AP Human Geography Unit 6 - Industrialization and Development
Development
the improvment in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge
Transportation
the moving of goods or people from one place to another.
Air Pollution
the pressence of noxious substances in the air that we breathe
Cumulative Causation
the process whereby when one or two countries or markets or industries get ahead of others
Industrial Regions (Place)
Based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry
Resource Crisis
Future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand, solvable by use of renewable energy. Importance: Worldwisde lack of resource in extremely high demand.
Gross National Product (GNP)
the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country
Labor-Intensive
The relative proportion of labor used in production compared in capital. It is key in geography bevause it isused to describethe amoutn of wrok to each employee which speaks to the overall efficiency of a business.
Industry
The segment of a nations economy that is concerned iwth the production of goods and services. It is important to geography bevause it is one of hte three main types of business, along with agriculture and goods and services.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year
Aluminum Industry
they haveto comply to clean air rules while still trying to make the most money possible in their production
World Systems Theory/Core-Periphery Model
refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the "capitalist world economy" as a "total social system"
Special Economic Zones
specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
Resource Orientation
tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources (Ex. coal industry)
Comparative Advantage
the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.
Neocolonialism
the entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise
Maquiladoras
those U.S. firms that have factories just outside the United States/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government. In such areas, factories cheaply assemble goods for export back into the United States
Environmental Considerations
weather, temperature, altitude, air pollution, playing surface, athletic facilities management
Export Processing Zones
zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
World Systems Theory
(Immanuel Wallerstein) illuminated by a three-tier structure (core, semi-periphery, periphery); refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the "capitalist world economy"t; as a "total social system". Important because explains the power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies
Multiplier Effect
An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.
Weight-Gaining
A product that, during production, gains mass. Examples: pop, cars, computers, etc.
Technology Gap
.the differencein technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups...
5 Stages of Rostow's Development Model
1. traditional society 2. preconditions for takeoff 3. takeoff 4. maturity 5. mass consumption
Infrastructure
A collective term that refers to public works such as a system of highways, railroads, and airportsw. It is important to geography bevause it describes varioussystems that play key roles in bigger topics, such as transportation's influence on idustrial development patterns.
Refrigeration
A consistent cold temperature used to preserve perishable itemsduring transportation and storage. Importance: Allows for longer travel distance in trade and availability to distant markets, increasing potential demand.
Industrial Revolution
A period in the 18th and 19th century where great advances were made in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation in Britain, which eventually spread throughout theworld causing global industrialization. It is important in geogrphy because it is one of hte most significant deveolpments in industrialization and helps explain how we got to where we are today.
Weight-Losing
A product that, druing production loses mass. Examples: sugar, coffee, lumber.
North American Free Trade Agreement
Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico and the United States in December, 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross border movement of goods and services between the countries
Canadian Industrial Heartland
Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.
Economies of Scale
Characterizes a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit. Importance is that it renders competition in the market.
Topocide
Deliberate killing of a place throughinddustrial expansion and change so its landscape is destroyed.
Major Manufacturing Regions
Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are hte leaders in inudstry and therefore significant to geography.
Postindustrial
Economic transition from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy. Importance: A significant stage in a country's development.
Purchasing Power Parity
Equilibrium exchange rate between currencies to equalizetheir purchasing power. Importance: Shows economic prosperity and creates equzlity in trade.
Fixed costs
Expenses that do not change in proportion to the activity of a business.
Growth Poles
Growth of the economy is not uniform over the entire region. Important to economist growth theories.
Industrial Regions (Characteristics)
Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.
Ecotourism
Is a form of tourism that appeals to hte ecologicallyu and socially conscious individuals. Importance is that helps some countries thrive.
Greenhouse Effect
Is a process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.
Entrepot
Is a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, alternative energy.
Agricultural Labor Force
It refers to the percentage of people nfrom a country that are economically active in agriculture, hunting, forestry, or fishing. It is signifcant bevasuse it not only provides the raw statistic but also bevause it can b eused to look at other factors that have a strong correlation with the percentage of people involved with agriculture mainly related to standards of living.
