AP psych full vocab for semester 1 final study

Eysenck

2 personality dimensions; extravert/intravert & emotional stability/instability.

role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Reflex

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

Eugenics

A program for selective breeding of the most intelligent individuals.

Personality inventories

A questionnaires to test your personality.

Learning Def

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

Experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect of some behavior or mental processes (dependent variables). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

Random sample

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Reflex

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. It will bypass the brain to move your muscle. They go to the motor neuron.

Operational definition

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

AChievement

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Aptitude test

A test designed to predict a person's future performance. The ability for that person to learn.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Z score

A unit that measures the distance of one score form the mean. A positive z score means a number above the mean. A negative z score is below the mean.

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

Population

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population)

Adoption studies

Allow for genetic and environmental comparison. Adoptees' traits are more similar to biological parents. Adoptive parents do influence attitudes, politics, faith, ECT.

Association Areas

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

Socrates and Plato

Ancient Greek philosophers who believed that the mind and the body are separate and distinct and that some knowledge is inborn, focused on logic.

Sensory Neurons

Any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entire within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.

Sensory Neurons

Any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entire within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron. Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

Glial Cells (GLIA)

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

Interneurons

Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus. Their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Range

Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Environmental effects

Differences in intelligence among theses groups are largely environmental as if one environment is more fertile in developing these abilities than another.

Placebo Effect

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Axon Terminal

Extend off of the axon to receiving dendrites.

Terminal Branches

Extend off of the axon to receiving dendrites.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who believed that the mind was a blank slate and that knowledge was grown from experience and that the mind and the body were interconnected, focused on observation.

Abraham Maslow

Higher archy of needs Self actualiazation. Maslow study abraham lincoln, Gandhi, MLK jr, Elanor Roosevelt.

Relative height

Higher objects in our field of vision look farther away.

Brain function

Higher performing brains use less activity than lower performing brains (use less glucose). Perceptual speed and neurological speed is also faster among those with higher intelligence.

Physiological function

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and perserve neural pathways.

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time. The acquisition process is slower. Greater resistance to extinction.

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Intermittent reinforcment

Reinforcment only some of the time

contemporary psychodynamic theorist

Reject the notion that sex is the basis of personality. Agree that much of our mental life is unconscious. We struggle with inner conflicts. Childhood shapes our personalities and attachment styles.

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. ( not a basic research technique)

Schooling effect

Schooling is an experience that pays dividends which is reflected in intelligence scores. Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores. To increase readiness for schoolwork projects like Head Star facilitate leaning.

behavior geneticists

Scientists that study our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment

Hindbrain

Structure's on top of our spinal cord. controls basic biological structures.

Genetic contribution

Studies of twins, family members and adopted children together point to a significant genetic contribution to of intelligence scores.

Morality into action

Teach empathy Self discipline to delay gratification Model moral behavior

Self reference phenomenon

Tendency to remember information better if we encode it in terms of ourselves.

Standardized test

Test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and form a normal distribution or bell curve. Defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group.

Spearman

That there is a general intelligence. People who score high on one test also score high on other test. People with verbal intelligence, typically score higher on other factor like spatial and or reasoning.

Cerebellum

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

Cerebellum

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. Sounds and texture. The amount of time has past. Coordination as well.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The Brain and Spinal Cord

Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS)

The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. These test has Risen in colleges for testing instead of the Aptitude.

Mediation

The ability for a child to think about more than just the objects that are around her; she can think about the whole world.

Plasticity

The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.

Thalamus

The brain's sensory switchboard- locate don top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Thalamus

The brain's sensory switchboard- locate don top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Every sense except smell goes through it.

Dendrite

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Angular Gyrus

The cerebral gyrus of the posterior part of the external surface of the parietal lobe that arches over the posterior end of the sulcus between the superior and middle gyri of the temporal lobe called also angular convolution.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the

Control Group

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Experimental Group

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Spinal Cord

The cord of nerve tissue extending through the spinal canal of the spinal column.

Pituitary Gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Culture

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from 1 generation the the next

Independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studied

Axon

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscle or glands.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Content Validity: does the test sample the behavior of interest. Predictive validity: Does the test predict future behavior? Determined by computing correlation between scores and some criterion.

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores in two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

relative clearity

The haziness of something far and clearness of something clear. Monocular

Cerebral Cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center.

Synapse

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the syncaptic gap or cleft.

conditioned response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Dog hears bell and drools over bell. The learned response to a previously neutral, But now conditioned stimulus.

Threshold

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Receptor Site

The location of the dendrites that receive the neurotransmitters from an axon.

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Brainstem

The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.

Dependent variable

The outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable

Brain

The part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium of humans and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft, convoluted mass of gray and white matter and serving to control and coordinate the mental and physical actions.

Automatic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms,

All-or-None Response

The strength of a action potential doesn't matter, either the neuron fires or it doesn't.

Resting Potential

The time when a neuron is not in use and has a threshold of (-.7)

The Hemispheres

The two different sides of the brain

fraternal twins

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. Siblings born at the same time but not same DNA.

Amygdala

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.

Amygdala

Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. ANGER AND FEAR

Acceptance

Unconditional positive Regard. An attitude of acceptance regardless of circumstances. Accepting yourself or other completely.-Carl rogers idea "its only money, not a person" - Mrs.George 2015

Applications of observational learning

Unfortunately, Bandura's studies show that antisocial models ( family, neighborhood or tv) may have antisocial effects.

Perceptual set

What we want to see. Or we are raised to see something different from others. Can be use with all senses

CAT Scan

a 3D x ray of the brain good for tumor locating but tells us nothing about the function of the brain.

Max Wertheimer

a Gestalt psychologist; argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discreet structures. Instead, examined a person's total experience.

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

psychodynamic psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior.

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan

fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved. Maladaptive adult, Behavior comes from conflicts unresolved during the oral , anal or phallic stages. At any point conflict can lock or fixate the persons pleasure seeking energies in this stage.

Mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. may not even realized they have fallen asleep. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times Usually last less than 5 up to 20 min. Fall directly into REM sleep triggered by intense emotion such as stress laughter anger surprise. No cure amphetamines sometimes used for alertness.

perceptual adaptation

ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field

depth perception

ability to see objects in 3D, allows us to judge disance

Embryo

about 2 weeks after. Last about 6 weeks. Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop.

accommodation

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

accommodation

adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new understandings

pupil

adjustable opening in center of eye through which light enters

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

human factors psychology

explores how people and machines interact, and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Sigmund Frued

founder of Psychoanalysis, proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges

William James

founder of functionalism; also associated with the concept of pragmatism, wrote the first psychology textbook, "The Principles of Psychology".

distal stimulus

gives the info to the proximal.

indicidualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. More in eastern culture

Positive Punishment

giving something bad to reduce a behavior ex: spanking adding

Positive Reinforcement

giving something good to increase behavior ex: receive a paycheck. Strengthens a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus after a response. adds stuff

brain development and motor skill infancy childhood

good news While in the womb you produce almost 1/4 million brain cells per minute. bad news this is basically all you are ever going to develop

Applied research

has a clear practical application that benifits

Master clock

hat controls circadian rhythms consists of a group of nerve cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN. The SCN contains about 20,000 nerve cells and is located in the hypothalamus, an area of the brain just above where the optic nerves from the eyes cross.

Guilford

he detected spearman's view he believes it is more of a 3 dimensional necessary for accurate description. Operations, content and products. An individual is performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the under lying mental abilities or factors of intelligence comprises up to 10 different intellectual abilities organized along a 3 dimension

Rogers' Growth "Climate"

ideal climate to nurture the growth of relationships requires genuineness, acceptance, empathy.

pleasure principle

if not constrained by reality, seeks immediate gratification. part of ID

formal operational stage

in piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts, We reason abstractly.

gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

sleep spindle

is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of 12-14 Hz waves that occur for at least 0.5 seconds. Sleep spindles are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.

Sensory abilities of adult hood

it decreases steadily down through your ages and will drop off. Down hill.

Stern

intelligence quotient IQ The IQ was simply a reason's mental age divided by chronological age by 100. Intelligence can be measured by a simple equation and a test of mental age. The 100 IQ is average make 85-115 is 2/3 average people score between while above 115 is above average.HE MADE THE IQ TEST!!!!!!

reciprocal determinism

interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. The interacting influences between behaviors, internal personal factors and environment

assimilation

interpreting new experiences in terms of one's existing schema

assimilation

interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas

psychokinesis

mind over matter.

difference threshold

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for perception 50% of the time. Also known as just noticeable difference.

absolute threshold

minimum stimulation required to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

feature detection

nerve cells in brain respond to specific features of a stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement

taste aversion

occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. Generally is developed after ingestion of food that causes nausea, sickness, or vomiting.

The Premack principle

of reinforcement which states that an opportunity to engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable behaviors (or activities).

sensorinueral hearing loss

caused by damage to cochlea's hair cell receptors or to their associated auditory nerves. Once destroyed tissue remains dead. a hearing aid may amplify sound to stimulate.

fovea

central focus point of retina around which cones cluster

biological predisposition's

certain behaviors associated naturally with certain outcomes ex) easier to train a cat to me out for food then to spin

middle ear

chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing tiny bones(hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate vibrations of the eardrum onto the cochleas oval window

pheromones

chemical msg that are picked up through our sense of smell. founded in the early 1930's by studying silkworms. Jury is still out on whether they exist in humans. Best evidence we have comes out of the university of Chicago.

TASTE

chemical sense - composite of sweet sour salty bitter and umami (savory) sensations and aromas that interact with info from taste buds. Taste buds on top and side of tongue in the back and roof of your mount contains taste receptor cells. cells send info to an area of the temporal lobe near where olfactory info is received.

smell olfactory sense

chemical sense but with out basic sensations. 5 million olfactory receptor cells recognize individual odor molecules, with some odors triggering a combination of receptors. receptor cells send message to olfactory lobe then to temporal lobe and parts of the limbic system. odors evoke memories b/c of close connections between parts of the brain that process.

Phencyclidine

commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as Angel Dust, pharmaceutically as Sernyl, and by many other names, is a dissociative drug.The effects of dissociative drugs like PCP include feelings of detatchment from the environment and self. In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that dissolves easily in water or alcohol.

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use

collective unconscious

concept of a shared, inherited stockpile of memory traces from our species' history according to Carl Jung.

schema

concept or framework that organizes and interperets information

Nonrepinephrine

control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood.

Nonrepinephrine

control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood. Gets your brain's attention Makes it alert

wavelength

distance from peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. One peak to the next. How long is the wave length.

ganglion cell

distinguish movement from the eyes

Bimodal distribution

distribution is one having two (bi) modes or averages. The normal distribution has only one mode.

Extrinsic motivation

do something because of promised rewards or threats of punishment.

figure-ground

organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. 1 st perceive an object figure as distinct from its surroundings *ground) 2nd organize the figure into a meaningful form that we understand (grouping)

self

organizer of feelings, thoughts and actions

internal locus of control

perception that one control's one's own fate. People who perveive an internal rather than external locus of control achieve more in school, are more independent, and are less depressed. They are better able to delay gratification and cope with various stresses.

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination or retinal images change

biological rhythms

periodic physiological fluctuations or cycles

sleep

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics. People in industrialized societies get less sleep shift work social diversions. But we all sleep about 25 years on average

identification

process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superego's, helps develop gender identity and used by children to cope with threatening feelings of competition with their same-sex parent.

accomodation

process by which eye's lenses change shape

sensation

process by which we retrieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment

perception

process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Making sense of it

parallel processing

processing several things at once. see bunch of stuff like seeing color shape movement depth form ect.

terror-management theory

proposes that faith in one's world view and persuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.

halllucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Distort perceptions or evoke sensation without sensory input."Hearing colors," "trails" Experience - hallucinations, emotions ranging from euphoria to panic. Mood and expectations affect reaction. Can cause PTSD and Schizophrenia.

fluid intelligence

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

fluid intelligence

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease in during late adulthood.

crystallized intellegence

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

identity

ones' sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

opiates/ Narcotics

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. Heroin and morphine. addiction comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad.

opponent-process theory

opposing retinal processes(red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) enable color vision. we cant see two colors at the same time.

gate-control theory

spinal cord contains "gate" that either blocks pain signals or lets them through, opened by pain signals travelling up small nerve fibers, closed by activity in larger fibers or information coming from brain

cochlea

spiral, bony, fluid filled tube in inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses

hypnic jerks

stage 1 occurrence it the sensation of falling or floating or tripping causing you to jerk awake.

Negative Punishment

taking away something good to decrease behavior ex: taking away phone Taking away

Non REM

taking the past and understand the past stages before 5 which is 3 and 4

grouping

tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

visual capture

tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

biological clocks

that control circadian rhythms are groupings of interacting molecules in cells throughout the body. A "master clock" in the brain coordinates all

immediate reinforcers

that occurs immediately after desired or undesired behavior occurs

Shaping

reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal , like "training" ex) reinforcers, like food, guide an animal's actions toward a desired behavior

cones

retinal receptor cells concentrated near center of retina, function well in daylight or well-lit situations, detect fine detail and give rise of color sensations

rods

retinal receptors that detcect black, white and grey, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

androgeny

the presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person

monism

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

dualism

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

conservation

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

annual cycles

seasonal variation in appetite, sleep length mood.

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

reality principle

seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic way that will bring long-term pleasure rather than pain and distruction. Part of ego

Stereotype threat

self confirming concern that evaluation is based on a negative stereotype.

basic research

something the you don't need to know but you wonder or kinda want to know.

mesolimbic pathway

sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain. The pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the nucleus accumbens.

Young-Helmholtz theory/Trichromatic Theory

theory that the retina contains three different color receptors(red, green,blue) which when stimulated in any combination can produce the perception of any color. There 3 cones or receptor cell types. 7 million color variation, that we perceive.

Papillae

those bumps on our tongue are called papillae. Papillae help grip food while your teeth are chewing. They also have another special job they contain your taste buds.

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. Humans has 46 (23 from mom and 23 from dad)

chromosome

threadlike structures made of DNA; contain genes

Social-Cognitive perspecitve/ Social cognitive theory.

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context. Learning theory (under the umbrella of behaviorism). Focus on how we interact with our environment. 1. Different people choose different environments(the tv you watch friends you hang with music you listen to were all chosen by you(your disposition) But after you choose the environment, it also shapes you. Our personalities helps create situations to which we react. If i expect someone to be angry with me, I may give that person the cold shoulder, creating the very behavior I expect. "you fake it till you make it" -Mrs.George 2015

walking

walking in US 25% learn by 11 months, 50% within a week of 1st birthday, 90% by 15 month. varies by culture- if the culture emphasizes walking then babies can walk at younger ages (nurture). But identical twins tend to learn to walk on the same day ( NATURE).

grouping closure

we fill in gaps to create a whole object / Like gaslat

grouping proximity

we group nearby figures together

grouping similarity

we group similar figures together

helmholtz's place theory

we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. the brain recognizes the place on the membrane and determines pitch. best explains how we sense high pitch sounds.

Terman

Thought intelligence was inhaaritied attempted to use binest's test but found that Paris people age norms worked poorly with Californian school new age norm. The child were not successful and cultured parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes reason that their for the simple heredity is better. If a kid is in a hone full of cultured people and intelligence people the kid has a higher chance of being smarter then average.

Lesion

Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally cased destruction of brain tissue.

Ethinic similarities and Differences

To discuss this issue we begin with two disturbing but agreed upon facts. Racial groups differ in their averages. If we look at racial differences with Americans scores higher in average intelligence than black Americans. Genetics research indicates that the raves are remarkable alike under the skin. Race is not a neatly defined biological category. Asian students are better then math.

Reify Intelligence

To treat intelligence as though it were a real object, not an abstract concept.

Discovery Tools

Tools used to discover processes/parts of the brain.

pitch

a tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

mantra

a word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation.

farsightedness

far away objects are seen better than closer objects

sensation

girls are more sensitive to touch, taste, and odor

superego

part of personality that represents internalizedideals and provides standards for judgement and future aspirations. (the conscience) Represents our internalized ideals. Standards of judgment or our morals.

blind spot

point where you cant see also call optic disc

parapsychology

study of paranormal phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis

psychophysics

study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli(Intensity) and our psychological experience of them

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Endorphins

"morphine within"- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

Endorphins

"morphine within"- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. More powerful then pain killers body natural anesthetic. Part of brain's reward system.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

(CNS)The Brain and Spinal Cord

Backward Conditioning

(also known as backward pairing) is a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS). This is a mostly ineffective method of conditioning because it doesn't allow for a clear association between the US and the NS. The NS is what you want to become a conditioned stimulus (CS). So to use a Pavlovian example, an experimenter rings a bell (NS) before they present the food (UCS). Eventually the bell will cause salivation without the presentation of food which is when it becomes a CS. In backward conditioning, the US (food) is presented to a dog before the NS (a bell). Therefore, the dog does not associate the bell with food and the NS will not become a CS and cause salivation on its own.

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Refractory Period

.2 m/s resting between each firing period.

Gardners 8 intelligence

1 linguistic/verbal=poet 2. logical/mathematical=scientist. 3. Musical= composer 4. spatial/visual=artist 5. body kine-thesis=dancer 6. intrapersonal self==psychiatrist 7. interpersonal (others)- leader 8. Naturalist = naturalist like Charles Darwin. But sometimes more.

triarchy theory

3 leaders 3 not 8 intelligence. His theory says there is only 3 intelligence that is in multiple intelligence 1. analytical (academic problem solving) 2. Creative intelligence 3. practical intelligence.

sleep cycles

90 minute cycle sometimes a 100 minutes. increased energy, sharper concentration , better decision making and more when you sleep

Biological Psychology

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neurophysiologists, behavior geneticists, psychological psychologists, or biopsychologists)

Pons

A brand of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the midbrain, medulla, and the cerebrum.

