of the above

E

The region with the largest percentage of population that is undernourished? A. Latin America B. East Asia C. Northern Europe D. Oceania E. sub-Saharan Africa

E

Which of the following explains the flow of agricultural products in the global market? A. major grain production flows from Russia to Europe and India B. China provides grain products to much of Europe C. European Union is a major supplier of grain to Latin America D. Japan is a major supplier of grain products to the rest of Asia E. U.S, Canada, and Argentina are major grain suppliers to Europe and Asia

E

What agricultural practice is employed by people who move from place to place with their cattle? A. dairying B. intensive subsistence C. ranching D. shifting cultivation E. pastoral nomadism

E.

Which country used to be the biggest importer of food?What countries import food now, and why? Export food?

Europe was the main food importer due to the colonies before the 21st century. Japan, Russia, Southwest Asia, North Africa, and South Asia regularly import food. This is because population booms in these countries made it difficult for agriculture to provide for the entire population. Brazil, Argentina,the U.S, and Southeast Asia regularly export food.

Define food security and describe statistics regarding protein intake. What percentage of the population has food security?

Food security entails access at all times to safe and nutritious food. About 90% of the world has food security. Meat provides 1/3 of protein intake in developed countries and 1/10 of protein intake in developing countries.

What are some of the positive impacts of GMOs? What are the possible negatives? Why are many countries wary of using GMOs?

GMOs are beneficial because they produce higher yields, provide increased nutrition, and exhibit increased resistance to pests. However, it is believed that many GMOs pose health risks by decreasing the effectiveness of antibiotics. Many countries are wary of GMOs due to concerns about market demand for exports and increased dependence on the U.S (Africa can't sell GMO products to Europe). For instance, many African nations oppose GMOs for fear that a terminator gene will be generated to require farmers to purchase seeds from U.S. companies such as Monsanto.

Where are GMOs most common? Where are they least common?

GMOs are common in North America as well as Latin America. They are least common in Africa.

What are some reasons for increased crop prices?

High demand for food in India and China Decrease in miracle breakthroughs Decision to use crops as biofuels instead of as food

Compare and contrast percentages regarding farmers in developed and developing countries.

In developed countries, 3% of the population work as farmers, although this percentage is declining due to low pay. In developing countries, 42% of the population works as farmers.

Describe increases in productivity for commercial farmers.

In recent years, commercial farmers have increased productivity, which can be seen in U.S. dairy farming. The number of dairy cows has decreased while milk production has decreased.

Rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, and palm oil is raised in?

Intensive plantation agriculture

Define intensive subsistence agriculture, and list some characteristics.

Intensive subsistence agriculture is defined by farming based on intensive human labor on small plots of land. It involves double-cropping when possible, to provide more than one growing season in a year. Rice is grown through intensive subsistence agriculture.

What is mixed crop and livestock farming? Why is it desirable? Where is it common?

Mixed farming entails the integration of crops and livestock. Mixed farming is desirable due to its efficiency and its ability to balance variations in seasonal income. This type of agriculture also allows farmers to evenly distribute their workload throughout the year. Mixed farming is common in the Corn Belt of the US, extending from Ohio to the Dakotas. Most land is used for crops (feed-corn and soy), but the majority of profits come from animal products.

Describe the animal types, territory, and migration patterns of pastoral nomadism. Where is it generally found?

Pastoral nomadism is often found in dry regions in the Middle East and North Africa. The animal types of pastoral nomadism include camels, goats, and sheep, and tribes often have defined land boundaries and predictable migration patterns. This migration often entails transhumance, seasonal migration between mountains and lowland pastures.

Why is pastoral nomadism going away?

Pastoral nomadism is on the decline due to the increasing ability of national governments to exercise control over these indigenous groups. Many pastoral nomads have been forced to give up their occupations so that their land can be utilized for other purposes, such as for oil, mining, or irrigation.

What are the types of agriculture present in developing countries?

Pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, plantation farming, and intensive subsistence (wet rice dominant and wet rice not dominant)

Which climate and agricultural regions are found between 20N and 20S latitude?

Plantations and tropical climate

Why is shifting cultivation called slash and burn? Why is the land usually only good for crops temporarily?

Shifting cultivation is called slash and burn because it entails the slashing of vegetation and burning of debris. This land is usually only good for crops temporarily because the most productive harvest comes the second year after burning. It takes a while for the soil to replenish needed nutrients after the land has been cleared.

What are some strengths and weaknesses of shifting cultivation?

Shifting cultivation is very effective when it comes to providing food for small groups of people. Plots of land are allocated to each family, and cleared land is always returned to. In addition, the practice of burning slashed vegetation provides the soil with a natural way to replenish its nutrients. Some drawbacks, however, include the fact that it can only support small groups of people without significant environmental deterioration. In addition, moving from one field to another uses a larger portion of land when compared to other portions of agriculture.

Define shifting cultivation and list its characteristics.

Shifting cultivation, or slash and burn agriculture, creates short-term arable land known as a swidden. 1/4 of the world's farmland is used for shifting cultivation. This type of agriculture, often found in tropical regions, includes circular crops or chaotic patterns, and is based on village ownership.

Describe U.S. government policies to improve the financial position of farmers.

The U.S. has spent $20 billion each year on subsidies to farmers. Their policies encourage farmers to not grow abundant crops, pay farmers to offset low crop prices, and buy surplus production.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops in a developed country.

The disadvantages include a possible health risk due to a decreased efficiency of antibiotics, an environmental risk due to the possible creation of herbicide resistant weeds and reduction of biodiversity, and a cultural risk due to a demand for increased funding for research. The advantages include higher yields on the same amount of acreage, reduction in the use of fossil fuels, and a targeted, more efficient application of herbicides.

What are some of the challenges of intensive subsistence farming?

The plants cultivated by intensive subsistence agriculture all come from small plots of land. Due to insufficient funding for equipment, much agricultural work is done by hand or with the help of animals. Due to the vitality of all pieces of land, few crops are grown for animal consumption.

What has been the source of fish production growth, and where? Why has fish production exceeded human consumption?

The primary source of fish production growth has been due to aquaculture. The regions with the highest yields of wild seafood are the Pacific Northwest and Asia's inland waterways. Fish production has far exceeded human consumption due to the fact that a large portion of seafood is fed to poultry and hogs. Only two thirds of the fish caught in the ocean are consumed by humans.

Describe the Agricultural Revolution, and some beliefs about its causes.

The revolution was marked by the time period in which plants and animals were domesticated. It established permanence in human settlement and led to an increase in the population as well as the establishment of stable food supplies. It is believed that the Agricultural Revolution took place as a result of environmental and cultural factors. Environmental- the end of the Ice Age caused ice to recede from the mid-latitudes, causing a redistribution of humans, plants, and animals. Cultural- It is believed that the desire for permanent inhabitance led to the cultivation of crops. Improvements in water, manure, and soil likely followed. This is believed to have occurred due to a combination of deliberate and accidental experiments over thousands of years.

Describe the von Thunen Model. What are some things the model might have to be adjusted for?

The von Thunen Model seeks to demonstrate that different types of agriculture are practiced at different distances from a city based on the cost of transportation and the value of the product. The topography of a region, the presence of transportation routes by water, and the social customs and government policies of a region can all lead to the adjustment of the von Thunen Model. Ring 1- gardens and milk; expensive to ship; short spoilage distance Ring 2- timber; expensive shipping due to weight Ring 3- crops and pasture region Ring 4- large animal grazing

Describe fish production.

There are 18 major global fishing regions, and due to increased farming, production has increased by 158 million tons. Much of the fish either caught in the wild or cultivated through aquaculture is used for animal feed.

What is transhumance?

Transhumance refers to the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

What are truck farms growing? And who are these crops being sold to? What are the growing conditions?

Truck farms ("barter" or "exchange" farming) grow the fruits and vegetables demanded by developing countries, such as apples, cherries, peaches, and tomatoes. These crops are occasionally sold directly to consumers in developed countries but are usually sent to large canning companies. Truck farming is found in the Southeastern U.S, and is characterized by humid and long growing seasons.

What is undernourishment? And where is it most common?

Undernourishment is defined by an amount of food insufficient for a healthy life and the performance of light physical activity. 98% of undernourishment is found in India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa.

What are some of the things you cannot do if you are organic farming? Where is it most common?

Use herbicides, pesticides, or GMO seeds Confine livestock and administer antibiotics for reasons other than therapeutic purposes Australia is the biggest proponent.

Compare and contrast pastoral nomadism and hunter-gathering.

Very few pastoral nomads slaughter animals for food, but hunter- gatherers do. The meat that is obtained by hunting in pastoral nomadism is often traded for wheat. In addition, the migration patterns of pastoral nomads are more closely linked to territoriality and knowledge of physical characteristics rather than the distribution of vegetation. Pastoral nomadism is subsistence agriculture based primarily on herding where cultivation of crops is impossssible. The two are similar in that neither involve the cultivation of crops.

What makes wheat more desirable than other crops? Where are grain crops grown within North America?

Wheat has high selling prices, multiple uses, and can be transported and stored with ease. Within North America, grain crops are grown primarily in the winter wheat belt through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma, the spring wheat belt through the Dakotas, Montana, and Southern Canada, and the Palouse region of Washington State.