AP II Exam 3 Chapter 24

Match the following organic molecules with its description: Proteins

Built of long chains of amino acids

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Which element below is considered a trace mineral?

Chromium

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

LDLs

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is____

oxygen

Fats should make up about what percent of total caloric intake every day?

25-35%

The liver synthesizes about what percent of the cholesterol found in blood?

85%

Identify the physiological step at "C"

ATP synthase harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

Fats in the body are necessary for all of the reasons EXCEPT:

Fats help the body absorb all vitamins

Which of the following describes the function of vitamins?

Function as coenzymes; not used as structural components

Which of the following pathways is incorrectly matched with a description?

Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

match the following mineral with the symptoms of deficiency: Iodine

Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Match the following nutrient category with its use: Proteins.

Important structural materials (Keratin, collagen, etc.) and functional materials (enzymes, etc.)

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Match the following: Macronutrient

a nutrient that makes up the bulk of what we eat

Match the following nutrient category with its use: Water

accounts for about 60% by volume of the food we eat, is considered by some to also be nutrient

Identify the stage of metabolism at "B" yellow box in the middle

acetyl CoA

Match the following nutrient category with its use: Lipids

act as an accessory fuel; component of membranes

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin D

aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus; promotes bone growth

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

component of coenzymes FAD and FMN

Deficiencies of vitamin E may lead to what pathology?

degeneration of the nervous system

Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?

hypthalamus

Match the following mineral with its source: potassium

meats, dairy products, many fruits and vegetables, grains

The stage of metabolism indicated by "D" occurs in the ____ (purple box)

mitochondrial inner membrane

The site of electron transport is the_____

mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is______

thyroxine

Match the cellular respiration term with the correct characteristic: Oxidative phosphorylation

Requires ATP synthase at end

Identify the stage of metabolism at "D" purple box

oxidative phosphorylation

Protein malnutrition can result in a moderate anemia. Which of the below-listed vitamins would be most likely to be associated with this condition?

B 12

Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs to maintain life?

BMR

which of the following substances is considered a provitamin?

Beta-carotene

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. Submit

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin C

Used in collagen synthesis (such as for bone, cartilage, gums); antioxidant

Match the following: nonessential nutrient

a nutrient that the body can make at a speed sufficient to maintain normal growth, maintenance and repair

Match the following: Essential nutrient

a nutrient the body cannot make at speed sufficient to maintain normal growth, maintenance, and repair

Match the following: nutrient

a substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair

As proteins are broken down for energy,_____ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into______

ammonia; urea

Match the following mineral with the symptoms of deficiency: Copper

anemia, cardiovascular abnormalities

Match the following mineral with the symptoms of deficiency: Iron

anemia, weakness, impaired immunity

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin E

antioxidant; helps prevent damage to cell membranes

Match the following event of metabolism with the process occuring: lipolysis

breakdown of lipids

Which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?

carbohydrates

Which nutrient molecule cannot be used in the oxidative pathways of cellular respiration?

cholesterol

Identify the stage of metabolism at "C" green box in the middle

citric acid cycle

Match the following vitamin with its function: folic acid

coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin B 12

coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism; maturation of red blood cells

Which of the following statements about "redox" reactions in human metabolism is correct?

coenzymes accept hydrogen

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin B 1 (thiamine)

coenzymes used in removing Co2 from organic compounds

Match the following vitamin with its function: Niacin

component of coenzyme NAD+

Match the following vitamin with its function: Vitamin A

component of visual pigments; maintenance of epithelial tissues; antioxidant

Match the nutrient with its correct set of characteristics: Protein

composed of amino acids; used to build structural components of cells as well as functional components (enzymes)

Match the nutrient with its correct set of characteristics: Triglycerides.

composed of fatty acids and glycerol; should be 20%-35% of caloric intake

Match the nutrient with its correct set of characteristics: Carbohydrates

composed of simple sugars; used as the major fuel source for cellular respiration

Which hormone promotes protein catabolism?

cortisol

The stage of metabolism indicated by "A" occurs in the_____ (orange box)

cytoplasm

Which of the following would decrease body temperature?

dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

What protein (purine)-rich food should be limited to prevent a reoccurrence of uric acid kidney stones?

eggs

Identify the physiological step at "A"

electron transport creates the proton gradient

which of the following is the correct description of the citric acid cycle (or krebs cycle)?

fueled largely by pyruvic acid

Most vitamins____

function as coenzymes in the body

__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state.

glucagon

Which of these processes is associated with the postabsorptive state?

gluconeogenesis in the liver

Identify the stage of metabolism at "A" orange box

glycolysis

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Excessive consumption of vitamin A may lead to what pathology?

headache, irritability, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision, liver and bone damage

which of the following is a symptom of calcium deficiency?

impaired growth, possibly loss of bone mass

Match the following vitamin with its function: vitamin K

important in blood clotting

Which of the following describes the function of minerals?

incorporated into some body structures; used in conjunction with enzymes

Cyanide acts as a poison by_____

interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain

Excess acetyl CoA that accumulates during fat breakdown is modified in the liver by which of the following pathways?

ketogenesis

Which of the following is not catabolic?

lipogenesis

Excess niacin may lead to what pathology?

liver damage

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

which of the following is a description of minerals?

most are electrolytes; some are important as cofactors

which of the following is a symptom of sodium deficiency?

muscle cramps, reduced appetite

Match the following mineral with the symptoms of deficiency: Selenium

muscle pain, possibly heart muscle deterioration

which of the following is a symptom of chlorine deficiency?

muscles cramps, reduced appetite

which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency?

muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, heart failure

Match the following mineral with the symptoms of deficiency: Magnesium

nervous system disturbances

Excessive consumption of vitamin B6 may lead to what pathology?

numb feet

Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in_____

one or more of the essential amino acids

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by_____

oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process

which of the following describes the products of glycolysis?

produces two molecules of pyruvic acid four ATP, and two NADH + H+

Match the following nutrient category with its use: Carbohydrates

provide the primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis

Match the following cellular respiration term with the correct characteristic: Beta oxidation

results in fatty acid chains being broken down

Which of the following is a description of vitamins?

small organic molecules; important as coenzymes; fat-soluble forms are A, D, E, and K

__________ reflects the energy the body uses (kilocalories consumed) to perform only its most essential activities.

the basal metabolic rate

Match the following term to its correct description: glycogenolysis

the cleavage of glycogen to release glucose

Which of the following is the correct description of glycogenesis?

the formation of glycogen to store glucose

Match the following term to is correct description: Glucogeogenesis

the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

what does the term "nitrogen balance" mean?

the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss

Match the following term to its correct description: Beta oxidation

the start phase of fatty acid breakdown

What is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?

to regenerate ATP

Match the following term to its correct description: lipogenesis

triglyceride synthesis

Which of the following is a description of lipids?

triglycerides are the most common in diet

In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules?

two

The final products of glycolysis are____

two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of reduced NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP

Which of the following is not an essential role of the liver?

urea disposal

Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.

urea; liver

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

vitamin B

Match the following: Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

Which of the following is not correctly matched in regard to BMR (basal metabolic rate)?

younger age; lower BMR