AP Human Geography Review - Unit Six

Which of the following industries will most likely locate closest to its raw material sources? A. Soft-drink bottling B. Brewing C. Nickel smelting D. Baking E. Automobile assembly

C. Nickel smelting

The global pattern of gender inequality index scores is similar to the expected pattern of countries by level of economic development, with the exception of a few countries such as A. South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand B. Japan, Spain, and Canada C. Venezuela, Syria, and Iraq D. Brazil, Libya, and China E. Mexico, Argentina, and India

D. Brazil, Libya, and China

Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber's analysis of location decisions? A. It seeks to evaluate the impact of a single factor of production on location. B. It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production. C. It is applicable only in postindustrial economies with predictable spatial patterns. D. It depends on the availability of a single node, link, and input of production. E. It is applicable only in industrial economies with predictable spatial patterns.

B. It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production.

A clustering of doctor's offices and pharmacies near hospitals is BEST explained by the benefits of A. decentralization B. agglomeration C. intervening opportunity D. balkanization E. enfranchisement

B. agglomeration

The literacy rate of any country correlates most closely with which of the following? A. Per capita income B. Annual precipitation rates C. Petroleum production D. General level of intelligence E. Population density

A. Per capita income

Based on the data in the table, which of the following statements is accurate? A. The HDI and GII are directly related; as one increases so does the other. B. As economic development increases, the percent of women in the workforce increases. C. Increased levels of economic development often conceal gender inequities. D. Gender equality is closely tied to cultural norms and not affected by economic conditions. E. Since the GII is one component of HDI, HDI always increases with GII.

C. Increased levels of economic development often conceal gender inequities.

The high-tech firms of Silicon Valley in California are clustered together to take advantage of A. cheap labor B. economies of scale C. access to markets D. agglomeration effects E. high-speed transportation

D. agglomeration effects

Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called A. subsistence activities B. organic activities C. secondary economic activities D. primary economic activities E. tertiary economic activities

D. primary economic activities

Which of the following concepts explains the decision to relocate market-oriented factories in the United States from the Midwest and Northeast to locations in the southern United States or Mexico? A. Comparative advantage, because products can be made more efficiently in the southern United States and Mexico. Operating costs and wages are lower, and the manufactured products are easily transported to major United States markets. B. Growth poles, because governments in southern United States cities and Mexico strive to stimulate economic development by providing a guaranteed market for all products manufactured at these locations. C. Just-in-time delivery, because the United States population is shifting to the south and west, and the Mexican population is growing. It is critical to produce goods closer to the consumer base to reduce shipping times. D. Complementarity, because the regional economy of the midwestern and northeastern United States is shifting to the service sector. There is little interest in maintaining manufacturing at these locations. E. Post-Fordist production, because traditional midwestern and northeastern manufacturing centers in the United States are unable to keep up with the technological changes of modern industry.

A. Comparative advantage, because products can be made more efficiently in the southern United States and Mexico. Operating costs and wages are lower, and the manufactured products are easily transported to major United States markets.

Which of the following sectors of the economy has grown the fastest in the United States since the mid-1970s? A. Service B. Agriculture C. Retail D. Manufacturing E. Military

A. Service

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data shown in the table? A. There are a large number of women in the Spanish legislature, but few women have been elected in Kuwait. B. Spain and Kuwait are countries that have very similar levels of economic and social development. C. An increase in per capita wealth will almost always result in an improvement in gender equity in a country. D. Spain and Kuwait are countries that have very different levels of economic development. E. There is a close correlation between the two statistics displayed on the chart above.

A. There are a large number of women in the Spanish legislature, but few women have been elected in Kuwait.

Using the data in the table, which of the following explains a limitation of using gross national income (GNI) per capita as the only measure of a country's level of development? A. A country can have a positive trade balance that is not calculated in the gross national income. B. A country can have a high level of economic and social development that is not reflected in annual production and trade data. C. A country with a high level of economic and social development will not have a GNI per capita below $40,000. D. A country that produces a large amount of agricultural exports will not have a high GNI per capita. E. A country that produces a large amount of food for consumption within its borders will not have a high GNI per capita.

B. A country can have a high level of economic and social development that is not reflected in annual production and trade data.

Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt? A. The increased percentage of women in the labor force B. Competition from foreign imports C. Environmental legislation D. The formation of free trade associations E. The decline of labor unions

B. Competition from foreign imports

Compare the two images. What do the technologies shown demonstrate about the Industrial Revolution? A. The dependence on large quantities of steel has limited industrial growth to areas with high concentration of coal and iron. B. The increased transportation technology has enabled the diffusion and expansion of industrial activities. C. Industrial centers must be built along rivers or waterways to facilitate the transportation of raw materials and finished goods. D. The initial take-off stages of the Industrial Revolution focused solely on heavy, material-oriented industries. E. Due to the cost of such large-scale industrial projects, industrialization has been unable to diffuse to developing countries.

B. The increased transportation technology has enabled the diffusion and expansion of industrial activities.

Which of the following statements explains a weakness in Rostow's stages of economic growth model? A. The model is based on the principle of initial advantage that highlights the importance of an early start in economic development for all countries in the world. B. The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent. C. The model is based on the permanent classification of countries into the core, semiperiphery, and periphery, and countries are unable to move up or down from one category to another. D. The classification for a country pertains to the entire country with no condition for variation in the level of development within a country. E. The model is based on the premise that development in one place requires underdevelopment in another place.

B. The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent.

The port of Los Angeles is the busiest port in the United States and a major break-of-bulk point. Which of the following statements correctly explains why Los Angeles is a break-of-bulk point? A. The robotic systems at the port results in fewer workers being required to unload container ships. B. The port can accommodate large container ships that can be unloaded quickly so that containers can be transferred onto carriers that use California's highway and rail systems. C. The massive warehouses located at the port allow goods from container ships to be stored easily for long periods of time. D. Goods can be transferred to other container ships going to the port of San Francisco. E. Los Angeles is on the Pacific Ocean allowing for more trade with countries in Asia.

B. The port can accommodate large container ships that can be unloaded quickly so that containers can be transferred onto carriers that use California's highway and rail systems.

Which statement explains one way in which the transformation of India's economy contradicts Wallerstein's world system theory? A. As a British colony, India functioned as a peripheral region supplying resources to benefit the core. B. Using a development strategy to avoid economic dependency, India has been able to develop its own industries and participate fully in the global economy. C. The outsourcing of high-tech jobs with high wages to India by U.S. companies is not economic exploitation because the jobs are high paying. D. India's ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse populations serve as centrifugal forces, preventing India from participating in the global economy. E. India's emphasis on nonalignment with and isolation from the Heartland has limited the country's role in supranational organizations and international decision-making.

B. Using a development strategy to avoid economic dependency, India has been able to develop its own industries and participate fully in the global economy.

Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea that A. all world regions are equally well developed B. levels of social and economic development are fairly uniform between core areas and peripheral areas C. sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas D. the growth and prosperity of core countries has not been achieved at the expense of peripheral countries E. the economic and social heart of a territory should be at its geographic center

B. levels of social and economic development are fairly uniform between core areas and peripheral areas

Economic complementarities between two places tend to A. reflect only differences in resource base B. occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other C. occur when the places specialize in the same commodities D. reflect the minimization of distance E. reflect the maximization of scale

B. occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other

Rostow's modernization model is concerned with which of the following concepts? A. Dependency B. Structuralism C. Core-periphery relations D. Economic development E. Neocolonialism

C. Core-periphery relations

The two images illustrate advancements in technology resulting from the Industrial Revolution. Comparing the images, which of the following statements best illustrates an impact of the Industrial Revolution on society? A. Industrialization technologies were applied to agriculture and to the transportation of agricultural products to widespread markets that led to greater food supplies and a surge in the population. B. One major unintended change that came with industrialization was the standardization of time in order to provide nationwide schedules that were an aid to improving the efficiency of train travel in the United States. C. The invention of the steam engine and the construction of steel bridges to carry trains across various physical features led to ever-increasing demand for the materials and labor to build more trains and tracks. D. The Industrial Revolution was largely a change in economic activity that brought wealth to industrialists but did not significantly alter the landscape. E. Improvements in technology effectively shrank transportation times, but intervening obstacles such as rivers and canyons lessened the efficiencies of travel by rail.

C. The invention of the steam engine and the construction of steel bridges to carry trains across various physical features led to ever-increasing demand for the materials and labor to build more trains and tracks.

The map shows the locations of world financial, banking, and investment centers. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the map's representation of global economic patterns? A. The map does not show major population centers located in the Southern Hemisphere. B. The map does not show the locations of export processing zones in more developed countries. C. The map does not show the growth of investment in businesses in less developed countries. D. The map does not show growth poles that stimulate regional economic activity. E. The map does not show the environmental pollution associated with industrial cities.

