AP Human Geography - Unit 2 (Population and Migration) Test Review
stage 4 (MDC's: slow growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -curved shape with a curved head and steep sides that push inwards as you approach the bottom
stage 2 (LDC's: rapid growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -proper looking triangle with no curves; steep sides
stage 1 (LDC's: rapid growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -triangle with a curved bottom
since they needed people to rebuild the country after wars ended
Why did Europe stop large scale immigration to the U.S. in the mid-1900's?
-a constitutional amendment guaranteed families the legal right to decide on the # and spacing of children -National Population Council was established to improve family planning through education
Why did Mexico's rapidly declining CBR in stage 3 of the DTM happen?
due to the Medical Revolution
Why did stage 2 in the DTM come to Africa, Asia, and Latin America?
due to the Industrial Revolution
Why did stage 2 in the demographic transition come to Europe and North America?
since they have relatively flat area, a temperate climate, and they're near coasts/rivers
Why do East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia compose 2/3 of the world's population?
due to the people living there having low life expectancy
Why do Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the lowest incidence of cancer?
Since tech and fiance allow a few people to farm large land areas and feed many people
Why do richer countries have low agricultural densities?
-lack of workforce -economic challenges of sustaining a high standard of living -aging population with a high dependency ratio
Why do you think Japan's population pyramid is problematic for the country?
due to difficulties faced by low income people in gaining access to health care
Why does the U.S. have a higher MMR than other wealthy countries?
Due to the large amounts of immigration into the U.S.
Why does the population continue to increase in the U.S. but the CBR is declining?
since economic growth has slowed, while % of people needing public assistance has increased
Why have governments needed to change their approach towards public assistance?
due to demographic momentum, which occurs when, despite a decreasing fertility rate, a country with a young population continues to experience continued population growth
Why is the world population still growing?
Poplation Pyramid
a bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a population; helps us see population chnage in a country
Uniform dispersion pattern
a dispersion pattern where individuals are equally space apart in a population
pensions
a fixed amount of money paid to a retired person by a government or former employer
J Curve
a growth curve that depicts exponential growth
Permanent legal U.S. immigrants
as a lawful permanent resident (LPR), one receives a "green card" is eligible to work, and may later apply for citizenship
Rule of 70
associated with the calculation of doubling time. If you divide 70 by the annual percent growth of a country, you will get the number of years it will take its population to double
population pyrmaid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
MDC (more developed country)
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
LDC (Less Developed Country)
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
crossing the Appalchians
From 1800-1840, where were most of the people going in the U.S.?
rushing to the gold
From 1850-1890, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
filling in the Great Plains
From 1900-1940, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
moving south
From 1950-2010, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
-sudden drop in death rate that comes from tech innovation -sudden drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs
What are the two big breaks with the past that the four stage demographic transition model is characterized by?
age and gender
What are the two factors that divide population pyramids?
-for economic reasons -political and environmental factors can also encourage it
What are the two main reasons for why migrants move?
cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, etc.) and cancer
What are the two most important chronic diseases?
lowering through education and health care and lowering through contraception
What are the two strategies that been successful in reducing birth rates?
permanent and temporary
What are the two types of legal U.S. immigrants?
-most of them are male -most of international ones are young males, while most of the internal ones are females
What are three general defining characteristics of migrants?
-more people are alive at this time than at any other point in history -virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries -the world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before; slowed down a bit during 21st century
What are three reasons why studying population geography is so important?
-extreme cold -ground covered with ice or is permanently frozen (permafrost)
What are two reasons why cold lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
-too dry for farming -lack sufficient water for crops
What are two reasons why dry lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
-steep and snow covered (mountains) -possible at high lands at low latitude/near equator
What are two reasons why high lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
placing a burden on governments in developed countries to meet adequate levels of income and medical care for older people who have retired
What does graying of a population refer to?
increased population in the south of the U.S.
What effect did air conditioning have on population distribution?
moved people farther away from 'core' sites
What effect did airplanes have on population distribution?
cities began to expand cities into larger areas
What effect did automobiles frame have on population distribution?
increased population density in cities
What effect did elevators and steel frames have on population distribution?
people could move farther away from work
What effect did highways have on population distribution?
moved people west in the U.S.
What effect did railroads have on population distribution?
-too much rain and heat depleted nutrients from soil
What is a reason why wet lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
the fact that people only want a certain gender to be born or reported to the census (this gender is usually males)
What is gender-based selection (common is India and China)?
due to the desire of jobs and better job opportunities
What is the #1 reason for why people migrate at all?
Social - how people interact Economic - how money is made and shared Political - how it affects the government Environmental - how it affects the physical area
What is the ESPEN of migration?
1.2%
What is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) today?
1.9
What is the U.S.'s total fertility rate?
105 male babies per 100 female babies
What is the biological level for sex ratio for humans at birth?
Productive farming: civilizations can grow enough food to support specialists, specialists invent new tech, this tech affects how we live, and hence, some people can be something other than farmers (this cycle continues)
What is the cause for the transition from stage 1 of the DTM to stage 2?
Higher life expectancy
What is the cause for the transition from stage 2 of the DTM to stage 3?
Zero population growth
What is the cause for the transition from stage 3 of the DTM to stage 4?
negative population growth and aging
What is the cause for the transition from stage 4 of the DTM to stage 5?
desire for jobs (#1 reason)
What is the economic factor that influences migration?
decline to around 4
What is the elderly support ratio to do by 2050?
2.5
What is the global average TFR (total fertility rate)?
2 or less
What is the total fertility rate for Europe?
5
What is the total fertility rate for Sub-Saharan Africa?
-35 million less women than men -10 million population increase per 3 years -forced labor upon women by families, which increases population -0.5 billion more people by 2050
What population issues are India facing?
-how much is there? -Population density asks the following Q's: -how many people live there? -how close do they live together
What questions does density ask?
-where is something found? -Population distribution asks the gollowing Q's: -where are people found? -where do people live?
What questions does distribution ask?
stage 4, since it has a declining population
What stage of the DTM is Denmark in, and why?
stage 3, since they have many economic problems and have much emigration
What stage of the DTM is Mexico in, and why?
stage 4, since it is at a stable population
What stage of the DTM is the United States in, and why?
2.1
What total fertility rate is needed for a population to maintain its same size?
-movement of west to east, because most cities are in the east
What type of migration does China have and why?
-international immigration, since it's a developed/wealthy region and it is mostly in stage 4 and 5 of the DTM
What type of migration does Europe have and why?
-international immigration, because of large oil fields (jobs)
What type of migration does the Middle east have and why?
-Cholera was a stage ______ epidemic from the Industrial Revolution -caused by drinking contaminated water -still common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia
What was a common stage 2 epidemic from the epidemiological transition during the 1800's? Give a brief description of it.
Bubonic plague, which was caused by flea infested rats
What was the most violent stage 1 epidemic from the epidemiological transition?
-very low CBR -increasing CDR -declining NIR
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition?
-evolution of diseases -poverty (instantiation, etc.) -connections (the diffusion of people with diseases to other places and infecting the people there)
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?
1963, at 2.2%
When did the global Natural Increase Rate (NIR) peak, and what was it at is peak?
LDC's
Where are young populations mostly found (MDC's or LDC's)?
Asia and Latin America
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) after world war two till today?
90% from Europe: -1840's and 1850's: Germany and Ireland -Irish famine -Germany: Political unrest 1860's break: Civil war -1870's: Germany and Ireland -1880's: Scandinavia -1905-1914: Southern and Eastern Europe
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) from 1820-1920?
-europe (90% from Britain) -Sub-Saharan Africa (slave trade)
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) when the U.S. was formed and was new (1600 - 1700's)?
Developing countries
Where is more than 95% of the natural increase clustered?
migration into cities
Where is the migration occurring in stage 3 of the DTM?
high levels of it into cities
Where is the migration occurring in stage 4 of the DTM, and how much of it is it occurring?
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia
Which 4 regions compose 2/3 of the world's population?
Gambia
Which West African country is currently in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
the scale
Which characteristic of a population pyramid can change what it looks like?
Great Britain
Which country was the DTM modeled after?
