AP Psych Memory and Cognition Review

After looking up his friends's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his _____ memory.

Short-term/working

Who is the GOAT?

Sonny Khan

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as:

The advantage of spaced versus massed learning.

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

confirmation bias

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a brief moment later because of our ____ memory.

echoic

Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires

effortful processing

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

encoding

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

fixations

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

framing

the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their common uses.

functional fixedness

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on

heuristics

By creating an outline in which specific facts are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of:

hierarchical orginization

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the:

hippocampus

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

implicit

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

long-term

the increase in a synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as:

long-term potentiation

people more easily detect male prejudice against women than female prejudice against men because the former more closely resembles their prejudice

prototype

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

prototypes.

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of:

rehearsal

The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

retrieval

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

retrieval cues

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called:

retrieval cues

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of:

retroactive interference

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates:

rosy retrospection

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of:

semantic encoding

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

semantic encoding

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

semantics

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

working

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

Ebbinghaus

Iconic memory refers to:

Photographic, or picture -image, memory that lasts for only about a second.

Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates:

mood-congruent memory.

College students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of: .

overconfidence

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:

proactive interference

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the first bombings of Baghdad during the 2003 war in Iraq best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by:

the body's release of stress hormones

As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of:

the method of loci.

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates:

the misinformation effect

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units.

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

Miss Jan Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of

the representativeness heuristic.