AP Human Geography Semester 1 Study Guide PART B

Approximately how many languages are there in the world today?

5,000-7,000 languages

What is a literary tradition?

A language that is written as well as spoken

Define lingua franca.

A language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce

Discuss the nature of taboos, as it relates to food

A restriction on behavior imposed by a social customs like Muslims not eating pork ever in their lives

Given an example of a location where one would find a creolized language AND explain why it is there

In the U.S and it's there because the U.S has developed a more complex structure and vocab and has become the native language (English) of a group of people

What is the concept of gendered?

In tons of a place, whether the place is designed for, or claimed by, men or women

What is the largest language family?

Indo-European

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Hispanic is categorized as a/an______________

It isn't a race, so formal members of Hispanic ethnicity select the race they wish (black, white, etc.)

Why has the Icelandic language changed less than any other Germanic language?

It was because of it's isolation

Where is the Caucasus region? Why does it suffer from linguistic fragmentation?

It's the little area where Georgia (Not U.S one), Azerbaijan, and Armenia is. It suffers from linguistic fragmentation because many people there speak different languages and it's hard to communicate with one another

Where are the four major ancient culture hearths?

Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Nike River, Huang He River

Define Carl Sauer's concept of the cultural landscape.

Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects of their culture

Discuss the difference between monolingual and multilingual states. Give examples for each

Monolingual states are countries where almost everyone speaks the same language (ex: Japan, Portugal, and Uruguay). Multilingual states are countries in which more than 1 language is in use (ex: Belgium, India, Ireland, Canada, and South Africa)

Name the three states in the U.S with the highest concentration of Amish.

Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana

What is the most widely spoken language of Brazil?

Portuguese

What do modern geographers accept AND reject regarding the relationship between the physical environment and social interaction/social customs?

Possibilism and environmental determinism

Geographers interested in race, equality, and gender study patterns by looking at (aim for two or three)

Power relationship within an area, structure of race, equality, and gender in a given place

Describe the process of succession

Process in which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant

What mountain chain the majority of Basque speakers?

Pyrenees Mountains

How are distance decay and time-space compression related?

Related because people move away from their hearth where there's better communication and transportation and jobs are.

What is the second largest language family?

Sino-Tibetan

What are the characteristics of folk culture?

Small, rural, homogeneous groups

Which two countries contain the majority of Basque speakers?

Spain and France

Discuss the policy of assimilation.

Taking of indigenous people and attempting to mainstream them into the dominant culture

What is the primary reason for the large number of individual languages throughout Africa?

The 1,000s of years of isolation between tribal groups

What is an isogloss?

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

How is Chinese written?

pogograms/ideograms

Define neolocalism

seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the modern world

Define ethnocentrism

tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture

What is Franglais?

the use of English in the French language

Define dialect

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

Celtic language: where do I find it? Who tried to take it away? Is it extinct or in the process of being revived?

Find it in France, England tried to take it away, and it's the process of being revived

English is part of which language branch?

Germanic

Give an example of a revived language

Hebrew

Name three ways in which British and American English differ

They differ in the alphabet, the way they're isolated, and the vocabulary is also different

According to the Anatolian hearth theory, how did the Indo-European language diffuse?

Through agriculture

List five countries around the world, and outside of Europe, where people speak: Spanish

U.S, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, Bolivia

What is the most relevant language to Pakistan?

Urdu

List five countries around the world, and outside of Europe, where people speak: French

Vietnam, Morocco, Canada, Spain, and France

What is the language spoken throughout the Roman Empire?

Vulgar Latin

Who were the Germanic invaders of England?

Angles, Saxons, Jukes

Dsicuss factors that contribute to the convergence of the cultural landscapes worldwide

Architectural forms and planning ideas have diffused around the world. Individual businesses and products have became so widespread they don't leave distinctive landscape stamp on far flung places. Wholesales borrowing of landscape images, blurring of place distinctiveness

What country do the Flemings and Wallonians reside in?

Belgium

What is Spanglish?

Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.

What is a mix of indigenous and colonial languages called?

Creolized language

The dominant language for international trade and business is____________

English

What is the relationship between the Kurgans and the Indo-European language?

Kurgans were the 1st speakers of the Indo-European language

Define revived language.

Language that almost got extinct, but then got revived and gained former status

What are the characteristics of pop culture?

Large, heterogeneous groups in urban areas

The Indo-European language family is dominant in which regions?

Latin America, Europe, North America, South Asia, and South Pacific.

Describe distance decay

Likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases

Describe time-space compression

Likelihood of diffusion depends on the connectedness (communication and transportation) among places

What is a distinguishing factor regarding African languages (think number of speakers).

Linguists seem to keep on adding newly discovered languages to the African list

What accounts for the regional variation in the appearance of humans in clustered populations?

Long history of adaptation to different environments

Define placelessness

Loss of uniqueness of a place

Which language has the most speakers?

Mandarin

Are Cantonese and Mandarin mutually intelligible language?

No

How does relocation diffusion occur in both pop and folk cultures?

The spreading of music has occurred in both folk and pop culture. It's also related to the amount of land the cultures have