Mountain West and New England since they're farther away from the diffusion point, which is Africa and the Caribbean
Which region within the U.S. has to lowest number of AIDS cases? What geographic factors might explain this low level?
Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa
Which regions have the highest total fertility rates in world?
U.S.
Which regions have the lowest total fertility rates in world?
stage 2
Which stage of the DTM does international migration usually occur in?
stage 5 (MDC's: slow growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -a pentagonal shape, with steep sides at the top pushing outwards, then sides pushing inwards near the middle to the bottom
stage 3
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -curved shape with a curved head and somewhat steep sides
Push factor
force people to move
pronatalist policies
government policies that seek to increase birth rates through the banning of contraception or abortion and providing government benefits based on family size
Interregional Migration
movement between regions
Seasonal migration
movement for a short period of time, then movement to another location or back home
Immigration
moving into an area
Transnational/International migration
moving into another country
migration
moving within the SAME area
Overpopulation
occurs when the # of people exceeds capacity of environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Bypasses
operations that repair deficiencies in the cardiovascular system
guest workers
temporarily live and work in a host country
Transhumance
the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer.
Remittance
transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country
Elderly support ratio
# of working age people divided by the # of people 65 and older
East Asia
-1/4 of the world lives in this region -includes Eastern China, islands of Japan, Korean peninsula, and the island of Taiwan -China is the most populated country in the world and it is the 4th largest in land area -Almost 50% of people in China live in rural areas while 93% in Japan and 80% in Korea are clustered in urban areas -Unevenly spread out population (for ex: China (east vs west))
South Asia
-1/4 of the world lives in this region -includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka -largest population density on plains of Indus and Ganges River and along India's border with Arabian Sea+Bay of Bengal -largest population 1500 km long corridor from Lahore, Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to Bay of Bengal -Most are still living in rural areas (most people are rural farmers)
West Africa
-300 million people -between Senegal and Nigeria -most people work in agriculture
Southeast Asia
-600 million people live here on a series of islands between the Indian and Pacific Ocean -Indonesia has 13, 677 islands and 4th most populous country in the world -largest population concentration is on the island of Java (100 million+) -many Philippines islands also have high population concentration and clustered along river valleys and deltas in Indochina -most people are rural farmers
Ester Boserup
-Danish economist and main critic of Malthus -proposed that as the population grows, there would be more tech to produce more food -was a possibilist -argued food production could be increased
Doubling time
-The # of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase -(71/NIR)
Life expectancy
-The average # of years an individual can be expected to live, given the current social economic and medical conditions -population pyramid would be top heavy with a high life expectancy (ex: Japan)
Replacement level
-The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself -fertility rate of 2.1
Demographic transition
-The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. -helps us understand why the natural increase rate, crude birth rate, and crude death rate change at different times and at different rates in countries
Population distribution
-a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another -it is the pattern of where people live
Contraception
-birth control -prevention of pregnancy
Voluntary migration
-choosing to migrate -usually motivated by pull factors -willingly choose to move from one country to another
Europe
-includes 36 countries -different from Asian regions; 3/4 of people live in cities and not many farmers -most live near rivers and coasts or historical cities such as London and Paris -includes Russia, the world's largest country -fewer than 5% are farmers -highest population concentration in Europe and are near major rivers and coalfields in Germany and Belgium as well as historic capital cities such as London and Paris
Western Hemisphere
-includes northeastern U.S. and the southeastern Canda -most people live in cities
East Coast of North America
-includes southeastern Canada -100 million people extends from Boston to Newport New, Virginia and westward along the Great Lakes to Chicago
Causes (push factors)
-jobs (main one) -famine or drought -slavery or forced labor -poor medical care -loss of wealth -natural disasters -lack of political or religious freedom -pollution -poor housing -landlord/tenant issues -bullying -discrimination -war/civil war
Causes (pull factors)
-jobs (the main one) -better living conditions -political and/or religious freedom -enjoyment -education -better medical care -attractive climates -security -family connections
Water
-most important environmental factor in early human settlement -people need this to live -they also use this bathe and wash things -river _______ helped irrigate fields -people travelled over this medium in the past to trade and to catch fish
Rural to urban migration
-movement from country to cities -usually for jobs
Counter-urbanization migration
-movement from urban to rural -mostly occurs in western U.S.
Chain migration
-movement to a location that other family members moved to or where a connection exists -people migrate to areas where there is already an established contingent of similar people or ethnicities
Intraregional migration
-movement within a region -usually rural to urban
Africa
-northwest coast -Nigeria is the largest country in __________ -most countries in _________ have a growing population
Forced migration
-not by choice -usually motivated by push factors -migration in which the individual or group migrating has no say about where they are going or when
Dependency ratio
-number of people who are too old or too young to work, compared to the # of people in their reproductive years
Demographic momentum
-occurs when, despite a decreasing fertility rate, a country with a young population continues to experience continued population growth -explains why the world population is still growing
Cornucopians
-optimists who question limits-to-growth perspectives and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment -believe in Cornucopian Theory and that people are a valuable reosurce
Priority legal U.S. immigrants
-people with family in the U.S. -workers in high demand areas -refugees from political, racial, or religious persecution -people from a diverse set of countries
Vegetation
-plant life such as tree, bushes, flowers, grass, and reeds -many aspects of physical geography affect this -a climate with mild weather and regular rain is good for plant life -areas around rivers and lake are usually green -mountains are sometimes covered with thick groves of trees -most importantly, plants are a source of food and can be also used for medicine
Step migration
-shorter migration to final destination -common is less developed countries -happens when people move in several steps before reaching their final destination
Infant mortality rate
-the annual number of infant deaths under 1-year-old, per 1000 births -is compared to total live births -Afghanistan has highest at 112.8
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
-the average # if children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years -results in low and high crude birth rate -used to gauge family sizes -high is low developed countries -low is more developed countries
Brain drain
-the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country to another country for a better life
Sex ratio
-the number of males for every 100 females in a population -developed countries usually have more females -Asian countries have more men than women
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
-the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate -high is low developed countries -low in more developed countries -(CDR-CBR)/10
Topography
-the second environmental factor -refers to the shape and elevation of the land -includes features like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts -__________ of a land was important for human settlement -large flat spaces gave farmers to grow crops -the rich soil in coastal plains and river valleys was excellent for growing crops -mountains were too steep to travel across -deserts were too hot and dry and had sandstorms
Agricultural density
-total # of farmers divided by total arable land -
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
-total # of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society -shows trends as a whole instead by age -high is more developed countries (LDC) and low in more developed countries (MDC) -results in fast or slow RNI
Physiological density
-total # of people divided by total arable land -takes into account the some land might not be hospitable -ex: U.S. has a _____________ of 186 people while Egypt has one of 2,633
Arithmetic Density
-total # of people divided by total land area -doesn't take into account the different land types in an area -some land my not be usable/arable (ex: Australia has an _____________ of people per sq. km, while Japan has an ____________ of 340 people per sq. km.
Population density
-total # of people divided by total land area -it is the pressure a population asserts on the land
international
9% of the world's people are ___________ migrants
developing
95% of today's growth is occurring in ________________ countries (higher birth rate)
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
75 million
About how many people are being added to the world's population each year
Natural increase rate, crude birth rate, and crude death rate
All countries has experienced a change in what three rates?
intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
E.G. Ravenstein
British demographer who sought an answer to "why people voluntarily migrate." He studied internal migration in England and proposed the laws of migration involving the use of Pull and Push factors.
Blue zones
area that have substantially long lives
-one child policy adopted in 1980 -in the policy, a couple needs a permit to have a child -couples received financial subsidies, long maternity leave, better housing (for rural areas), and more land if they agreed to just have one child -people receive free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilization
Describe China's population policies?
-in 1952, the government established clinics, provided info about alternative methods of birth control, distributed free or low cost birth control devices, and legalized abortions -in 1970's, camps were set up to perform sterilizations -in the past decades, there have been government sponsored family planning programs that emphasize education with ads on national radio, tv, and info distributed through local health centers
Describe India's population policies?
-diseases spread through process of relocation diffusion and as people carry them with them and are exposed to the diseases of others -examples of diseases due to this are AIDS and Ebola
Describe connections and the role they play in the creation of a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-diseases more prevalent in poor areas due to instantiation and most people can't afford drugs needed for treatment -ex of disease due to this is tuberculosis
Describe poverty and the role it plays in the creation of a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-very high CBR -very high CDR -very low NIR -people depend on hunting and gathering -population increasing=food easily obtainable -population decreasing=no food available -no countries are currently in this stage -most of human history was spent here -marked by common disease, famine, and poor medical tech, resulting in high death rates -also marked by AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION, where people learned how to plant seeds and domesticate animals -people have little education -pre-industrial times -children were not expected to live, hence high births -children would work on farms
Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition
Pestilence and Farming: -infectious and parasitic diseases are the cause of death along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans -Thomas Malthus called these cause 'natural checks'
Describe stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition.
-high CBR -rapidly declining CDR -very high NIR (highest of all stages) -caused in Europe and North America by the Industrial Revolution in 1750 -caused in Africa, Asia, and Latin America by the Medical Revolution in 1950 -Afghanistan, Nigeria, and much of Sub-Saharan Africa would fall into this stage -has highest number of LDC's
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition
Receding Pandemics: -improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine
Describe stage 2 of the epidemiological transition
-rapidly declining CBR -moderately declining DCR -moderate NIR -population still growing -less children -more people live in cities -not as many farmers -urban homes are small -a country progresses to the point where the country's population starts to decline -Chile, Mexico, and Brazil fall into this stage -will mark early increases in women's education, women's rights, and more available access to contraceptives -women delay having families in order to have a career -most of Latin America falls into this stage -children are expected to live to adulthood -children go to school than work -women receive more education and participate in the workforce -women get married later and have children later
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Degenerative Diseases: -decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
Describe stage 3 of the epidemiological transition
-very low CBR -low or slightly increasing CDR -zero or negative NIR -zero population growth -women usually have forced labor -population higher than stage 1 -is caused by 2 breaks - a sudden drop in CDR due to new tech a sudden drop in CBR due to change in social customs -includes Denmark, England, and the U.S. -tfr of 2.1 or lower -has highest # of MDC's -has longest life expectancies -marked by increasing # of elderly retirees -increased tech -less children needed -women choose to have less children
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition
Delayed Degenerative Diseases: -there are still the 2 main degenerative diseases present, but through medicine, cancers spread more slowly or are removed altogether -Bypasses are operations that repair deficiencies in the cardiovascular system along with improved health and behavior changes such as better diet, reduced use of tobacco, alcohol, and exercise -obesity caused by the consumption of unhealthy foods and living an unhealthy life
Describe stage 4 of the epidemiological transition
-put resources into family planning programs reduces CBR much more rapidly -_____________________ are the BEST method for lowering CBR -developing countries have a higher demand for ________________ than what is available -most effective way to increase supply is to distribute more of them cheaply and quickly
Describe the "lowering through contraception" method for reducing birth rates
-women stay in school longer and learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives -better education=women selecting more effective methods of contraception, better understand reproductive rights, and make more informed reproductive choices -improved health care programs=improved prenatal care, counseling about STD's, and child immunization -survival of more infants=effective use of contraceptives which limits the # of children
Describe the "lowering through education and health care" method for reducing birth rates
-1950: large young population, small old population, and population increasing -2050: the complete opposite of 1950 population pyramid
Describe the difference in Japan's population pyramid in 1950 and 2050 (projected)?
-diseases evolve and become resistant to drugs and insecticides -antibiotics and genetic engineering create new strains of viruses and bacteria -ex: malaria was nearly wiped out in the mid-20th century by spraying DDT in areas infested with mosquitoes that carried the parasite, and mosquitoes later became resistant to DDT
Describe the evolution of diseases that may create a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-population grows geometrically and food supply grows arithmetically -difference in growth rates of population and food supply will one day lead to a food shortage -expected population to quadruple during a half century
Describe the theory of Thomas Malthus
-billions of people will end up being in a desperate search for food, water, and energy -resource supply is FIXED -most growth is occurring in poorer countries today -
Describe the theory of the Neo-Malthusians
-resource supply is expanding overall -more consumers=more demand for goods=more jobs=more people=more brains to invent good ideas for improving life
Describe the views of the critics of Thomas Malthus
unable to work
Developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people, who, for various reasons, are _____________________
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Random dispersion pattern
Dispersion pattern where individuals are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way.
short
Do areas of young population usually have long or short life expectancies?
high, since people here are dying at faster rates, preventing the population from aging
Do areas with young populations have a high or low CDR, and why?
high, since the death of infants prevents a population from aging
Do areas with young populations have a high or low infant mortality rate, and why?
less
Do areas with young populations have more or less age dependency?
Lower
Does greater % of farmland equal a lower of higher physiological density?
higher
Does lower % of farmland equal a lower of higher physiological density?
-asia to europe, because of proximity -asia to north america (reason n/a) -latin america to north america because of proximity
What are the three largest flows of international migrants today? Why?
at little or no cost
How are public health services like in Europe?
private individuals must pay more than half the cost of health care
How are public health services like in LDC's?
degenerative diseases mainly in more developed countries, while infectious diseases mainly in less developed countries
How are the global distributions of degenerative diseases and infectious diseases different?
exceeds less than 5% of total government expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
How are the health care expenditures in LDC's?
-exceed 15% of total government expenditures -government pays 70% of more of health care costs in Europe
How are the health care expenditures in MDC's?
have more than 50 hospital beds per 10,000 people
How are the medical facilities like in Europe?
have less than 20 beds per 10,000 people
How are the medical facilities like in Sub-Saharan Africa, South, and Southwest Asia?
They get to see how the population is looking and what they need to do to fix it
How do governments and national organizations benefit from reviewing population pyramids?
(# of people under 15 and over 65)/(# of people between 15 and 65)
How do you calculate age dependency ratio?
71/NIR
How do you calculate doubling time?
(CBR-CDR)/10
How do you calculate the natural increase rate?
they've changed the way they give money or other supplements to their population based on what their needs are
How have governments changed their approach to public assistance in recent years?
-CBR has increasing in recent years due to increasing % of elderly people -CDR is unlikely to decline unless another Medical Revolution finds a cure for cancer -low CBR, CDR, and very low NIR -population has climaxed then reached zero population growth
How is Denmark in stage 4 of the demographic transition?
-world health organization launched a program during 1970's to immunize children -rapidly increasing population -declining CDR -moderately increasing NIR -moderately increasing then decreasing CBR
How is Gambia in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
-free birth control -free natal gender reveal has been made illegal (in result, less abortions)
How is India trying to address its population problems?
take in 600,000 immigrants per year
How is Japan trying to address its population problems?
it'll fall to 84 million
How is Japan's population expected to change by 2100?
-entered in this stage after 1974, when a constitutional amendment gave families the legal right to decide on the # of and spacing of children -national population council was trying to promote family planning through education -rapidly decreasing CBR, CDR, NIR, and rapidly increasing population
How is Mexico in stage 3 of the demographic transition?
individuals are required to pay an average of 55% of health care, which is like a developing country, even though the U.S. is a developed country
How is the U.S. an exception to patterns of health care expenditures, medical facilities, and public health services?
none
How migration is there in the stage 1 of the DTM?
high levels of it, especially into cities, and this creates a population explosion
How migration is there in the stage 2 of the DTM? What does this cause?
east coast
In the beginning of the U.S., where most of the people at?
Sub-Saharan Africa
In what region of the world was Malthus' theory proved right?
-abortions -killed during infancy -sent to a remote location and not reported to census and health officials
In what ways do baby girls go missing in Asia?
-the population will quadruple in a half-century -not anticipating the fact that poor countries would have the most rapid population growth due to the transfer of medical tech -assumed that women would always bear just about as many children as physically possible -didn't realize that increased transportation would allow developed countries to ship excess food to developing countries
In what ways was Malthus mistaken?
1. U.S. 2. Australia 3. Canada
What are the top three countries, ranked, that have the most foreign born residences?
3 and 4
Internal migration is more important in which two stages of the DTM?
Decreasing
Is the world's total fertility rate increasing or decreasing?
40%
Japan is expected to have what percent of its population to be 65 years or older by 2050?
Arable Land
Land that can be used for agriculture
major centers
Long distance migrants to other countries head for ______________________ of economic activities (urban areas)
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
short, same
Most migrants relocate a ________________ distance and remain within the ______________country
rural, urban
Most migration occurs from ___________ to ______________
steps
Most migration occurs in _____________
Europe
On which continent have most countries reached stage 4 of the demographic transition?
exponentially
Over the past 200 years, the world's population has grown ________________.
Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model
Overlay of the DTM. Where people are migrating based on development. 1 not much moving (inter-rural). 2 most likely to be international and rural-urban, and 3 & 4 mostly internal (inter-urban and urban-rural)
Assimilation
Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture
sick people, the elderly, poor, disabled, orphaned, veterans of war, widows, unemployed people, and single parents
Public assistance is offered to what kind of people?
Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural
What are the 3 types of densities?
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
Topography, vegetation, and water
What are the three environmental factors tat affect people's choices of where to settle?
Census
The complete enumeration of a population. It can be controversial since some groups of people might not participate and sampling, which is if certain groups are favoured or discriminated against
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
people under 15 and over 65 years of age
What age groups are categorized as dependent?
-better healthcare -improved medical tech -less infectious diseases
What are 3 benefits of the birth rate decreasing?
-education of women -less desire for large families -increased use of contraception -rising cost of having/raising children
What are 4 effects of birth rates decreasing?
-natural or man-made disaster -human trafficking -war and civil war -fleeing persecution -slavery -development projects
What are some causes of forced migration?
-Okinawa, Japan -Loma Linda, California -Ikaria, Greece
What are some examples of blue zones?
-politics: stable/fair governments have a higher population density -economy: area with developed markets and skilled workers bring in high populations -culture: cultural practices and ethnic relationships can influence settlement -history: ancient settlement locations and colonialism have impacted population distribution (ex: Nigeria, the U.S., and India were all former colonies, hence, have high population density)
What are some human factors that influence population distributions?
-brain drain (in emmigration) -border patrol -civil rights movements -local initiatives
What are some of the political effects on migration?
-climate: extreme areas have a low population density -water bodies: river valleys may also promote human settlements -landformsL rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area
What are some physical characters that influence population distributions?
railroads, elevators, steel frames, automobiles, highways, air conditioning, and airplanes
What are some tech that changed U.S. population distribution?
Physical and human
What are the 2 general categories that influence distribution?
uniform, random, and clumped
What are the 3 basic dispersion patterns in population distribution?
Crude birth rate, crude death rate, and natural increase rate
What are the 3 rates we use to measure a population?
-economic: running out of money stops a migrant from reaching destination -social: perhaps a migrant gets married along the way and settles down -political: a migrant can't get a visa to enter the country they are heading towards -environmental: a sea, desert, or a mountain range proves too difficult to cross
What are the 4 main examples of intervening obstacles (An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration)?
Increasing fertility rates: -lower status and education of women -lack of family planning -more desire for large families Short life expectancy and high CDR: -less medical tech -minimal knowledge of good nutrition and hygiene Unstable political and social conditions
What are the causes of young populations?
-not as many people in the workforce -governments push pronatalist (advocating for high birth rates) policies to maintain population -money spent on healthcare increases -services for elderly increase (ex: retirement homes) -poiticians become conservative to appeal to elderly
What are the combined effects of the CBR and CDR decreasing?
-economic opportunity -cultural freedom -environmental comfort
What are the common pull factors that influence migration?
-seeking asylum (a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another) -war/violence -lack of food/water -natural disasters -economic recession/depression or just a bad economic condition
What are the common push factors that influence migration?
-productive v. dependency group -immigration of skilled workers -immigration of unskilled workers and interaction with social services -brain drain - affects immigrant's original country -remittance - transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country
What are the economic processes of immigration?
fewer workers will be available to contribute to pensions, health care, and other support that older people need
What are the effects of the elderly support ratio to decline to 2050?
-less government spending on healthcare and pension -more people in workforce -pronatalist policies are enforced by government to make up for high CDR -politicians target young people to get more votes
What are the effects of young populations?
-economic factors are the MAIN cause of migration -most migrants only move a SHORT distance -long-distance migrants are more likely to migrate to urban areas because they believe cities are more likely to have jobs than rural areas -most migration is rural to urban migration. Starting with the Industrial Revolution, which made fewer farm workers necessary, people have flocked from the countryside to the cities -MOST migration occurs through STEP migration -MOST migrants are YOUNGER ADULTS, people from age 20 to 45 with less established jobs -YOUNG MEN are more likely to migrate INTERNATIONALLY, as it poses a great risk, but WOMEN are more likely to migrate INTERNALLY, whether for work or to live with their husband's family -each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow
What are the eight parts of Ravenstein's Law of Migration?
-border construction -migration paths -refugee camps -resources and carrying capacity, and interaction of birth rates and wealthier lifestyles
What are the environmental consequences of immigration?
People pushed from hard or hazardous regions to live in: -most common: water (too much or too little) People pulled towards physically attractive regions: -mountains, seasides, and warm climates
What are the environmental factors that influence migration?
-help alleviate shortages of workers -stimulate the economy (new workers pay taxes and buy goods) -new ideas/innovations/cultural diversity -willingness to take low pay -migrant exploitation -strain on public services -cultural conflicts
What are the impacts of migration on the destination country?
-reduction of overcrowding -remittances -return or counter migration (return to home country) -reduced unemployment -brain drain -loss of young workers
What are the impacts of migration on the source country?
population increases geometrically and food supplies increase only arithmetically, and this will eventually lead to food shortage
What are the key components of Thomas Malthus' Theory?
obstetrucal hemmorhage, followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
What are the most common causes of maternal death in poor countries?
intervening obstacle: -in the past, it was distance (connects to distance decay model) -today, it is borders (ex: migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally immigrate to new country) (this relates to the time space compression model)
What are the obstacles to migration?
-increasing role of borders -changing groups in the country
What are the political consequences of immigration?
Forced political migrants: -refugee: forced to migrate to avoid conflict, natural disasters, and the cannot return for fear of life -internally displaced individual: similar to refugee but hasn't left the country -asylum: someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
What are the political factors that influence migration?
-1 out of every 3 people are already retired -there's a 50% decrease in population -fewer workers and consumers -smaller workforce -population will go from 126 million to half of that by 2050 -women are afraid to have children, because they think they will get fired from their job due to the high competition for jobs
What are the population issues in Japan?
-since they have negative NIR's. high CDR, and low CBR -have low CBR is due to a long tradition of strong family planning programs and pessimism towards having children -high CDR due to legacy of inadequate pollution controls and inaccurate reporting by communists
What are the reasons for why Russia (as well as other former Communist European countries) faces a possible stage 5?
-immigrants are young and are seeking after jobs -women are increasing in immigration and therefore, the # of children in also increasing -assimilation - process where a person's culture comes to adopt those of another group
What are the social consequences of immigration?
-ethnic and racial tensions -religious connections -family connections
What are the social factors that influence migration?
transnational migration
a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
Public assistance
aid, in the form of money, goods, or services, that a government provides to those in need
Epidemiologic Transition
focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Demographic Balancing Equation
an equation that is used to calculate population changes from one year to the next in a given area, based on # of births, deaths, and migration
Refugee
an individual that leaves their homeland to avoid persecution of out of concern for their own personal safety
Epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes, not generally present in the affected
Temporary legal U.S. immigrants
diplomats, tourists, students, and workers with temporary visas
Clumped dispersion pattern
dispersion pattern in which individuals from a population are clumped into groups
emigration
leaving (EXITING) and area
Pull factor
pull people to move
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
refugee that did not escape their country
Asylum
shelter from physical harm and persecution that one country gives to a refugee from another country
Immigration Laws
the choice of a country on how many and when people can move into a country
Carrying Capacity
the max # of people that can live on Earth comfortably
Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Non-ecumene
the portion of Earth's surface not occupied by permanent human settlement
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Cornucopian Theory
the theory that humans can innovate ways to expand the food supply
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
