AP PSYCH FINAL
Ben normally sleeps from 10:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M. In which of the following time periods would he experience the LEAST amount of REM sleep?
a) 10:00 P.M. and 11:00 p.M.
Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?
a) attention
Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?
a) behaviorist
The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as
a) closure
Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery?
a) computerized axial tomography
Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?
a) continuous
Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher?
a) debriefing
The validity of a personality test is best indicated by which of the following?
a) the correlation between test scores and some other relevant measure
According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages?
b) preoperational
STUDENT SCORE DATA QUESTION
d) positive correlation
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
e) amygdala
Metacognition refers to
e) thinking about thinking
The control group in the experiment is the group that
e) watched the nonviolent cartoon
Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of
a) an algorithm
Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic?
a) an estimate of the likelihood of an event based on how ell it matches a typical example
When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type drug that will best help alleviate that pain is
a) an opiate
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
a) antagonist
John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the election. John's symptoms describe
a) anterograde amnesia
Maturation differs from learning in that developmental changes due to maturation
a) are relatively independent of environmental factors
In the treatment of patients, which of the following psychologists made no attempt to offer formal diagnosis, advice, or interpretation of patients' unconscious motives?
a) carl rogers
In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug
a) depressant
Of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving?
a) devising as many solutions as possible
One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it
a) did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings
Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that
a) each person in town has the same probability of being chosen for the study
A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party?
a) episodic memory
(A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group) This research method is best characterized as
a) experimental
Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?
a) gate-control theory
If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience and afterimage that is
a) green
Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus
a) immediately follows the conditioned stimulus
A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?
a) industry vs. inferiority
Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system?
a) interdependent
In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food the the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of
a) latent learning
A basic assumption underlying short-termmemory is that it is
a) limited in capacity
People who have experienced sever damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to
a) make and carry out plans
When the word "walk" is changed to "walked," the suffix "ed" is an example of a
a) morpheme
An example of an episodic memory is the memory of
a) one's high school graduation
A researcher asks a young child what she did yesterday. The child replies, "I good to the park." This is best described as an example of
a) overregularization of grammar rules
Hypnosis has been found useful in the treatment of
a) pain
When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as
a) permissive
A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
a) retinal disparity
Which of the following is true about rods and cones?
a) rods facilitate black-and-white vision and cones facilitate color vision
A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study's
a) sample
A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a
b) morpheme
A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise. The reduction in noise leads the person to close the window every day. This is an example of
b) negative reinforcement
A fifty-two-year-old woman notices a decrease in her ability to solve unfamiliar problems quickly and to form new concepts, although she still feels confident in recalling and using familiar information. This is most likely due to a decline in
d) fluid intelligence
Charles Spearman's concept of g is most accurately defined as
c) a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests
Which of the following correctly describes the firing of neurons?
c) an all-or-none response
If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that
c) appeared in the middle of the list
The most well-adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parental styles?
c) authoritative
If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which of the following behavior-modification techniques is being used?
c) aversive conditioning
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, one of five stages frequently experienced by people facing death is
c) bargaining
When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the
c) bipolar cells
The semicircular canals, located in the inner ear, provide important information about the
c) body's posture and head position
The intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been based on the relationship between and individual's mental age and his or her
d) chronological age
The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the
d) cochlea
Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?
d) cognitive
An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty
d) comprehending a spoken request for information
According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?
d) concrete operational
Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence?
d) construct validity
The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed
d) continuity vs. discontinuity
A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a
d) decrease in his fluid intelligence
According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?
d) different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.
A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listing 50 uses, most of which the class find new and unusual, Susan is displaying
d) divergent thinking
Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of
d) effect
According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing
d) encoding
Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of
d) episodic memory
Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior?
d) evolutionary
A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the child's behavior?
d) extinction
An individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
d) extinguished
A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called
d) factor analysis
Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence?
d) factor analysis
Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will
d) focus on the social advantages to smoking
The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
Dr. Williams is a therapist who believes that his client's depression is caused by internalized anger and other intrapsychic conflicts. Of which psychological perspective is Dr. Williams most likely a proponent?
E) psychoanalytic
In vision, transduction occurs within the
c) retina
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with
c) sickness
The dependent variable in the experiment is the
a) amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children
The ability of the human visual system to barely detect a candle flame at a distance of about 30 miles on a clear, dark night is an example of
a) an absolute threshold
A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information?
a) accommodation
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system most frequently results in which of the following?
a) acceleration of hear and breathing rates and dilation of pupils
The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called
a) accomodation
Which of the following types of test is designed to measure an individual's knowledge of a subject?
a) achievment
Which of the following graphs shows the most desirable test-retest correlation?
a)
According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is
a) 85
All summer homes hears the sound of the ice-cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?
a) a lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar
Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years
a) a shift from an emphasize on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the life span
A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze?
a) shaping
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering form which of the following conditions?
a) sleep apnea
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses except
a) smell
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because
a) some depth perception is lost
In "Baby X" studies, researches alternately dressed an infant in typical boys' or girls' clothing. Adults who were asked to play with the infant treated the baby in boys' clothing in a generally rougher manner than when asked to play with the same infant dressed in girls' clothing. This behavior is the result of
a) stereotyping
Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?
a) the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential
The occipital lobes contain
a) the primary visual cortex
After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when...
a) the tone only is presented
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that
a) there is an inherent language acquisition device
Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if
a) they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests
Which of the following is true of individuals who experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they abruptly stop using a drug that they have been taking for a long time
a) they are physically dependent on the drug
Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?
b) a child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's
b) absolute threshold
A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to
b) allow a student to be exempted from a college course
Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn language through
b) an innate language acquisition device
The school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he disrupts the class on a particular day. The school psychologist then instructs the teacher to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following psychological approaches?
b) behavioral
People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their
b) cones
In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?
b) dependent
Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure and infant's ability to perceive
b) depth
A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting
b) discrimination learning
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?
b) dopamine
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following?
b) dreams
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as
b) endorphins
Cognitive theorists emphasize the
b) formation and modification of schemas
An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of
b) free will
The section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behaviors is the
b) hypothalamus
Hypnosis is best described as a state that
b) induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual
Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines?
b) industrial-organizational psychology
Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the
b) inner ear
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of
b) instinct
For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the
b) left cerebral hemisphere
Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?
b) longitudinal
Which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure?
b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
(A researcher studying the effect of noise level on concentration randomly assigns student participants to either a noisy room or a quiet room to take a problem-solving test. The researcher subsequently compares the two groups' test scores using a t-test and concludes p=.05) The independent variable in this study is the
b) noise level
After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon.
b) opponent-process theory
The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for
b) pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins
It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants?
b) physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions
Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?
b) primacy
Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on
b) rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context
The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the
b) red-green system
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent
b) response, reinforcement
An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the
b) right visual cortex
Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?
b) selective attention
After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the following?
b) sensory adaptation
Which of the following is true of the two sets of scores above?
b) set B has a larger standard deviation
For most people, which of the following is an activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain?
b) simple spatial reasoning
When a teacher compares the performance of her students on the even-and odd-numbered questions in a multiple-choice test, she is determining
b) split-half reliability
Which of the following is a hormone that is most directly related to human sex drive?
b) testosterone
The process of remembering several pieces of information by mentally associating an image of each with a different location is a mnemonic device known as
b) the method of loci
When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as
b) the phi phenomenon
When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur?
b) there will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory
(A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group) What is the independent variable in this study?
b) type of television program viewed
Which of the following scatterplots depicts the most predictive negative correlation between two variables?
c)
In a normal distribution of test scores, the percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean score is
c) 50
Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
c) A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 years
Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge?
c) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
In their discussion of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?
c) Maturation
Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following?
c) The social desirability bias
The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance.
c) Withdrawal
A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking bout them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is
c) a conditioned stimulus
Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?
c) cognitive
A bundle of nerve fibers that interconnects the two brain hemispheres is the
c) corpus callosum
A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's
c) difference threshold
During a psychology experiment, a researcher uses a probe to lesion the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus. After the procedure the rat most likely will
c) eat more and gain weight
A researcher conducts an experiment to test the claim that new drug Y is more effective than standard drug X in inhibiting arousal. The researcher randomly assigns participants to receive drug Y or drug X and subsequently measures arousal. In this experiment, participants receiving drug Y constitute the
c) experimental group
Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment?
c) harry harlow
A therapist who uses systematic desensitization to help a child overcome a white rabbit phobia will probably begin treatment by
c) having the child list a hierarchy of white, fuzzy objects
When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are
c) in the middle of the list
The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that
c) is positively skewed
Which of the following is true of the reticular activating system?
c) it regulates levels of arousal
According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects>
c) it should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency that is most influenced by extreme scores?
c) mean
The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called
c) natural selection
Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and put them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by
c) negative reinforcement
A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of
c) object permanence
(A researcher studying the effect of noise level on concentration randomly assigns student participants to either a noisy room or a quiet room to take a problem-solving test. The researcher subsequently compares the two groups' test scores using a t-test and concludes p=.05) The dependent variable in this study is the
c) problem-solving test scores
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
c) punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditional a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will
c) salivate when the light is flashed
A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having
c) scored higher than 75% of the test takers
Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of autistic children?
c) severely impaired interpersonal communication
Researches find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that
c) students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not
The rules of grammar are rules of
c) syntax
Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?
c) testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year
When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding?
c) the availability heuristic
A teacher finds the distribution of scores on a final exam to be positively skewed with low variability. On the basis of this information, the teacher would be most justified in concluding that
c) the exam was too difficult
Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following?
c) the hypothalamus
The gate control theory attempts to explain how
c) the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. In which of the following situations would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth?
c) throwing a ball to a friend
Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's
c) vision
Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?
d) certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival
Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely represents the relationship between length of sleep deprivation and level of altertness?
d) -0.4
Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock?
d) 60%
In a normal distribution, approximately what percent of the scores occur within one standard deviation above and below the mean?
d) 68%
In which of the following techniques do researches inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity?
d) Postiron-emission tomography (PET)
When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. which theory of emotion best explains these results?
d) Shackter-Singer
The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by
d) a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors
Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrate a high degree of
d) androgyny
A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?
d) assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms
A mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says, "ball." Which of the following Piagetian processes would account for this behavior?
d) assimilation
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's
d) attachment
The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the
d) blind spot
Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it?
d) case study
Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?
d) cerebral cortex
A young couple was having a picnic outdoors when a sudden rainstorm approached. they became soaked, because they did not think of using their plastic tablecloth for protection form the rain. Their oversight best illustrates
d) functional fixedness
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as a fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of
d) functional fixedness
Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?
d) hypothetical thinking
Long-term potentiation is best described as the
d) increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of
d) insight
One criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development is that it
d) is based on empirically unverifiable constructs
Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism?
d) it holds that development is largely a product of learning
Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons?
d) lips
REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?
d) lowered muscle tone
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
d) negative reinforcement
Which glad of the endocrine system controls the activity of other glands?
d) pituitary
They Psychology Aptitude Test (PAT) was administered to incoming college psychology majors. Their scores were later compared to their performance in the introductory psychology course, and hight scores on the PAT were related to high grades in the course. Therefore, the PAT has
d) predictive validity
In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys
d) preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle
In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands secrete hormones that cause all of the following EXCEPT
d) reduced mood swings
Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?
d) retinal disparity
The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it
d) seeks to establish cause-effect relationships
According to Erik Erikson's theory of development, the key concern of early adulthood is
d) sharing intimacy with another
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT
d) spicy
In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain
d) stimulus-detection thresholds
The researcher's conclusion that p = 0.5 most likely indicates
d) that the difference between the two groups is statistically significant
The news of a plane crash causes a couple to cancel their plane reservation and drive 1,000 miles in their car instead, even though they know that fatal automobile accidents are much more common than airplane accidents. The couple's decision mainly involves
d) the availability heuristic
A prototype is best defined as
d) the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children at the first level of moral reasoning make judgments about right and wrong on the basis of
d) the likelihood of punishment
Dr. Lewis decided to study the television viewing habits of her students and therefore demanded that they complete and return a survey regarding their viewing habits. Which of the following ethical principles was clearly violated in this study?
d) the right to refuse to participate in the study
Two groups of participants in a study are presented a list of 20 words. The first group is told to count the number of capital letters in the words and the second group is told to think of the definition of each word. When both groups are asked to recall the word lists, which of the following is most likely to occur?
d) the second group will recall more words than the first group
Which of the following is generally true of participants in Lewis Terman's longitudinal study of intellectually gifted children?
d) they led happy and fulfilling lives
Which of the following is true of persons with schizophrenia?
d) they typically experience onset in late adolescence or early adulthood
The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to
d) transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represents a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are
e) 100% runners
Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning?
e) Albert Bandura...Bobo doll
When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called
e) an algorithm
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called...
e) an instinct
Which of the following best represents a humanistic explanation for an anxiety disorder?
e) anxiety results when an individual experiences a gap between his ideal self and his real self
Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity?
e) barbituates
Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's
e) theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females
The quotation - "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief..." - is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of psychology?
e) behaviorism
In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was
e) both an unconditioned and a conditioned response
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?
e) children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.
Computer-generated color images of the brain that provide information about glucose metabolism are produced by which of the following techniques?
e) computerized axial tomography (CAT)
Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?
e) delay of punishment
According to the graph above, the greatest degree of attitude change is likely to be produced by which of the following forms of advertising?
e) easy messages on television and difficult messages in the newspaper
An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds of memory?
e) episodic
The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to
e) establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response
Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for...
e) gaining insight into unconscious motives
Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to
e) hear sounds
(A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group) What is the dependent variable in this study?
e) incidence of aggressive behavior
Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school?
e) industrial-organizational
A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school that children whose homes lack encyclopedias. the researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly
e) inferred causation from correlation
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
e) knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development?
e) longitudinal
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
e) neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
The performance of the group on which an IQ test is standardized sets the
e) norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?
e) perception
James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for hime to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have?
e) phenylketonuria (PKU)
Which of the following is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation.
e) phenylketonuria (PKU)
Which of the following psychoactive drugs works by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin
e) prozac
The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as
e) psychophysics
A moviegoer who cannot identify the name of a film star remembers the name when a friend reviews a list of stars. This incident illustrates which two concepts in human memory?
e) recall and recognition
Which of the following is the most appropriate criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test?
e) school grades
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximation is called
e) shaping
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?
e) social learning theory
The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called
e) spontaneous recovery
In neurons, the nuerotransmitters are released at the synaptic vesicles
e) synaptic vesicles
Which of the following behavior-therapy techniques is typically used to reduce fear of heights?
e) systematic desensitization
Gender typing is best described as
e) the acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
A market researcher is interested in ascertaining which of two possible packages is more likely to entice buyers to purchase a new brand of chocolate-chip cookie. In this study, which of the following pairs represents the independent and dependent variables, respectively?
e) the different types of packages; total sales for each of the packages