Pons

A brand of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the midbrain, medulla, and the cerebrum. Facial expectation alertness coordination.

Skinner Box

A chamber that contains a bar or key that an animal can press to obtain food or water (reinforcement) used rats and pigeons.

Split Brain

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.

Intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Limbic System

A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

General Intelligence (G)

A general intelligence factor that according to (((Spearman))) and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measure by every task on an intelligence test.

Scatterplot

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. (little scatter=high correlation)

Mental ability score

A persons score on an intelligence test based on performance relative to the average performance of people the same age

Mylin Sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures. Always carries an expitatory msg most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutric Acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutric Acid)

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia. Always carries an inhibitory message; made of glutamate with an extra enzyme; exists in the area of the brain dealing with emotion and thinking

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other (related)

Intelligence test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system ( THEY DO NOT TOUCH EACH OTHER)

Reticular Formation

A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Action Potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. (-.5)

Action Potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. (-.5) (CHEMICAL OUTSIDE) (ELECTRICAL INSIDE) The axon fires all or none.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. May be most important structure in the brain.

Acetycholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. With Alzheimer's disease, Ach-producing neurons deteriorate.

Acetycholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. With Alzheimer's disease, Ach-producing neurons deteriorate. Associated with monoamines; operates voluntary and involuntary muscle movements; appears in the brain in large amounts while sleeping causes many of our dreams.

Adrenal Glands

A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

Adrenal Glands

A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress. inner part called the medulla helps trigger the fight or flight

super taster

A person who has an unusually large density of taste buds, each surrounded by pain fibers. As a result, the person has an exquisite ability to taste accurately.

Projective tests

A personality test Provides an ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projectiont of one's inner dynamics

Factor analysis

A statistical procedure used to identify different cluster of behaviors that tend to appear together.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response Dog seeing food .

cohort sequential

A study done over a consistent amount of time passing to get accurate data.

Survey

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

Survey method

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining)

A technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; MRI scans show brain anatomy fMRI scans show brain function.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A technique hat uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.

epinephrine

AKA adrenaline gets your body moving when the situation requires instant action flight or fight

Fetus

About 9 weeks we have something that looks unmistakably human. By about the 6 month the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother. At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.

Neo-Freudians

Accepted basic ideas of personality but. 1. Put more emphasis on the conscious mind in interpreting experience and coping with the enviroment. More postive motives than sex and aggression.

Reciprocal Determinism

According to Albert Bandura, a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment. Bandura suggests that a person's behavior can be conditioned through the operant conditioning (use of consequences like reward and punishment); he also believes that a person's behavior can impact the environment. So it is not just that you are influenced by your environment, but that you also influence the environment around you--each impacts the other.

Thyroid gland

Affects metabolism among other things

Seratonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked with depression; Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise levels. It is like grease it smooth things out help digestion as well. Feel good hormone. Neurotransmitter; assists digestion and regulates movements of smooth, large muscles.

Seratonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked with depression; Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise seratonin levels.

Erik Erikson: Initiative vs guilt

Age 3-6 years important event independence child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.

Sternberg

Agrees with Gardner's idea of multiply intelligence, but his triachic theory from triarchy theory 3 leaders 3 not 8 intelligence. His theory says there is only 3 intelligence that is in multiple intelligence 1. analytical (academic problem solving) 2. Creative intelligence 3. practical intelligence. This child is selling candy on the streets of manois brazil. Is developing practical intelligence at a very young age.

Physical changes in adulthood

All physical abilities essentially peak by our mid twenties

Margaret Floy Washburn

American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; published research on mental processes in animals, second female president of the APA, denied membership into the Organization of Experiment Psychologists because of her gender.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Motor Cortex

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

Hippocampus

An enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse.

Hippocampus

An enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse. Memory storage and processing.

Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Results in unwanted fears. Conveys no info to the organism justifies pain to others. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence Causes aggression towards the agent Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another.

Double-blind procedure

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies.

Theory

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Distortions

An illusion that distorts an image's shape and/or size

Case Study

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

Case Study

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles (can't replicate)

Mean

Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the by the number of scores

Random Assignment

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

Familiarity

Attachments based on familiarity are formed during our critical periods.

Trait theroists

Attempt to describe personality in terms of stable and enduring patterns. Some theorists use dominant traits and their associated characteristics to describe personality types.

Health of adult hood

Bad news: Is as we get older our immune system weakens, thus we become more susceptible to life threatening ailments. Good news: because we're older build up a collection of antibodies throughout the years; get minor colds less often.

Bandura's experiments

Bandura's BoBo doll study 1961 indicated that individuals children learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.

Genuineness

Being open with your own feelings. Dropping your facade. Being transparent and self- disclosing - Carl rogers idea.

self-efficacy

Belief that we can perform behaviors necessary to accomplish tasks; we are competent.From bandura

Group -efficacy

Belief that with collaborative effort, our group will accomplish task. Bandura.

Antagonist

Blocks neurotransmitters -> inhibits molecule.

Antagonist

Blocks neurotransmitters -> inhibits molecule. Blocks out.

Eysenck personality questionnaire

Brain activity scans suggest that extraverts and introverts differ in their levels of arousal. Extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal level is relatively low.

Hawthorne Effect

But even the control group may experiment change. Like if you told them they are being experiment they will change the outcome because you knew.

Intelligence changeing

By age a child's 4 IQ can predict adolescent and adult IQ scores. After age of 7 intelligence scores stabilize. Intelligence can change or time but not a lot.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Hormones

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and affect another.

Karen horney

Childhood anxiety is caused by a dependent child's feelings of helplessness. This triggers out desire for love and security. Fought against freud's penis envy concept.

Alfred adler

Childhood is important to personality. Focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel on top.

Piaget's important concepts

Children are active thinkers, always trying to make sense of the world. To make sense of the world, they develop schemas. Schema- a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information.

Current views on Piaget

Children are more capable and development is more continuous than Piaget believed. Cognitive abilities for each state develop earlier. See formal logic as a smaller part of cognition than Piaget did. Human cognition unfolds basically in the sequence Piaget proposed.

Careers and life satisfaction adult hood

Choosing a career path can be tough, takes time to settle into an occupation Happiness is having work that fits your interests and provides a sense of competence and accomplishment adult moods are less extreme, but more enduring.

Prenatal developments

Conception begins with the release of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm. The sperm seeks out the egg and using digestive enzymes, attempts to penetrate the eggs surface. Once a sperm is in, the egg's surface blocks all others; within 12 hours egg and sperm nucleus fuse.

Big 5 Factors

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Vesicles

Contain neurotransmitters until time of release.

Broca's Area

Controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernicke's Area

Controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Right Hemisphere

Controls left side, art, creativeness, music, intuitive.

Left Hemisphere

Controls right side, logic, language, analytical

Person situation controversy

Critics note that human behavior varies widely from situation to situation. So traits are not good predictors f behavior.

Moon iluusion

Cues to objects distances at the horizon makes the moon behind them seem farther away the moon on the horizon seems larger.

Between 50 and 75 %

Current estimates are that ________ percent of the total variation among intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic factors.

Neurotransmission

Dendrites to cell body to axon

Neurotransmission

Dendrites to cell body to axon. They send signals fast through the body

Light and shadow

Dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light.

Harry Harlow

Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact of a cloth mother over the nourishment of a Hard/wirily mother.

INFO processing

Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories

Wish fulfillment Freud's psych theory

Dreams provide a "psychic safety valve" they often express otherwise unacceptable feelings, and contain both manifest(rememebered) content and a latent contedt (hidden meaning)

Adults hoods

Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood

Early intervention effect

Early neglect from caregivers leads children to develop a lack of personal control over the environment, and it impoverishes their intelligence. Romanian orphans with minmal human, interaction are delayed in their development

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

John Locke

English philosopher who believed that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa" - that is, people are born without innate ideas, and we are completely shaped by our environment.

Francis Bacon

English politician, writer who formalized the empirical method, created the idea of inductive reasoning and the scientific method, considered to be the father of modern science.

Hyperpolarization

Farther away from threshold- less likely to fire.

Spermarche

First time men ejaculate at 13ish.

Nomothetic method

Focuses on group level and looks for universal traits or relationships between different aspects of personality Data gathered from test, surveys and observations.

Ideographic method

Focuses on unique aspects of individual's personality Case studies, interviews and naturalistic observation.

subtractive color mixing

Formation of colors by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there

additive color mixing

Formation of colors by superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself

Positive observational learning

Fortunately, Prosocial (positive,helpful) models may have prosocial effect. Prosocial behaviors.

Enviromental influences

Fraternal twins raised together are more similar than those of other siblings. Identical twins raised apart are less similar than the scores of indentical twins raised together. Life experiences significantly influence intelligence test scores. Neglect vs enriched environments. Head start, ect programs.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who believed the mind and body are two distinct entities, was interested in how the mind and body communicated, dissected animals to look at their brain structure.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's early explorations into the unconscious. 1st hypnosis didnt work/ Turned to free association relax- chain thoughts this is called

Cognitive development in adolences

Frontal lobe maturation and selective pruning of unused neurons and connections. The reasoning is self focused assume that their experiences are unique.

Mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation language learning and empathy. Neuroscience discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.

Tv and observational learning experiment

Gentile et al. 2004 shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent tv videos and video games express increased aggression.

Franz Gall

German physician who invented PHRENOLOGY, the popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits.

nonverbal memoy

Girls have the edge on boys at locating objects (Halpern,2000) in studies of more than 100,000 american adolescents, girls also modestly surpassed boys in memory for picture associations(Hedges and Nowell 1995),

Individualism

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals. Defining you identity in terms of yourself

Collectivism

Giving priority to the goals of a group and defining your identity as part of that group.

Marijuana

Hallucinogens. Has THC Disinhibition euphoric high. feelings of relaxation relief from pain. intense sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. Impairs motor coordination and reaction time disrupts memory formation. May increase anxiety or depression difficult to classify. Lingers in the body for a month or more regular users will require less to get high than occasional users. Differently psychological addictive.

Teratogens

Harmful agents to the prenatal environment.

Hilgrad hypnosis.

He believes hypnosis is reflects a dissociation or split in consciousness.

Weschler

He thought that Stunford-Binet IQ test was feeble minded so he made WAIS weschler (Adult intelligence scale) he also made one for children. WAIS consists of 11 subjects it yields not only a overall intelligence as does the stanford-binet but as separates scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. Also help identifies learning disorders. Block design puzzles test the ability to analyze paterns. Weschlers tests individually administered intelligence test comes in forms suited for ADULTS ( WAIS) and CHILDREN ( WISC)

CPAP machine

Helps people with sleep Apnea to sleep by sending air to you face.

spatial abilities increases

High levels of male hormones during prenatal development may enhance.

Daycare

High quality____ has shown no detrimental effects on children. Slightly advanced thinking and language skills but also have an increased rate of aggressiveness and defiance. Child's temperament, the mother's sensitivity and the family's economic and educational level matter more than time spent in day care.

experience and brain development

I spend a lot of money sending paulo to day care. They just play with a lot of toys. I could use that money for something else. But it is well money spent. Because the neurons will be way better in a rich environment. This will increase over all intelligence.

Perceptual illusion

Illusions mislead us in how we typically organize and interpret our sensations. visual capture among our senses vision is dominant. Hearing then touch then the rest.

Immediate reinforcer

Immediate payback like drug addiction

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

Authoritarian parents

Impose rules and expect obedience. Why because i said so.

formal operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (12 years - ) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

concrete operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (6 or 7 years - 11 years) during which the child gains the mental operations hat enable them to think logically about concrete events

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between childrens' present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia. Starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease.

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excess of this hormone receptor activity linked to schizophrenia. Starved amounts of this hormone , the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease. Levels seem to decline with age and in males more than females. Controls physical movements inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Flynn effect

Intelligence test scores form such a curve, but in the past 6 decades, the averages score has risen 27 points a phenomenon know as ..... intelligence test performance has been rising. The reason we have improved so much is because of the environment of nutrition and safety of people has improved.

Neural Networks

Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer stimulations of neural networks show analogous learning.

Neural Networks

Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer stimulations of neural networks show analogous learning. Neurons work as the team.

Simplicity

It is a law of perceptual organization stating that human beings perceive the result of stimulus patterns in the simplest form possible

The Barnum Effect

It is the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characteristics of themselves and take them to be accurate.

Concurrent validity

It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct

Mediation

It takes practice. It is to clear your mind and to focus on nothing. The ummm calming your self.

Body contact

It was first assumed that infants became attached to those who satisfied there hunger food food. Harry harlow

Peer influences

It's hard for me to get paulo to clean up his toys, but when he sees his friends clean up in school, he jumps to it. Selection effect we seek out people with similar interests that may explain why we seem to conform to our peers.

Descriptive Statistics

Just describes sets of data. You might create a frequency distribution ( line graph)

discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that doesn't signal a UCS ex: Pavlov's dog also learned to respond to the sound of a particular tone and not to other tones Has survival value-limits our learned responses to appropriate stimuli ex flee from a lion, but not kitten.

Imitation onset

Learning by observation begins early in life. This 14 month old child imitates the adult on tv in pulling a toy apart. Children will mimic things even at a young age. When you look at people doing things.

Observational learning

Learning by observing others. Watching a mimicking

operant conditioning

Learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by reinforcement and punishment. A type of learning in which behavior jis strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which have consequences (operant behavior), organism learns association between its behavior and resulting events. control

associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together. Making connection to things.

latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a motive to demonstrate it ex) wrap wanders a maze then find food (reward)

Carl jung

Less emphasis on social factors. Focused on the unconscious. We all have a collective unconsicous: a shared inherited well of memory traces from our species history. Studied commonalities in dreams myths and religious stories withing and between cultures.`

Life expectancy

Life Expectancy keeps increasing now about 79 Women outlive men by about 4 years But more men are conceived 126 to 100 then 105 to 100 by birth. In other words, men die easier.

Empathy

Listening, sharing, understanding and mirroring feelings and reflecting their meanings. Carl rogers idea.

Responsive parenting/ attachment

Mary ainsworth stranger paradigm Van den Boom's research.

Pituitary Gland

Master of the glands.The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Exteremes intelligence/ Mental retardation/ Gifted kids.

Mental retardation IQ 70 below a difficulty adapting to normal demands of living independently. Can be from known physical cause (down syndrome-extra chromosome) sometimes not. most mentally challenged adults can live in mainstream society with support. GIFTED are usually healthy well adjusted academically successful. Controversy around gifted segregated programs. Critics note that tracking by aptitude creates self fulfilling prophesy widens the achievement gap and increases social isolation between achievement groups.

Depolarization

Met threshold for action potential to occur.

Median

Middle score in a distribution, half the scores are above it and half are below

Agonist

Mimics neurotransmitter -> excites molecule.

Agonist

Mimics neurotransmitter -> excites molecule. Mimics

Telepathy

Mind to mind Communication.

Prosocial modeling

Modeling good behavior prompts good behavior in others. Most effective when words and actions are consistent. Do as i say, not as I do. is not effective its hypocritical and behavior is most often modeled not words/ directions.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Postconventional morality

Morality based on your own ethical principles.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Conventional morality

Morality based upon obeying laws to Maintain social order to gain social approval.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Preconventional morality

Morality of self interest. Actions are either to avoid punishment or to gain reward.

Death

Most difficult is death spouse, especially if unexpected. Range of reactions wide( public displays of grief, hidden grief) Research discounts the popular idea of predictable stages of grief for terminally ill and bereaved.

Toilet training

NO matter what the baby needs the physical maturation to hold his or her bladder or bowel movements before toilet training. No training will work if the child is not physically ready.

Nerves

Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Nerves

Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. So you can move around.

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

pain

No one type of stimulus that triggers pain, no special receptors for pain. At low intensities stimuli that produce pain cause other sensations: warmth coolness roughness

Naturalistic observation

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Distributions

Outliers skew distribution. Positively skewed distribution is pulling to the left. Negativity skewed distribution pulled to the right.

Deprivation of attachment

Often withdrawn, frightened and in extreme cases speechless. Harlow's monkeys would either cower in fright or act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive parents. Severe and prolonged abuse risk for health problems, psych disorders, substance abuse and criminality.

The zygote

Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called. The first stage of prenatal development last about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division. Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks. About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall. The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients) ; inner cells become the embryo.

Crystallized intelligence

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

gender identity

One's sense of being male or female.

Gate control theory

Pain is a gate in the spinal cord that either opens to permit pain signals to travel up small nerve fibers to the brain or closes to prevent their passage the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from the brain.

Linear Perspective

Parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance. For example, the outer edges of a road seem to grow closer and closer until they appear to meet. The closer together the two lines are, the greater the distance will seem. monocular

Authoritative parents

Parents are both demanding and responsive. Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules. Encourage open discussion.

permissive parents

Parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

Dad's matter too

Paternal separation puts children at increased risk for various psychological and social pathologies.

Clairvoyance

Perceiving remote events.

Carl rogers's

Person- centered perspective People are basically GOOD. We need genuineness, Acceptance and empathy for us to grow.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women's heavy drinking. Severe cases symptoms include facial disproportions.

Pro social behavior

Positive, constructive helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

sleep deprevation

Puts people at risks for. Depressed immune system impaired concentration creativity communication irritability slowed performance w/greater vulnerability to accidents can alter metabolic and hormonal functions.

activation synthesis Hobson's theory

REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

sublimations

Re channel their unacceptable impulses towards more acceptable or socially approved activities. Ex channel feeling of homosexuality into aggressive sports play.

Emotion detecting ability

Recall that part of emotional intelligence is empathic accuracy in reading others emotions some of us are more sensitive to emotional cues.

Statistics

Recording the results from our studies. Most use a common language so we all know what we are talking about.

Head start enrichment programs

Research on the effectiveness of __________ say that it will improve school readiness and may provide a small boost to emotional intelligence.

Lev Vygotsky

Russian psychologist who developed social-cognitive theory development

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality; attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; techniques used in treating psychological disorders expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Gender differences

Similarities outnumber differences. Compared to boys, girls are better spellers, are more verbally fluent are better at locating objects and are more sensitive to touch, taste color,. Boys are more likely than girls to be underachievers, and out perform girls at math problems solving but under perform them in math computation. Women detect emotions more easily than do men.

Alcohol

Slows down neural activity, body functions and sympathetic nervous systems. Disrupts memory processing suppresses REM sleep. impairs judgment reduces self awareness.

Secure attachment predicts

Social competence

Cell Body

Soma

Cell Body

Soma the control center.

Social clock

Stage theories suggest an orderly sequence of life stages and that the mid life transition to middle adulthood is a crisis Research does not support the idea of distress peaking during midlife.

stage 3 and 4 sleep

Stages are delta sleep or slow wave sleep last about 30 min hard to wake from. Called slow wave sleep because brain activity slows down a lot from theta rhythm of stage 2 to delta and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. Delta sleep is deepest stage of sleep (not rem) and most restorative. Sleep deprived person's brain craves delta sleep first and fore most. IN children delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this what makes children unwakeable of dead asleep during most of the night.

Statistical significance

Statistical statements of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Current intelligence test

The amount by which the test taker's performance deviates from the average performance of others the same age.

Sensory Cortex

The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body touch and movement sensations.

Standard deviation

The average amount by which the scores in a distribution deviate around the mean because it is based on every score in the distribution

Standard deviation

The average amount by which the scores in a distribution deviate around the mean because it is based on every score in the distribution. Lower the number closer the score bigger the number the farther away from the mean. A Variation based on every ones score.

Medulla

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Normal distribution

The bell shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the General population is called a :

Endocrine System

The body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Nervous System

The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the automatic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the automatic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Arouses your body. Most effective in energy in your body.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. Paramedic get it under control. Calms your body

Somatic Nervous System

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. Muscles

Reliable/reliability test

The ectent which a test yields consistent results over time. Consistency is assessed by comparing - split-half reliability two halves of the test. Alternative forms. Test-retest reliability: retesting. A test can be reliable, but not valid.((The predictive validity of intelligence test is not as high as their ______.)) The consistency with which a test measures performance

experimenter expectancy effect

The effect where the experimenter. All this finally boils down to is that an experimenter may think a certain behavior results from his or her scientific treatment of one participant or one group of participants compared with another. Sometimes, though, the behavior may result from nothing more than the experimenter's own biased expectations. If this occurs, it renders the experiment invalid.

Correlation Coefficient

The mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1

Mesmer

The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to.

Mode

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Rorschach inkblot test

The most widely used projective test. A set of ten inkblots designed to ambiguous test to see you personality.

Self actualization

The motivation to fulfill one's potential. Hiearchy of needs. Ultimate need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met. Maslow developed his ideas by studying what he termed"healthy people" People They share certain characteristics: They are self -aware and self accepting. Open and spontaneous. Loving and caring. Not paralyzed by other' Opinions. They are secure in who they are. Problem centered rather than self-centered. Focused their energies on a particular task. Few deep relationships, rather than many superficial ones. These are the qualities that make up a mature adult. These people have found their calling in life. This is worth striving for.

Confounding Variables

The object of an experiment is to prove the A causes B. A confounding variable is anything that could causes change B in the A.

Automatic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms, It is Automatic

Firing Period

The period in which a neuron has met a threshold and is in action.

Occipital Lobes

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.

Parietal Lobes

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Frontal Lobes

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

Temporal Lobes

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

Visual Cortex

The portion of the cerebral cortex that receives and processes impulses from the optic nerves.

Inferential Statistics

The purpose is to discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population form which the sample was collected. If it can be applied to the bigger population.

Measure of variation

The range and standard deviation.

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance after a pause of a extinguished conditioned response ex: Pavlov found that if he allowed several hours to elapse before sounding the tone again, the salvation to the tone would reappear.

Binet

The scale, property speaking does nit permit the measures of intelligence because intellectual cannot be measured linear surfaces are measured . your intelligence is more of a development comprehensions of the world and the way of life not just a line of intelligence. You could be ignored and don't have any interactive things to do which will make you intelligence reduce or have tons of opportunities to interact with things that stimulate you brain and there fore help make you more intelligent or help improve. (When a kid)(((((Binet's test originally was used to predict school performance in children))))

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. Arms, Legs, ect

Normal curve

The symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Normal curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes; most scores fall near average, few fall near extremes

gustatory receptors

The taste of sweet sour salty bitter and umami

Barnum effect

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to anyone. Astrologers,palm readers, graphologists( handwriting analysis) ect take advantage of this.

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

generalization

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to respond similar responses. Has survival value- ex. Flee from all dangerous animals. ex: A dog conditioned when rubbed would also salivate somewhat one scratched or stimulated on a different body part

unconditional response (UCR)

The unlearned, natural occurring response to the UCS The dog seeing food drooling over food

Stanford Binet

The widely used american revision (by terman at stanford university) of Binet's original intelligence test.

Fissure

The wrinkle in the brain.

TAT

Thematic apperception test. A projective test which people express their inner feeling and interests through stories they make about ambiguous scenes.

sleep stages

There are 5 indentified stages of sleep. It takes about 90-100 min to pass through the 5 stage. The brain's waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. Stages 1-4 known as NREM/nonrem sleep. Stage 5 Is called REM sleep.

Thrustone

There is more than just general intelligence. Thrustone gave 56 test to people and mathematical identified seven clusters of primary mental ability word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. If you smart in English you have high intelligence in word fluency verbal comprehension and might memory.

Sleeping pills

These decrease REM sleep so your able to have more stages 3 and 4 sleep.

Daydream

They can help us prepare for future events. They can nourish our social development. Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

Critical thinking

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Cognitive development

This field is dominated by a man named jean piaget. He was developing IQ test and noticed that many children got the same answers wrong. Thought to himself"maybe these kids are not stupid, but instead think differently than adults."

Stage 2 sleep

This follows stage 1 sleep and is the baseline of sleep . sleep spindles. K-complex. This stage is part of the 90 min cycle and occupies approximately 45-60 % of sleep/

stage one sleep

This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 min and occupies approximately 2-5 percent of a normal night of sleep. Eyes begin to roll slightly. Consists mostly of theta waves)high amplitude, low frequency(slow) Brief periods of alpha waves similar to those present while awake. Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling hypnic.

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

This occurs during stage 3 and 4 of sleep

Law of effect

Thorndlike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

behaviorism

View that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies without reference to mental processes- most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

Learned Helplessness:

When an organism (person, animal, etc.) is prevented from avoiding some aversive stimulus repeatedly (e.g., continuous electric shocks) the organism will reach a state in which it becomes passive and depressed because he believes that there are no actions it can take to avoid the aversive stimulus. Esssentially, the organism just gives up trying to avoid it and just takes the aversive stimulus. Thus, the organism learns that it is helpless against the aversive stimulus.

Overlap (or Interposition):

When one object overlaps another, the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away monocular

Insight

When the solution to a problem comes to you in an all-of-a-sudden manner, it can be considered insight. More specifically, insight can be defined as the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. This is the opposite type of solution to trial-and-error solutions.

Texture Gradient

When you are looking at an object that extends into the distance, such as a grassy field, the texture becomes less and less apparent the farther it goes into the distance. Monocular

palmer reflex

When you touch baby's hand, (s)he'll grasp

critical period

Where experience must activate the brain's innate visual mechanism.

Thorndike

Who discover the law of effect?hungry cats placed into a box that can be open by a latch (operant conditioning) LAW EFFECT whenever behavior is followed by a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs, the behavior tends to be repeated. whenever behavior is followed by a discomforting or unpleasant state of affairs, it tends not to be repeated.

Test Bias

Yes sensitive to cultural experience; test do discriminate but some argue that their sole purpose it to discriminate.

Self-determination

You get to determine every thing you want.

Developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

biological psychology

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

operant chamber

a chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.

traits

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

DNA

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes. (deoxyribonucleic acid)

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Savant syndrome

a condition in which a persons otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. (the existence of ____ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality/for example of ten score low on intelligence tests but have an island of brilliance some incredibly ability as incorporation drawing and musical memory.

Mental retardation

a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound .

Down syndrome

a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one genetic makeup.

nature vs. nurture

a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior.

stability v. change

a controversy regarding whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan.

autism

a disorder that appears in child hood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.

Mary Calkins

a female student of James, studying memory, who completed her doctoral work at Harvard but was denied a Ph.D from the University because of her gender, later went on to become the first female president of the APA.

zygote

a fertilized egg

autism

a mental condition characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional re-activity and intensity

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivate and intensity. They remain relatively stable over time.

projective tests

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

pragmatism

a philosophy which tests truth by its practical consequences.

physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug , marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Ambiguous Figures

a picture of a subject which the viewer may see as either of two different subjects or as the same subject from either of two different viewpoints depending on how the total configuration is interpreted.

LSD

a powerful halucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning. Runs its course in 5 to 20 years. Deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter. Acetlycholine.

Thematic Apperception Test

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

personality inventories

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors to asess personality traits.

mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change.

functionalism

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

self concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth.

self-concept

a sense of one's identity and self-worth develops gradually. 15-18 months recognize self in mirror. school age describe gender groups traits stable by 8 -10 age

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. They are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruineties, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. When we discovered the different stages of sleep our dream research really took off because of REM sleep.

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males and for females.

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males or females

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered. Occur in stage 4 not REM, and are not often remembered. Screaming Dazed

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeared momentary awakenings. This is treatable. Stop breathing when you fall asleep. Can have surgery to keep tongue from falling back.

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Power of suggestion. Research indicates that strength stamina learning perceptual abilities of hypnotized are matched by hypnotized people. People who are very easily hypnotized has great imagination.

dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with other

Factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score

conditioned reinforcer ( secondary)

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. A stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with more basic rewards.

cross sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survery, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. Have helped people reduce headaches, asthma stress related skin disorders.

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short- term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. This test has lowered in the past 80 in colleges to be replaced with WAIS. Most of the major aptitude test have higher reliability then validity.

empirically derived test

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminatebetween groups.

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unaccetable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychology it is where we process information of which we are unaware.

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) content of dream.

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that it functions as a safety valve. Reason for it from relaity.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after all other needs are met; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total accptance toward another person.

Sleep walking somnambulism

affects an estimated 10 percent of all humans least once in their lives. Sleep walking most often occurs during deep non REM sleep stage 3 and 4. Kids do this more often then adults. You can wake them up but its kinda hard. Really wont remember much of what happen even when you wake them up. Early at night this happens. Happens with more people that are sleep deprived.

Erik Erikson: Autonomy vs shame and doubt

age 18 months- 3 years important event toilet training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills: walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.

Erik Erikson: generativity vs stagnation

age 40 to 60 in middle age , people discover a sense of contribution to the world. Usually through family and work or they may feel a lack of purpose

Erik Erikson: Competence vs inferiority

age 6- 12 years important event school the child must deal with demands to learn new skills while risking a sense of inferiority and failure.

Erik Erikson: identity vs role confusion

age adolescence important event peers teens must achieve self identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion.

Erik Erikson: trust vs mustrust

age birth to 18 months imortant event feeding infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents; they also learn to mistrust others.

Erik Erikson: intimacy vs isolation

age young adults 20 to 40s important event marriage struggle to form close relationships and to gain to capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

teratogen

agents such as chemicals or viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Erik Erikson: integrity vs despair

ages 60's and up when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction of failure.

Self-concept `

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question. Who am I. Both rogers and Maslow believed that your self-concept is at the center of your personality. If our self concept is positive we tend to act and perceive the world positively. If our self is negative we fall short of our Ideal self and feel dissatisfied and unhappy.

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

psychoactive drug

alters mood and it is like depressants and stimulant and hallucinogens . The expectations affect the drug and It happens in the brain's synapses. Best help or treated by scare tactics.

The brain and infancy

although the brain does not develop many new cells, the existing cells begin to work more efficiently- forming more complex neural networks

intensity

amount of energy in a light of sound wave(brightness, loudness, etc), determined by waves amplitude. The height of the wave length. Great amplitude is bright colors loud sounds. Small amplitude is dull colors and soft sounds.

Paradoxical

an Impossible figure that cant exits in the 3 dimensions or in real life.

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

attachments

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Factors of ________ .Body contact .Familiarity .Responsive parenting.

biophysical approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

biopsyhosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

gestalt psychology

an organized whole, our tendency to integrate pieces of information into a coherent whole. Gestalt means an whole. These psychologist emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. The whole is greatest than the sum of its parts.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response Bell or tone ring when bringing food. Originally neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

Norm

an understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

Black males

are the lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported to be:

bipolar cells

are type of nerve cell the organizes the impulses and sends them to the ganglion cell.

repression

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness. underlies all defense mechanisms. Why we do not remember lusting over our parents.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

based on Carl Jung's ideas on temperments; personality profiler asking simple questions that categorized you at one extreme of a trait or the other.

sucking

becomes voluntary at 2 months

bottom-up processing

begins with sensory processes and works its way up to the brains integration of sensory information. Lot of little pieces and trying to make sense of it. More data driven interpretations.

Augustine

believed the body and the mind were interconnected and theorized on how the condition of the body influences the mind and vice versa.

subliminal stimulation

below absolute threshold for conscious awareness. Backward record playing is an example. or back masking.

convergence

binocular cue for perceiving depth , extent to which our eyes converge inward when looking at an object, greater convergence=closer object. Brain calculates the degree of neuromuscular strain when our two eyes turn inward to look at a nearby object. The greater the strain,the closer the object.

retinal disperity

binocular cue for perceiving depth, greater difference between 2 eyes=closer the object is. Brain computes relative distance by comparing slightly difference image on our two retinas. the greater the difference the smaller the distance.

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. To a certain extent we all maturate similarly, but the time can vary depending on the person.

Oedipus Complex

boy's sexual desires toward mother and feelings of jealousy toward father as proposed by Freud. Unconscious sexual desires toward their mother and hatred of their father. Cope by identification with their father,developing a sense of gender identity.

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from eye to brain

psychosexual stages

childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure energies focus on erogenous zones. Personality developed in child hood. Unresolved problems from that time were key. Children pass through psychosexual stages. The id focuses it's libido(sexual energy) on different erogenous zones.

ESP

claim that perception apart from the 5 senses occurs, ex- telepathy,clairvoyance, etc

Wilhelm Wundt

considered the Father of modern psychology; study of mental processes, introspection, and self-exam; established the first psychology laboratory in Germany.

WAIS

consist of 11 sub tests and cues us in to strengths by using factor analysis. Gives general intelligence score also scores. Verbal comprehension perceptual organization, working memory, Processing speed.

inner ear

contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

id

contains our unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle. Unconsicious energy drives.

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another, turns sight, sounds, smells, etc into something the brain can interpret. convert energy. Very impotent. light energy to vision chemical energy to smell and taste. sound waves to sound.

Midbrain

coordinates simple movements with sensory info. Most important structure.

habituation

decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated stimulation

reaction formation

defense mechanism by which ego unconsciously switchs unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Being mean to someone you have a crush on.

projection

defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Thinking that you spouse wants to cheat on you when it is you that really want to cheat. Putting your emotion on to others.

regression

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains fixated. When faced with anxiety the person retreats to a more infantile stage. Thumb sucking on the first day of school.

rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. You don't get into a college and say " I really did not want to go there it was too far away"

displacement

defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive behavior toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. Instead of yelling at a teacher, you will take anger out on friend by peeing of his car.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age(ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the averae performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of pretested standardization group.Defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group.

binocular cues

depth cues that depend on the use of 2 eyes

monocular cues

depth cues, available to either eye alone (one eye)

intrinsic motivation

desire to perform something

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform something due to reward or punishment

Jean Piaget

developmental psychologist who created a model for the stages of cognitive development

cochlear implant

device for converting sounds to electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerves through electrodes threaded through the cochlea

hue

dimension of color, determined by wavelength of light. Longer wave length look blue/purple while shorter wave length are red. High pitch is shorter wavelength longer wavelength is lower pitch.

extinction

diminished responding that occurs when the CS does not follow a UCS ex: Pavlov found that when he sound of the tone again and again without presenting food the dog salivated less and less. Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. Applies to all of our senses.

cognitive developmental theory

dreams content reflects the dreamers cognitive development- his or her knowledge and understanding.

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

stimulants

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine.amphetamines,Ecstasy,methamphetamine, cocaine and crack. Personality expectations effects this. There is a high then a crash.

barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. Tranquilizers. Taken to sleep (but reduce rem sleep) tajen with other drugs you can get a synergistic effect =Having two things the effect each other and make a greater impact.

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

instinctive drift

even though conditioned or learned behavior, eventually will drift back to your what your meant to do (normal behavior)

Environment

every non genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

most crucial part of learning

experience

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

self-esteem

feelings of self worth People with high ______ have fewer sleepless nights, are less conforming, are more persistent, are less shy and lonely- they are happier. Research shows low_____ can be destructive- leads to treating others poorly and expressions of greater racial prejudice in experiments. Maintaining it : Members of groups who experience discrimination and low status maintain _____ by. 1. Valuing the things they excel at. 2. Attributing problems to prejudice. 3.Comparing themselves to others in their own group.

Touch tactile sense

four senses pressure warmth cold and pain that combine to produce other sensations such as hot. No simple relationship between what we feel and thype of specialized nerve ending found there only pressure has identifiable receptor.

genotype

genetic makeup of an organsim

top-down processing

guided by higher level mental processes, when we construct perception we draw on our experience and expectations. What you experience tells you it.

Fictions

hallucination or there isn't a shape where there is a blank space but you perceive there is.

conduction hearing loss

hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

parathyroids

help regulate the level of calcium in the blood

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.

learned helplessness

hoplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Faced with repeated traumatic events over which they have no control, people come to feel helpless, Hopeless and depressed. This is_____ may result in passivity in later situations where their efforst could make a difference. In contrast, under conditions of personal freedom and empowerment, people thrive.

behavior genetics

how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

phi phenomenon

illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession. Like Christmas light flashing in a row like one then the other makes them look moving.

intimacy

in Erikson's theory the ability to form close, loving relationships a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget'e theory, the stage (birth - 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

egocentricism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (2 years - 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

reinforcer

in operant conditioning , any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. Any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of the behavior it follows.

concrete operational stage

in piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development( from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Understand concept of conservation. Can think logically, use analogies and perform mathematical transformation (5+9 is the same as 9-5) also known as reversibility.

egocentrism

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. ( the inability to take another's point of view).

sensorimotor stage

in piaget's theory, the stage ( from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. 4 to 8 months child learns that she can make things move. Between 8-12 months your child will be able to represent hidden objjects in her mind (object permanence). In other words, she will be able to see objects even when they are out of sight. 18 to 24 months of age, a child will begin to use images to stand for objects. in other words, a physical object can represent something else. Symbols represent objects or events in one's own environment.

preoperational stage

in piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. At the early part of this stage,, a child will develop the ability to use symbols. Between the ages of 3 and 4, Your child will be able to apply this ability to symbolize with objects, to people ( names represent people). By the end of this stage, the child will understand the concept of conservation. Children in this stage are egocentric ( the inability to take on another's point of view).

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious mind, in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing.

motion parallax

is a type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer to you appear to move faster than objects that are further away from you. Monocular

stroboscopic motion

is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. Like sticky note cartoons flipping through.

hypnagogic hallucinations

is a vivid, dream-like sensation that is heard, seen or felt and that occurs near the onset of sleep. It is one of the four cardinal symptoms of narcolepsy. Happens in stage 1

K-complex

is an electroencephalography (EEG) waveform that occurs during stage 2 of NREM sleep. It is the "largest event in healthy human EEG". They are more frequent in the first sleep cycles.

inhalants

is reserved for the wide variety of substances—including solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrites—that are rarely, if ever, taken via any other route of administration.They may sniff or snort fumes from a container or dispenser (such as a glue bottle or a marking pen), spray aerosols (such as computer cleaning dusters) directly into their nose or mouth, or place a chemical-soaked rag in their mouth. Abusers may also inhale fumes from a balloon or a plastic or paper bag. Although the high produced by inhalants usually lasts just a few minutes, abusers often try to prolong it by continuing to inhale repeatedly over several hours.including slurred speech, lack of coordination, euphoria, and dizziness.depress the central nervous system

Kinestheisis

is the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. Sensors in the muscles, tendons, joints provide out brain w/info

Biological predisposition

is when a subject (human, animal, plant) possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition. ( we as humans are more likely to fear spiders and snakes than electricity )

menstrual cycle

its a 28 day cycle for women.

visual cliff

lab device used for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

Corpus Callosum

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

ego

largely conscious "executive" that mediates among that demands of the id and the superego and reality. Operates on reality principle. The boss of the conscious. Mediates desires of the id and superego.

escaping training.

learns to escape a harmful stimulus by using a response referred to as an instrumental or operant response.

secondary reinforced

less immediately satisfying ex) money, good grades

color

light has no real color our mind perceives the color. It is the color that isnt absorbs and reflected.

retina

light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that being processing important information

Central tedency

mean, median and mode. Watch out for extreme scores or outliers. It is recording using mean median and mode like salary averages.

cognitive map

mental map or mental model) is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.

Cognitive processes/maps

mental picture of the Environment. A mental representation of the layout of one's environment for example after exploring a maze rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

perceptual set

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

Intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Is socially constructed thus... can be culturally specific. According to this definition, and both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

Minnesota multiphasic Personality Inventory

most widely researched and used test; originally used to identify emotional disorder but also used for personality inventory

Rorschach Inkblot Test

most widely used projective test, a set ot 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identity people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

inferiority complex

much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority that trigger our strivings for power and superiority.

nearsightedness

nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects

primary reinforcer

necessary and immediately rewarding ex) food or shelter. An innately satisfying stimulus.

secondary sex characteristics

non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hairs.

frequency

number of complete wavelengths that pass a point at a given time(ex-per second) short wave length = high frequency long wave length= low frequency

behavior

observable actions.

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment: awake being awake. Enables us to exert voluntary control and communicate our mental state to others. Takes place in sequence, is relatively slow, has a limited capacity. Beneath the surface- faster unconscious parallel processing takes place.

Genetic interaction

our genetic traits evoke responses in others and the environment can trigger gene activity. Ex A stressful environment can trigger genes that affect the production of neurotransmitters that underlie depression and vice versa.

self-serving bias

our readiness to perceive oneself favorably. A readiness to perceive oneself favorable. People accept more responsibility for successes than failures. Most people see themselves as better than average.

personal control

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. Our sense of controlling our environment rather than the environment controlling us.

spotlight effect

overestimating the extent to which other notice and evaluate your appearance, performance and blunders. Our tendency to overestimate others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, or blunders.

Electra Complex

parallel counterpart to Oedipus Complex in girls.

Extrinsic rewards

people may come to see rewards as the motivation to do something not the intrinsic motivation.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Theory of mind

people's ideas about their owns and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thought and the behavior these might predict.

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if they are illuminated in a different light

Precognition

perceiving future events.

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women's heavy drinking or smoking

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

signal detection theory

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus among background distractions, assumes there is no absolute threshold and detection depends on a persons experience, expectations, motive, and level of fatigue. Run on our motivation what is best for us like tired you don't notice other things.

Weber's law

principle that to be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage(rather than by a constant amount). A big enough difference you can tell.

mental processes

private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling.

anal stage

psychosexual stage from 18-36 months; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control.Controlling ones life and independence. Anal retentive dont gain control they will get controlling.

phallic stage

psychosexual stage from 3-6 years; pleasure zone on genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

latency stage

psychosexual stage from 6 years to puberty; dormant sexual feelings. Cooties stage

oral stage

psychosexual stage from birth to 18 months; pleasure centers on the mouth. Sucking biting and chewing.

genital stage

psychosexual stage from puberty on; maturation of sexual interests. Puberty to death.

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

The Big 5

questionnaire fun one. These traits will be stable in adulthood are common across culture

REM sleep stage 5

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also know as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxes (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. paradoxical sleep. Composes 20-25% of a normal nights sleep. Breathing Heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Body is essentially paralyzed during REM. Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral engorgement. Morning Erections are from final REM stage. dream taking the past and trying to make the future to figure it out.

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Not your once in awhile Trouble getting to sleep episodes. Affected by anxiety, depression, stress, stimulation overload, drugs,(including caffeine alcohol nicotine.) Decongestants, Asthma and emphysema drugs.

moro reflex

reflex elicited by a sudden noise or loss of support in which the infant extends it's arm, arches it's back, and brings its arms toward each other as though attempting to grab hold of something

babinski reflex

reflex in which babies will fan out their toes when you stimulate the soles of their feet

Fixed Ratio schedule

reinforces a response after a (specified number of responses) A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable interval

reinforces a response at (unpredictable time) intervals ex: pop quiz>A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

fixed interval schedule

reinforces a response only after a (specified time) has elapsed.A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable ratio schedule

reinforces a responses after an (unpredictable number of responses)A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number. in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time. a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Melatonin

released from pineal gland. causes drowsiness. circadian rhythm activates melatonin. helps with jet lag.

split-half validity

reliability two halves of the test. Alternative forms. Test-retest reliability: retesting. A test can be reliable, but not valid.

Delayed reinforcer

requires the ability to delay gratification ex weekly paycheck.

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

avoidance

response is a behavior based on the concept that animals will avoid performing behaviors that result in an aversive outcome.

law of effect

rewarded behavior is likely to recur

iris

ring of muscle tissue that forms colored portion of eye, controls size of pupil opening

vestibular sense

sense of body movement and position, includes sense of balance. monitors the head's and body's positions and movement. biological gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium.

audition

sense or act of hearing

Proximal stimuli

sensory transduction of the physical stimulation

Motor development

sequence is the same- but once again timing varies. First learn to roll over, sit up unsupported crawling, walking ect....

collective unconsicous

shared inherited well of memory traces from our species history. Like the flood stories all around the world shared fear of floods.

acuity

sharpness of vision

Neural processes in adult hood

slows. The brain processes info at slower speeds, but continues to stay healthy.

basilar membrane/Corti

small hair like structure in the cochlea which distinguish pitch.

Relative size

smaller image of two object of the same size appears more distant. Monocular

solomon's Opponent-Process Theory

states that when one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. For example, if you are frightened by a mean dog, the emotion of fear is expressed and relief is suppressed. If the fear-causing stimulus continues to be present, after a while the fear decreases and the relief intensifies. For example, if the dog didn't move, your fear would decrease and relief that the dog didn't attack would increase. If the stimulus is no longer present, then the first emotion disappears and is replaced totally with the second emotion. If the dog turns and runs, you are no longer afraid, but rather feel very relieved

Edward Bradford Titchener

student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology.

molecular genetics

studies the molecular structure and function of genes. Looking for genes that put people at risk for genetically influenced disorders. Ex prenatal screening, "selection of traits"

Gardner

supports Thurstone's idea that intelligence comes in different packages. Brain damage may diminish one ability but no another. Savant syndrome for example of ten score low on intelligence tests but have an island of brilliance some incredibly ability as incorporation drawing and musical memory. In 1998 world checker champion ron king of durgldos set a new record by simultaneously playing 385 players in 3 hours and 44 min 35 secs for each and won all 385. Smart in one thing dumb in the other. Gardners 8 intelligence 1 linguistic=poet 2. logical mathematical=scientist. 3. Musical= composer 4. spatial=artist 5. body kine-thesis=dancer 6. intrapersonal self==psychiatrist 7. interpersonal (others)- leader 8. Naturalist = naturalist like Charles Darwin.

kinesythesis/Kinesthesis/Kinesthetic Sense

system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts. an ability to sense body position and the movement of muscles, tendons, and joints.

Negative Reinforcement

taking away something bad to increase behavior ex: fasten seatbelt to turn off beeping. Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an unpleasant stimulus. takes away something you don't like.

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. First called social intelligence. The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions for adaptive or creative thinking. Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ. Critics argue that EQ takes idea of intelligence to far.

Genes

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. That makes up us.

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. High IQ generally go together but with scores beyond 120 and correlation disappears.5 others components creativity. Expertise , imaginative thinking skills, Venturesome personality, intrinsic (inside) motivation, Creative environment. Brain regions supporting convergent thinking ( one right answer- IQ tests) are different from those supporting divergent thinking (multiple solution). (A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

priming

the activation of certain associations therefore predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

industrial-organized psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

animism

the attribution of life to inanimate objects

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

criterion

the behavior (such as future college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predicts; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity.

genes

the bio-chemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness our 24 hour cycles. alertness, body temp, growth, hormone secretion. in part a response to light on the retina signaling hypothalamus to trigger alterations in the level of biochemical substances- decreased output of sleep inducing melationin by pineal gland. Our body temp rises towards morning peaks during the day dips in early afternoon, then drops before bed. Thinking is sharpest and memory best during peak circadian arousal.

primary sex characteristitcs

the body structures( ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

personal space

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosome

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes.

person-situation controvercy

the controvercy that contemplates whether traits persist over time and across situations.

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

habituation

the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Never aware they are occurring. Seven majors

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas , attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to ( see also content validity and predictive validity).

Content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest( such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

menarche

the first menstrual period. 12ish

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. All senses have it. Cocktail party affect it is where you attention is so in tune to a person you are inter acting with and you wont notice whats in your surroundings.

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

THC

the major active ingerdient in marijuana; triggeres a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional of this hormone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to indentify emotional disorders( still considered its most appropriate use) , This test is now used for many other screening purposes.ex. Some taking the MMPI for employment reasons may give socially desirable responses in order to create a good impression.

Illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Reification

the perception of an object as having more spatial information than is actually present. This is not needed to make the test good.

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's control determine one's fate. The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. Outside world controls you.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. It all begins with it. Surge of hormones triggers 2 years period of growth ( Girls-11, Boys-13). Reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics develop. Landmarks: menarche (age if 12ish first period for girls) Spermarche ( age 14 ish first ejaculation for boys.

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life.

pruning

the process through which the developing brain eliminates the unnecessary or redundant synapses during puberty

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. Trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. What percentage of you being like intelligence is 50% genetics of 50% of environment.

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes.

social psychology

the scientific study if how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

cognitive psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

developmental psychology

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

possible selves

the self you dream of becoming or the self you fear becoming... Explores people's visions of the self they dream of becoming. Motivate us by laying out specific goals and helping us get the energy to work toward them.

Feature Analysis

the sensory system breaks down the incoming stimuli into its features and processes the information. Some features may be more important for recognition than others. All stimuli have a set of distinctive features.

X chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 of theses while males have one. From each parent produces a female child if it has 2

y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with the other chromosome from the mother it produces a male child.

x chromosome

the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes; singly in males and doubly in females

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

human factors psychology

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

social-cultural psychology

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. Casual sex is more accepted by men. Men are paired widely while women is paired wisely. Sperm are cheap while eggs are not. Men want Healthy young waist 1/3 narrower than hips While women want wealth power security. Criticisms: argue that evolutionary psych start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation. Much of who we are is not hard wired. Cultural expectation shape gender. Evolutionary explanations undercut moral responsibility for sexual behavior.

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and makes us who we are.

evolutionary psychology

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

predictive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior( also called criterion-related validity.) ((The _____ of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability.

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) What will happen if you don't get a good nights sleep for week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

frequency theory

theory in hearing that the rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerves matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to hear pitch we sense pitch by the basilar membrane vibrating at the same rate as the sound. but this theory has trouble explaining high pitch sounds because our hairs cannot vibrate at certain speeds. This problem can be explained using the volley principle for hearing sounds with frequencies above 1000 waves per sec the organ of corti in the cochlea that traduces the sound into action potentials must combine multiple stimuli long the cochlear nerve within a volley in order to encode high frequency auditory stimuli. Best explains how we sense low pitched sounds. low pitch medium but super high sounds

Reflexes

there is a lot for baby ex turn towards human voices. Gaze longer at human face like images.

Cultural variation

to understand how cultures effect who we are it is important to recognize our cultural norms: an understood rule for acceptable behavior. Individual v Collectivistic Cultures.

lens

transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina

Experimental Bias

treating someone different because you know them in the experiment.

identical twins

twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. Sometimes split into separate placentas

identical twins

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. Same DNA Look the same and same gender. But still there own person.

fraternal twins

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically no closer than brothers/sisters but they share a fetal environment

Pavlov

used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on its own. the bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation. So the dog had learned an association between the bell and the food and a new behavior had been learnt (classical conditioning)

grouping continuity

we perceive continuous patterns rather then discontinuous ones

grouping connectedness

we perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single unit when uniform and linked.

Forebrain

what makes us human. Largest part of the brain. Made up of the Thalamus and more.

Volley Theory

when high frequency sounds are experienced too frequently for a single neuron to adequately process and fire for each sound event, the organs of the ear, specifically the organ of Corti that is found in the cochlea, combine the multiple stimuli into a "volley" in order to process the sounds.

sensory interaction

when sense may influence another(ex-smell influences the taste of food)

REM sleep disorder

when you paralyzed during REM sleep and this disorder disable the paralyzes and making you able to move.

rooting reflex

when you touch baby on the cheek, (s)he'll open his/her mouth and search for a nipple

classical conditioning

when your brain and nervous system makes an association between two things- pairing a neutral stimulus (bell) with an UCS (food) ex: food and bell. Respondent behavior. Its automatic. Organism learns association between events it doesn't control-no thinking.

LAW EFFECT

whenever behavior is followed by a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs, the behavior tends to be repeated. whenever behavior is followed by a discomforting or unpleasant state of affairs, it tends not to be repeated.

Ivan Pavlov

who first discovered classical conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

who first discovered operant conditioning? Used Thorndike's law of effect as the basis for operant conditioning.

Watson

who was behaviorism introduced by?conditioned Little Albert to fear mice after associating myself with loud noises (generalization)

Humanistic psychologist

you would fill out a questionnaire asking to describe and compare your actual self with your ideal self. Some humanistic psychologists say we can only understand each person's unique experience though interviews and intimate conversations. When the ideal self and the way you currently see yourself are alike you are generally happy.

Dark adaptation

your eye adjusting to dark increasing the number of functional rods and decrease the functioning rods.

Light adaptation

your eye adjusting to light and increasing the number of functional cones and decrease the functioning rods

what are the five major conditioning processes

• acquisition • extinction • spontaneous recovery • generalization • discrimination

acquisition

• initial stage of learning • The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the CR (The CS should come before the UCS) ex: Pavlov tone (CS) signals the arrival of food (UCS). The association process. The CS should come about 1/2 second before UCS