AP PSYCH: Unit 1

The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _____ and _____.

Biology Philosophy

In 1859, naturalist _____ explained species variation by proposing the process of _____, which works through the principle of _____ _____. This is the principles that traits contributing to _____ and _____ will most likely be passed to succeeding generations.

Charles Darwin evolution natural selection reproduction survival

French philosopher _____ believed that _____ _____ flow through the brain through what we call _____to the muscles, enabling body movements.

Descartes animal spirits nerves

English philosopher _____ argued that the mind at birth is a blank state, or _____ _____. His ideas, together with those of his countryman _____, helped form _____, the view that science should rely on _____ and _____.

John Locke tabula rasa Francis Bacon empiricism observation experimentation

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was _____. The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology was _____

Mary Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn

Although the debate continues, we will see that _____ works on what _____ endows and that every _____ event is simultaneously a _____ event.

Nurture Nature psychological biological

The Greek philosophers _____ and _____ concluded that the _____ is separate from the _____ and that knowledge is _____. One of their students, _____, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from the _____ stored in our memories.

Socrates Plato mind body innate Aristotle experiences

Under the influence of evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin, psychologist _____ assumed that thinking developed because it was _____. He founded the school of _____, which focused on how mental and behavioral process enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

William James adaptive functionalism

The first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 by Wilhelm _____. His student, _____, introduced the school of _____, which exlored the basic elements of mind using the method of _____. This method proved _____.

Wundt Titchener structuralism introspection unreliable

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practices by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well- being

biological psychology

a branch of psychology that studies the link between biological and psychological processes

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

functionalism

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

natural selection

among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of _____.

asking and answering questions

Psychologists may be involved in conducting _____ _____, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _____ _____, which seeks solutions to practical problems.

basic research applied research

The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of _____ and _____ processes.

behavior mental

Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the _____ perspective.

behavioral

As a response to Freudian psychology and to _____, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers _____ and _____ forged _____ psychology. This new perspective emphasize the _____ potential of _____ people.

behaviorism Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow humanistic growth healthy

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the _____ perspective.

biological

The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _____ and _____.

biology experience

psychodynamic psychology

branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

The _____ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

cognitive

During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _____ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our _____ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called _____ _____.

cognitive mind cognitive neuroscience

The different perspectives on the big issues _____ one another.

complement

Psychologists who study our changing abilities from womb to tomb are _____ psychologists.

developmental

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the _____ perspective.

evolutionary

Psychologists who explore thinking and behavior by conducting experiments are called _____ _____.

experimental psychologists

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth

Psychologists working from the historically important _____ perspective explore how people attempt to fulfill their potential.

humanistic

Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _____. Thanks to international publications and meetings, psychological science is also _____.

increasing globalizing

biopsychosocial approach

integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of _____; the personality theorist _____; and Jean Piaget, who studied _____.

learning Freud children

In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _____ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology in America was redefined as the science of _____ behavior.

mental observable

In this definition, behavior refers to any action that we can _____ and _____, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, _____ _____ we _____ from behavior.

observe record subjective experiences infer

Psychologists who investigate our persistent traits are _____ psychologists, where those who explore how we view and affect one another are _____ psychologists.

personality social

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _____.

psychiatrists

Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _____ perspective.

psychodynamic

The branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits is _____.

psychometrics

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from the _____-_____ perspective.

social-cultural

human factors psychology

study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

Each person is a complex _____ that is part of a larger _____ _____ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main _____ or _____ - biological, _____ and _____-_____ - which together form a integrated _____ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.

system social system levels analysis psychological social-culture biopsychosocial

Educational psychologists study influences on _____ and _____.

teaching learning

industrial- organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places

nature- nurture issue

the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social- cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenom

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

psychometrics

the scientific studies of the measurements of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

cognitive psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associates with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

social psychology

the scientific study of how we thing about , influence, and relate to one another

behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

developmental psychology

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life spam

personality psychology

the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

cognitive neuroscience

the study of brain activity linked with mental activity

educational psychology

the study of how psychological precesses can affect and can enhance teaching and learning

social- cultural psychology

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

evolutionary psychology

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

behaviorism

the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

Psychological science seeks to answer questions about how people _____, _____, and _____ as they do.

think feel act