AP Psych Personality and Psychological Disorders and Therapy

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

conversion disorder

People given little control over their world in prisons, factories, schools, and nursing home experience

learned helplessness

The text describes an experiment in which some residents in a nursing home were given control over their daily activities. The other residents in the nursing home were not given such control; their daily activities were controlled by the nursing home staff. The result of this experiment showed that residents who did not have control eventually developed:

learned helplessness

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

mania

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

medical model

Potential side effect of Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT):

memory loss

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

mood disorders

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

narcissistic personality disorder

Maureen frequently experiences fluctuations in her emotions. Her emotions are not stable from day to day, and they often change from one situation to another. Such emotional instability is measured by which dimension?

neuroticism dimension

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

panic disorder

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

personal control

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

personality disorders

Questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors designed to assess several traits at once are called

personality inventories

a questionnaire (often T/F or agree/disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors - used to asses selected personality traits

personality inventory

Sigmund Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

psychoanalysis

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

psychological disorder

Whenever Katrina is stressed at work, she begins to behave in strange ways. She sucks on her thumb, and she whines when she speaks. Which defense mechanism is she most likely using?

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people retreat to a less mature stage of life

regression

According to Sigmund Freud, which defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events outside of consciousness?

repression

all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept

What do we call the ability to control impulses and delay gratification?

self-control

What are Neofreudians?

they are new-style freudians

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular intergrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Lobotomy

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests - originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

a test according to Carl Jung's personality types in an attempt to figure out one's personality

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a personality test that olives ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

projective test

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts - the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

psychoanalysis

According to research findings, which type of therapy seems to work best?

most therapies are roughly equal in their effectiveness ratings.

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

grossly disorganized or canonic behavior (extremely high/low activity levels)

odd movements, rocking, rubbing, pacing

When standardizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Disorder, psychologists assumed that

people with psychological disorders answer items differently from those without such disorders

Research on bipolar disorder suggests that

periods of depression are generally longer than periods of mania

an individual's characteristic pattern of feeling, thinking and acting

personality

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

phobia

What disorders are treated by behavior therapies?

phobias and OCD

the scientific study of optimal human functioning - aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

positive psychology

Giles wants to be loved and respected by his friends and family, Carl Rogers would suggest the Giles has a strong need for

positive regard

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

post-traumatic growth

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. This is an example of

reciprocal determinism

The drug clozapine has been shown to be very effective in treating

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate motions and actions

schizophrenia

Anti-psychotic medications treat _____________________. What are some examples of anti-psychotic medications?

schizophrenia; Thorazine, Haldol, Chlorpromazine

Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.

seasonal affective disorder

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

self

What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential?

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved - the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self-actualization

Our __________ consists of all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-esteem

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

self-serving bias

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

social-cognitive perspective

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

somatoform disorder

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

spotlight effect

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

sublimation

In general, trait theories:

suggest that all people have certain traits but to varying degrees

moral conscience, ideal values learned from home and society - internalized

superego

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

symptoms of schizophrenia involving behavioral excesses, such as hallucinations and delusions

A type of Counter-Conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

systematic desensitization

Which of the following is a potential side effect of electroconvulsive therapy? - memory enhancement - temporary headaches - reduction in seizures - enhanced consciousness

temporary headaches

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

terror-management theory

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people replace real anxiety by provoking explanation with more comforting justifications (excuses)

rationalization

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people reverse unacceptable impulse/actions by expressing the opposite of anxiety producing unconscious (or conscious) feeling or behavior

reaction formation

speech abnormalities (word salad)

jumble of incoherent speech

Spontaneous remission occurs when people recover from psychological problems

without treatment

Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister found that when criticized, people with unrealistically high self-esteem

worked harder to do better the next time

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Rorschach inkblot test

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.

Rosenhan study

Serotonin agonists, like ___________, treat what?

SSRI's, treat depression and some anxiety

the idea that most mood disorders end without treatment (except BPD)

Spontaneous remission

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Things that people can't do anymore such as depression symptoms like not bothering to get up, flat affect, lack of hygiene

When prisoners in a local prison demonstrate helpful and cooperative behaviors, they earn a merit chip. After they have accumulated a certain number of merit chips, they can exchange their chips for certain "goods". These prisoners are participating in

a token system

a disorder resulting form exposure to a major stressor with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event

acute stress disorder

Patrick's therapist wrote him a drug prescription, and after several weeks of taking the medicine Patrick's mood has improved. The drug that his therapist described most likely belongs to the class of

antidepressant drugs

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. - may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

antisocial personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

anxiety disorders

- Inherited universal ideas/themes. - Jung; thought forms or collective memories passed down from generation to generation and stored in the collective unconscious; ancient/archaic images derived from the collective unconscious; - 1. mother Earth, father Time, hero, wise old man, trickster, the Joker

archetypes

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness, and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

bipolar disorder

Helen is afraid of large crowds. Whenever she finds herself in a crowded room. she immediately looks for an escape. Once alone, Helen feels much better, and this increases the likelihood that she will flee again in the future. Eventually, Helen develops a phobia of crowds. This example illustrates the logic behind

cognitive theories of anxiety

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

collective unconscious

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

collectivism

alternating episodes of mild depression and hypomania lasting two years

cyclothymic disorder

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which

emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

empirically derived test

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for

evil

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

exposure therapy

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

external locus of control

The most common physiological consequences of generalized anxiety disorder include all of the following EXCEPT: - inability to relax - feelings of nausea - difficulty concentrating - fear of losing control

feelings of nausea

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

free association

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

generalized anxiety disorder

Collectivist cultures are characterized by members

giving priority to group goals

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

hallucinations

primary characteristics of schizophrenia:

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. - operates on the *pleasure principle*, demanding immediate gratification

id

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

trait

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. He called the accepting attitude that enables this freedom

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, and attitude of total acceptance toward another person

unconditional positive regard

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. - according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

unconscious

criticism of trait theories

underestimate importance of the situation

Underlying causes of mood disorders:

*biological:* chemical imbalance, genetic predisposition *psychological (cognitive):* attributions- how we explain events (i got fired from my job- i'll never get another job) *social:* life stressors

causes of schizophrenia

*multiple genes of small effect:* people related to someone with schizophrenia have a higher likelihood of acquiring the disorder depending on how closely related *brain structure and function:* dopamine hypothesis (6x normal), large fluid filled ventricles, deformed and small thalamus, decreased activity in the frontal lobe (our "filter") *Pre-natal virus:* may be related to influenza during pregnancy *marijuana use and LSD:* cannabis consumption at age 18+ later lead to a risk of schizophrenia

What are Eysenck's dimensions of personality?

*neuroticism (emotional stability)*- how well people control their emotions *introversion/extraversion*- where people draw energy from *psychotism*- people characterized by insensitivity and uncooperativeness at one end and warmth and tenderness and helpfulness and at the other end

criticism of using psychoanalysis to treat patients:

- Deterministic in nature - lacks scientific reference - takes forever - transference - extremely expensive - ineffective in the treatment of psychotic disorders with biological implications (ex: schizophrenia)

Uses of Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT):

- for people with very extreme forms of depression - used for extreme cases that do not respond to other forms of treatment - inducing a shock reduces forms of depression

criticism of Freud

- little empirical evidence - all reactions can be taken as proof for psychoanalytic theory - little predictive power; only explains past actions - feminists find "penis envy" objectionable

describe Magnetic Stimulation as a biological treatment for psychological disorders

- magnetic stimulators passed across head - stimulates inner parts of brain to release serotonin and other chemicals to reduce depression

Carl Jung

- neo-Freudian psychologist - argued that the unconscious is actually divided up into two parts, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious - identified archetypes by studying dreams, visions, paintings, poetry, folk stories, myths, religions

Karen Horney

- neo-Freudian psychologist - criticized Freud - stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts - neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety" - said that men exhibit womb envy.

Alfred Adler

- neo-Freudian psychologist - introduced concept of "inferiority complex" - stressed the importance of birth order - agreed with Freud that childhood is important but believed that childhood social, not sexual, tentions are crucial for personality formation. - inferiority complex, our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.

David Rosenhan

- social psychologist - did a study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia - showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

describe Deep-Brain Stimulation as a biological treatment

- transmitter device implanted and wire transmitted through brain - feathered-type of device goes into the brain and produces dopamine to help ease depression

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

individualism

the perception that you control your own fate

internal locus of control

the interacting influences of behavior. internal cognition, and environment

reciprocal determinism

What are the 5 major personality factors of the Big Five or Five-Factor Inventory? (think OCEAN)

1) *O*peness to new experiences 2) *C*onscientiousness 3) *E*xtraversion 4) *A*greeableness 5) *N*euroticism (emotional stability)

the common approach of combined use of medication and psychotherapy to treat psychological disorders

Combined approach

Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? A) the theory lacks conclusive scientific support B) the theory may not provide an accurate description of personality development C) the theory appears to be biased against women D) all of the above

D) all of the above

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

DSM V

Anti-anxiety medications are ________ agonists. What are some examples of anti-anxiety medications?

Gaba; Xanax, Ativan

When a person starts to believe that their actions have no affect on the enviroment. (People who experience this believe that what they do doesn't really matter, tend to be less motivated, tend to stop trying, and may tend to experience lower self-esteem and depression.)

Learned helplessness

A cognitive therapy based on Albert Ellis' theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors; therefore, changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave.

Rational Emotive Therapy

conflict between id's wishes and superego's conscience produces anxiety - help ease tension and preserve self esteem

defense mechanism

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

delusions

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

denial

dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings

depersonalization disorder

What type of conditions is cognitive therapy typically used for?

depression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people take their anger out on something else.

displacement

Kevin has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. This means that Kevin

displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

dissociative amnesia

disorders in which the conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feeling

dissociative disorders

traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia about the trip and possible amnesia for personal information

dissociative fugue

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities. formerly called multiple personality disorder

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least two years

dysthymic disorder

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality - operates on the *reality principle*, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

ego

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own prowess, and their losses bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance are exhibiting

the self-serving bias

Our self-focused perspective may motivate us, but it can also lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us. This is called

the spotlight effect

What is the focus of cognitive therapy?

to help people change the way they think about their problems