C. The map does not show the growth of investment in businesses in less developed countries.

Quaternary economic activities are those that A. extract natural resources from the environment B. transform raw materials into finished products C. involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information D. involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services E. involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets

C. involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information

Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by A. production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw material production B. strong unions and localized involvement in all facets of the production process C. spatial disaggregation of the production process D. reliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production process E. production facilities located close to railroads

C. spatial disaggregation of the production process

What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol manufacturing plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? A. Near a large university to facilitate recruitment of highly trained chemists B. Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation C. Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets D. Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials E. Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market

D. Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials

As a less developed country's economy evolves, the size of the primary sector, the size of the secondary sector, and the size of the tertiary sectors fluctuate. Which of the following statements best describes the highest level of job-opportunity change as countries shift from the periphery to the semiperiphery level of development? A. Primary sector employment increases as the country's domestic demand for food and energy increases. B. Primary sector employment increases as the country's economy becomes increasingly export oriented. C. Tertiary sector employment grows more quickly than any other sector because of foreign direct investment. D. Secondary sector employment increases as the demand for manufactured products increases. E. Secondary and tertiary sector employment declines as factories and offices are increasingly automated.

D. Secondary sector employment increases as the demand for manufactured products increases.

The classic model of industrial location theory suggests that the primary consideration in the location of an industrial site is which of the following? A. The institutional structure of the firm B. The cost to produce the product C.The cost of raw materials D. The cost of transportation E. The location of the market

D. The cost of transportation

In the context of industrialization, how does the use of the building materials in Image 1 compare to the use of building materials in Image 2? A. The change from stone to iron bridges had no impact on industrialization because stone was readily available and stronger than iron. B. The change from stone to iron bridges created a great demand by Europeans for bridges because iron bridges were less expensive to build. C. The scarcity in stone for building bridges facilitated the need to import new materials such as iron, leading to globalization and the rise of industrialization in Europe. D. The development of the metals industry led to the construction of higher and longer bridges, a reduced need for stone as a building material, and rapid industrialization. E. Bridges of stone were not constructed in Europe until modern times because the use of iron as a building material developed in the United States and did not diffuse to Europe until the early twentieth century.

D. The development of the metals industry led to the construction of higher and longer bridges, a reduced need for stone as a building material, and rapid industrialization.

Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory? A. The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. B. The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semiperiphery, and periphery. C. Individual countries can score higher on certain indicators of development and lower on other indicators as they shift from the periphery to the core. D. The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core. E. The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application.

D. The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core.

Which of the following statements explains one of the limitations associated with utilizing the measures of development shown in the table above? A. Gross national income per capita allows for the comparison of the wealth level in a country on a per-person basis. Therefore, the relative wealth of the population in China and Namibia can be compared. B. All the statistics measure economic aspects of development and fail to measure social aspects of development. Frequently, social aspects of development are just as important as economic. C. The Gender Inequality Index measures aspects of gender disparity for married women. D. The Human Development Index and Gender Inequality Index use the same data and therefore measure the same noneconomic aspects of development. E. All the statistics aggregate data to the country level. Frequently, there is a great deal of variation in development within countries that is hidden by aggregated data.

E. All the statistics aggregate data to the country level. Frequently, there is a great deal of variation in development within countries that is hidden by aggregated data.

Which of the following has brought significant numbers of foreign visitors and currency to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, and Belize? A. Casino gambling B. Vacation cruising C. Offshore banking D. Factory outlet shopping E. Ecotourism

E. Ecotourism

Even though it is a relatively clean source of energy, which of the following is a disadvantage of hydroelectric power? A. The water used needs to be chemically treated immediately upon leaving the powerhouse. B. The electricity generated has a lower voltage than electricity generated by traditional coal and natural gas plants. C. The generators are more complex than coal or gas generators and are expensive to purchase and maintain. D. It is not an effective power source in regions which traditionally experience less rainfall. E. It can alter the ecosystems above and below the dam site.

E. It can alter the ecosystems above and below the dam site.

Which of the following correctly classifies the countries in the table by their level of development? A. More developed: Canada; industrializing: France; less developed: Brazil B. More developed: Brazil; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania C. More developed: France; industrializing: Canada; less developed: India D. More developed: Canada; industrializing: Tanzania; less developed: Brazil E. More developed: France; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

E. More developed: France; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

Free-trade zones such as the countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are established to increase the ease and volume of international trade by A. increasing diplomatic relations between member states B. opening borders to migrant guest workers from member states C. establishing a common monetary unit among member states D. offering large economic-development loans to poorer member states E. eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states

E. eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states