ap psych test 10/22
Hippocampus
processes memory
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position (top and to the back of the brain)
afferent neurons
Another term for sensory neurons
consciousness
Awareness of ourselves and our environment
deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
motor cortex
controls voluntary movements (rear of frontal lobes)
pons
coordinates movement
right brain
creative and spatial
Deficit of Glutamate
damage after a stroke
deficit of norepinephrine
depression
deficit of serotonin
depression
fraternal twins
develop from separate fertilized eggs
the automatic nervous system is most directly involved in
digesting food
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
treating a patient for Parkinson's disease includes administering a chemical that will lead to increases in the patient's
dopamine
all-or-nothing
either the neuron fires or it doesn't
a participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. this technique is called
electroencephalography (EEG)
the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands are all apart of which system
endocrine system
epigenetics
environmental influences one gene expression that occurs w/o DNA change
in extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions?
epilepsy
environment
every external influence
reuptake
extra neurotransmitters are taken back
genes
makes up the chromosomes, can synthesize proteins
amygdala
manages anger and fear and involved with emotions and memories
pituitary gland
master gland
dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
gonads
ovaries and testes, release estrogen and androgen
The hypothesis that intelligence is in part inherited is best supported by the fact that the IQ correlation for
pairs of identical twins is greater than for pairs of fraternal twins
peripheral nervous system
part of the nervous system that includes all the nerves of the body, except for those located in the brain and spinal cord
cerebral cortex
the body's ultimate control and information processing center
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways
Dendrites
the branching filaments that receive the chemical messengers and the nerve impulses towards the cell
myelin sheath
the fatty material that covers the long fibers of the neuron that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
axon
the long fiber that carries nerve impulses
sensory neuron
the nerve cell that carries impulses from receptors located on body parts such as the hands and feet to the brain or spinal cord
motor neuron
the nerve cell that carries impulses from the brain to the body's muscles and skeletal system
cell body/soma
the part of the nerve cell that is the life support center of the neuron that also contains the nucleus
axon terminal
the structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve impulse across the synapse
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
lesion
tissue destruction
heritability
variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
damage to occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's
vision
occipital lobe
vision (top to back of brain)
somatic nervous system
voluntarily controlled
REM cycle
when dreams occur, brain is active, and your body is relaxed and immobilized
auditory cortex
where sound is processed
surplus of serotonin
autism
reflex
automatic response to a sensory stimulus
frontal lobe
speaking, muscle movements, plans & judgements (behind forehead)
The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Acetylcholine
Deficit of Acetylcholine
Alzheimer's
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
Amygdala
deficit of endorphins
Body experiences pain
which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose
Positron emission tomography (PET)
brainstem
The oldest brain region and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.
Which of the following is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation?
Toxoplasmosis
a person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?
Wernicke's area
nerve
a bundle of axons
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
a decrease in heart rate
damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?
a loss of motor coordination
which of the following is classified as an antagonist?
a tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters
sympathetic nervous system
activates fight or flight response
hormones
affects tissues and interest in sex, food, and aggression
electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?
aggression
when a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate pain is
an opiate
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
antagonist
surplus of norepinephrine
anxiety
Deficit of GABA
anxiety, Huntington's disease, and epilespsy
association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions
surplus of endorphins
artificial highs and loss of pain warnings
antagonist
blocks a response (cocaine)
Hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland, important in hunger, thirst, body temp
functions of sleep
growth, recuperation, protects us, restores/rebuilds memories, and inspires creative thinking
threshold
happens when excitatory outweighs inhibitory
temporal lobe
hearing (by temples)
the brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus
thalamus
hub that sends incoming sensory impulses to higher brain areas
brain lateralization refers to the
inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other
genome
instructions for making an organism
interaction
interplay that occurs when one factor depends on another factor
the nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions?
is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?
split brain
isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the
left cerebral hemisphere
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
which chemical is most closely associated with sleep?
melatonin
glutamate
memory and movement
Acetylcholine
memory, movement, muscle contractions
significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken
reticular formation
the right occipital lobe receives visual information from the
right half of both retinas
An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the
right visual cortex
Surplus of Dopamine
schizophrenia
Surplus of Acetylcholine
severe muscle spasms
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
shows brain "hot spots" by measuring consumption of sugar glucose
Functional MRI (fMRI)
shows brain structure and function, measures blood flow
Surplus of GABA
sleep and eating disorders
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
sleep and movement
pineal gland
sleep-wake cycle, releases melatonin
endocrine system
slow chemical communication system, releases hormones into bloodstream
agonist
stimulates a response (caffeine)
biopsychosocial
studies the biological, psychological, and environmental factors
molecular genetics
studies the molecular structure and function of genes
cognitive neuroscience
study of brain activity linked with cognition
biological psychology
study of the links between biological and psychological processes
nervous system
speedy electrochemical system
efferent neurons
Another term for motor neurons
localization of function
brain regions have particular functions
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body
refractory period
can't fire until it pushes positive ions out and "resets"
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers of the brain
synapse
connection in-between adjacent neurons
corpus callosum
connects the two hemispheres and carries messages between them
limbic system
contains amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus located between cerebal hemispheres
medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing
automatic nervous system
controls involuntary actions
identical twins
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two
DNA
genetic info that makes the chromosomes
serotonin
mood, appetite, sleep, impulsivity
norepinephrine
mood, arousal, function, sleep
cerebellum
movement, emotions, figures out sound and texture
dopamine
movement, happiness
neuron
nerve cell
interneuron
neurons located in the spinal cord and brain that send neural messages to the appropriate parts of the brain to create an appropriate motor response to sensory information
Surplus of Glutamate
neurons over excite (seizures) and migranes
endorphins
neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure
left brain
speaking and calculating
dual processing
principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
provides pictures of brains soft tissue
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
read-out of electrical brain activity
which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus?
receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
somatosensory cortex
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations (front of parietal lobes)
pancreas
regulates blood sugar levels and releases insulin
thyroid gland
regulates metabolism, thyroxin
reticular formation
relays incoming stimuli to other areas of the brain (waking up)
adrenal glands
releases hormones that arouses the body during stress (adrenaline)
Phrenology
studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits
glial cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons
immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. this condition is referred to as
the absolute refractory phase
central nervous system
the part of our nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
computed tomography (CT) scan
uses X-rays to provide 3D picture of brain