Physical Quality of Life Index
Measurement of literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy weighted on a 0 to 100 scale, doesn't include GNP. Importance: Measurement of well being.
Plant Location (Supplies "just in time" Delivery)
Minimizes in-process inventory by manufacturingon demand using quick communication and transportation. Importance: Very effective method of production, more so than Henry Ford's method.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement between USA, Mexico, & Canada, effective 1/1/1994. Importance: Largest trade block in the world in terms of combined GDP.
Acid Rain
Rain that has become acidic after contact with the atmospheric gases
Heartland
Refers to hte central areas of a country. Significant because it is a key term when discussing strategy and importance in the world.
Four Tigers
Refers to hte economies of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. Important in stabilizing asian industry.
Rimland
Refers to the land surrounding the central area. Important because it is a key term when discussing strategy and importance in the world.
Deglomeration
Seperation o findustrial ties opposite of Agglomeration. Importance: Important to understanding why the economy does what it does.
Assembly Line Production/Fordism
The Process where each individual or maschine is given a specific job on a lager product to produce more items at one time
Ozone Depletion
The breakdown of the ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbon.
International Division of Labor
The cooperation of specialized tasks to produce one product more efficiently It is significant bevause it deals with a type of production used in idustry.
Least-cost Location
The location where a balance between lowest land costs and lowest transportation costs is achieved. It is important because it explainsthe location of many businesses, particularly those in industry.
Manufacturing Exports
The products that are produced and shipped to another country. This is very common as production costs in other countries is often cheaper, which explains why a country would import a product rather than produce it themselves.
Market Orientation
The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.
Industrial Location Theory
The theory that profit of a business is maximized by choosing a location where production costs are lowest as well as land is cheapest and the distance from the market is the smallest. This is important to geography because it is used to describe why many businesses choose their locations in a given area and is key for describing complicated dynamics of industry.
Energy Resources
The total amount of non-renewable resources in our world. Importance is finding alternative energy.
Economic Sectors
Three Main Secotrys Primary, Sescondary and Tertiary describes the main areas at which people work in the economy.
Outsourcing
Transfer o fbusiness components to a third party for reasons such as cheaper labor and easier access to labor.
Deindustrialization
When a country, formerly industrial, reverts to a stage of dependency.
Three Tier Structure
With reference to Immanuel Wallersteins world-systems theory, the division of the world into core, the periphery, and the sem-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy
Bid Rent Theory
a goegraphical theory thatrefers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD
Break-of-Bulk Point
a maritime term for extaction of a portion of the cargo of a ship or the begining of the unloading process from the ship's hold
Industrial Regions (Fuel Source)
a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location.
Calorie Consumption
a percentage of dailey requirment is an important index of development
Dependency Theory
a structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop
Agglomeration
particles sticking together into a small mass due to moisture, static charge, chemical or mechanical binding
Island of Development
place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
Technology Transfer
process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilites developed inder federal research and development funding are utioized t ofufill public and private needs
foreign direct investment (FDI)
investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
Carrier Efficiency
air shipment is the quickest form but most expensive way shipping but by ship is the cheapest way and can carry the most over a long distance
Energy Consumption
an index of development how much a country uses energy
Industrial Parks
areas communities have set aside for industrial uses
Footloose Industry
is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without affect from factors such as resources or transport.
Cultural Convergence
is the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases. An example is the culture of LDC's becoming more like that of their former colonial power (an MDC)
Gender
classification of one as male or female
Shared Services
consolidates all individuals from all business units into a single organization, run centrally, and utilized by each business unit.
Levels of Development
countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries)
Third World
countries in the developing world independent of their political status
Human Development Index (HDI)
created by the UN; recognizes that a country's level of development is based on economic, social, and demographic factors
Zoning
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
Agglomeration Economies
economies of scale resulting from the concentration of people and production in urban areas
Taxes
fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses.