AP Human Geography Unit 6 - Industrialization and Development

Development

the improvment in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge

Transportation

the moving of goods or people from one place to another.

Air Pollution

the pressence of noxious substances in the air that we breathe

Cumulative Causation

the process whereby when one or two countries or markets or industries get ahead of others

Industrial Regions (Place)

Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry

Resource Crisis

Future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand, solvable by use of renewable energy. Importance: Worldwisde lack of resource in extremely high demand.

Gross National Product (GNP)

the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country

Labor-Intensive

The relative proportion of labor used in production compared in capital. It is key in geography bevause it isused to describethe amoutn of wrok to each employee which speaks to the overall efficiency of a business.

Industry

The segment of a nations economy that is concerned iwth the production of goods and services. It is important to geography bevause it is one of hte three main types of business, along with agriculture and goods and services.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year

Aluminum Industry

they haveto comply to clean air rules while still trying to make the most money possible in their production

World Systems Theory/Core-Periphery Model

refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the "capitalist world economy" as a "total social system"

Special Economic Zones

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Resource Orientation

tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources (Ex. coal industry)

Comparative Advantage

the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Neocolonialism

the entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise

Maquiladoras

those U.S. firms that have factories just outside the United States/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government. In such areas, factories cheaply assemble goods for export back into the United States

Environmental Considerations

weather, temperature, altitude, air pollution, playing surface, athletic facilities management

Export Processing Zones

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

World Systems Theory

(Immanuel Wallerstein) illuminated by a three-tier structure (core, semi-periphery, periphery); refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the "capitalist world economy"t; as a "total social system". Important because explains the power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies

Multiplier Effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

Weight-Gaining

A product that, during production, gains mass. Examples: pop, cars, computers, etc.

Technology Gap

.the differencein technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups...

5 Stages of Rostow's Development Model

1. traditional society 2. preconditions for takeoff 3. takeoff 4. maturity 5. mass consumption

Infrastructure

A collective term that refers to public works such as a system of highways, railroads, and airportsw. It is important to geography bevause it describes varioussystems that play key roles in bigger topics, such as transportation's influence on idustrial development patterns.

Refrigeration

A consistent cold temperature used to preserve perishable itemsduring transportation and storage. Importance: Allows for longer travel distance in trade and availability to distant markets, increasing potential demand.

Industrial Revolution

A period in the 18th and 19th century where great advances were made in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation in Britain, which eventually spread throughout theworld causing global industrialization. It is important in geogrphy because it is one of hte most significant deveolpments in industrialization and helps explain how we got to where we are today.

Weight-Losing

A product that, druing production loses mass. Examples: sugar, coffee, lumber.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross border movement of goods and services between the countries

Canadian Industrial Heartland

Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.

Economies of Scale

Characterizes a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit. Importance is that it renders competition in the market.

Topocide

Deliberate killing of a place throughinddustrial expansion and change so its landscape is destroyed.

Major Manufacturing Regions

Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are hte leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography.

Postindustrial

Economic transition from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy. Importance: A significant stage in a country's development.

Purchasing Power Parity

Equilibrium exchange rate between currencies to equalizetheir purchasing power. Importance: Shows economic prosperity and creates equzlity in trade.

Fixed costs

Expenses that do not change in proportion to the activity of a business.

Growth Poles

Growth of the economy is not uniform over the entire region. Important to economist growth theories.

Industrial Regions (Characteristics)

Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.

Ecotourism

Is a form of tourism that appeals to hte ecologicallyu and socially conscious individuals. Importance is that helps some countries thrive.

Greenhouse Effect

Is a process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.

Entrepot

Is a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, alternative energy.

Agricultural Labor Force

It refers to the percentage of people nfrom a country that are economically active in agriculture, hunting, forestry, or fishing. It is signifcant bevasuse it not only provides the raw statistic but also bevause it can b eused to look at other factors that have a strong correlation with the percentage of people involved with agriculture mainly related to standards of living.

Physical Quality of Life Index

Measurement of literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy weighted on a 0 to 100 scale, doesn't include GNP. Importance: Measurement of well being.

Plant Location (Supplies "just in time" Delivery)

Minimizes in-process inventory by manufacturingon demand using quick communication and transportation. Importance: Very effective method of production, more so than Henry Ford's method.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement between USA, Mexico, & Canada, effective 1/1/1994. Importance: Largest trade block in the world in terms of combined GDP.

Acid Rain

Rain that has become acidic after contact with the atmospheric gases

Heartland

Refers to hte central areas of a country. Significant because it is a key term when discussing strategy and importance in the world.

Four Tigers

Refers to hte economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. Important in stabilizing asian industry.

Rimland

Refers to the land surrounding the central area. Important because it is a key term when discussing strategy and importance in the world.

Deglomeration

Seperation o findustrial ties opposite of Agglomeration. Importance: Important to understanding why the economy does what it does.

Assembly Line Production/Fordism

The Process where each individual or maschine is given a specific job on a lager product to produce more items at one time

Ozone Depletion

The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbon.

International Division of Labor

The cooperation of specialized tasks to produce one product more efficiently It is significant bevause it deals with a type of production used in idustry.

Least-cost Location

The location where a balance between lowest land costs and lowest transportation costs is achieved. It is important because it explainsthe location of many businesses, particularly those in industry.

Manufacturing Exports

The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves.

Market Orientation

The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

Industrial Location Theory

The theory that profit of a business is maximized by choosing a location where production costs are lowest as well as land is cheapest and the distance from the market is the smallest. This is important to geography because it is used to describe why many businesses choose their locations in a given area and is key for describing complicated dynamics of industry.

Energy Resources

The total amount of non-renewable resources in our world. Importance is finding alternative energy.

Economic Sectors

Three Main Secotrys Primary, Sescondary and Tertiary describes the main areas at which people work in the economy.

Outsourcing

Transfer o fbusiness components to a third party for reasons such as cheaper labor and easier access to labor.

Deindustrialization

When a country, formerly industrial, reverts to a stage of dependency.

Three Tier Structure

With reference to Immanuel Wallersteins world-systems theory, the division of the world into core, the periphery, and the sem-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy

Bid Rent Theory

a goegraphical theory thatrefers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD

Break-of-Bulk Point

a maritime term for extaction of a portion of the cargo of a ship or the begining of the unloading process from the ship's hold

Industrial Regions (Fuel Source)

a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location.

Calorie Consumption

a percentage of dailey requirment is an important index of development

Dependency Theory

a structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop

Agglomeration

particles sticking together into a small mass due to moisture, static charge, chemical or mechanical binding

Island of Development

place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Technology Transfer

process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilites developed inder federal research and development funding are utioized t ofufill public and private needs

foreign direct investment (FDI)

investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

Carrier Efficiency

air shipment is the quickest form but most expensive way shipping but by ship is the cheapest way and can carry the most over a long distance

Energy Consumption

an index of development how much a country uses energy

Industrial Parks

areas communities have set aside for industrial uses

Footloose Industry

is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without affect from factors such as resources or transport.

Cultural Convergence

is the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases. An example is the culture of LDC's becoming more like that of their former colonial power (an MDC)

Gender

classification of one as male or female

Shared Services

consolidates all individuals from all business units into a single organization, run centrally, and utilized by each business unit.

Levels of Development

countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries)

Third World

countries in the developing world independent of their political status

Human Development Index (HDI)

created by the UN; recognizes that a country's level of development is based on economic, social, and demographic factors

Zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

Agglomeration Economies

economies of scale resulting from the concentration of people and production in urban areas

Taxes

fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses.