AP Psych Unit 10 and 11

Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality?

Humanist

Which theory of personality emphasizes the value and importance of unconditional positive regard in relationships?

Humanistic

The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, WISC are all types of what kinds of tests?

Intelligence

Katherine is a gifted psychotherapist who connects well with her patients. