ap psych test 10/22

Hippocampus

processes memory

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position (top and to the back of the brain)

afferent neurons

Another term for sensory neurons

consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment

deficit of dopamine

Parkinson's disease

motor cortex

controls voluntary movements (rear of frontal lobes)

pons

coordinates movement

right brain

creative and spatial

Deficit of Glutamate

damage after a stroke

deficit of norepinephrine

depression

deficit of serotonin

depression

fraternal twins

develop from separate fertilized eggs

the automatic nervous system is most directly involved in

digesting food

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

dopamine

treating a patient for Parkinson's disease includes administering a chemical that will lead to increases in the patient's

dopamine

all-or-nothing

either the neuron fires or it doesn't

a participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. this technique is called

electroencephalography (EEG)

the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands are all apart of which system

endocrine system

epigenetics

environmental influences one gene expression that occurs w/o DNA change

in extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions?

epilepsy

environment

every external influence

reuptake

extra neurotransmitters are taken back

genes

makes up the chromosomes, can synthesize proteins

amygdala

manages anger and fear and involved with emotions and memories

pituitary gland

master gland

dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all

neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

gonads

ovaries and testes, release estrogen and androgen

The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for

pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins

peripheral nervous system

part of the nervous system that includes all the nerves of the body, except for those located in the brain and spinal cord

cerebral cortex

the body's ultimate control and information processing center

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways

Dendrites

the branching filaments that receive the chemical messengers and the nerve impulses towards the cell

myelin sheath

the fatty material that covers the long fibers of the neuron that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

axon

the long fiber that carries nerve impulses

sensory neuron

the nerve cell that carries impulses from receptors located on body parts such as the hands and feet to the brain or spinal cord

motor neuron

the nerve cell that carries impulses from the brain to the body's muscles and skeletal system

cell body/soma

the part of the nerve cell that is the life support center of the neuron that also contains the nucleus

axon terminal

the structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

lesion

tissue destruction

heritability

variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

damage to occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision

occipital lobe

vision (top to back of brain)

somatic nervous system

voluntarily controlled

REM cycle

when dreams occur, brain is active, and your body is relaxed and immobilized

auditory cortex

where sound is processed

surplus of serotonin

autism

reflex

automatic response to a sensory stimulus

frontal lobe

speaking, muscle movements, plans & judgements (behind forehead)

The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholine

Deficit of Acetylcholine

Alzheimer's

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

Amygdala

deficit of endorphins

Body experiences pain

which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose

Positron emission tomography (PET)

brainstem

The oldest brain region and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation?

Toxoplasmosis

a person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Wernicke's area

nerve

a bundle of axons

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?

a decrease in heart rate

damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?

a loss of motor coordination

which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

a tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters

sympathetic nervous system

activates fight or flight response

hormones

affects tissues and interest in sex, food, and aggression

electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?

aggression

when a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate pain is

an opiate

Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an

antagonist

surplus of norepinephrine

anxiety

Deficit of GABA

anxiety, Huntington's disease, and epilespsy

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions

surplus of endorphins

artificial highs and loss of pain warnings

antagonist

blocks a response (cocaine)

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland, important in hunger, thirst, body temp

functions of sleep

growth, recuperation, protects us, restores/rebuilds memories, and inspires creative thinking

threshold

happens when excitatory outweighs inhibitory

temporal lobe

hearing (by temples)

the brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the

hippocampus

thalamus

hub that sends incoming sensory impulses to higher brain areas

brain lateralization refers to the

inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

genome

instructions for making an organism

interaction

interplay that occurs when one factor depends on another factor

the nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions?

is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?

split brain

isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

which chemical is most closely associated with sleep?

melatonin

glutamate

memory and movement

Acetylcholine

memory, movement, muscle contractions

significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken

reticular formation

the right occipital lobe receives visual information from the

right half of both retinas

An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the

right visual cortex

Surplus of Dopamine

schizophrenia

Surplus of Acetylcholine

severe muscle spasms

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

shows brain "hot spots" by measuring consumption of sugar glucose

Functional MRI (fMRI)

shows brain structure and function, measures blood flow

Surplus of GABA

sleep and eating disorders

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

sleep and movement

pineal gland

sleep-wake cycle, releases melatonin

endocrine system

slow chemical communication system, releases hormones into bloodstream

agonist

stimulates a response (caffeine)

biopsychosocial

studies the biological, psychological, and environmental factors

molecular genetics

studies the molecular structure and function of genes

cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked with cognition

biological psychology

study of the links between biological and psychological processes

nervous system

speedy electrochemical system

efferent neurons

Another term for motor neurons

localization of function

brain regions have particular functions

parasympathetic nervous system

calms the body

refractory period

can't fire until it pushes positive ions out and "resets"

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers of the brain

synapse

connection in-between adjacent neurons

corpus callosum

connects the two hemispheres and carries messages between them

limbic system

contains amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus located between cerebal hemispheres

medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing

automatic nervous system

controls involuntary actions

identical twins

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two

DNA

genetic info that makes the chromosomes

serotonin

mood, appetite, sleep, impulsivity

norepinephrine

mood, arousal, function, sleep

cerebellum

movement, emotions, figures out sound and texture

dopamine

movement, happiness

neuron

nerve cell

interneuron

neurons located in the spinal cord and brain that send neural messages to the appropriate parts of the brain to create an appropriate motor response to sensory information

Surplus of Glutamate

neurons over excite (seizures) and migranes

endorphins

neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

left brain

speaking and calculating

dual processing

principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

provides pictures of brains soft tissue

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

read-out of electrical brain activity

which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?

receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

somatosensory cortex

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations (front of parietal lobes)

pancreas

regulates blood sugar levels and releases insulin

thyroid gland

regulates metabolism, thyroxin

reticular formation

relays incoming stimuli to other areas of the brain (waking up)

adrenal glands

releases hormones that arouses the body during stress (adrenaline)

Phrenology

studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits

glial cells

support, nourish, and protect neurons

immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. this condition is referred to as

the absolute refractory phase

central nervous system

the part of our nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

computed tomography (CT) scan

uses X-rays to provide 3D picture of brain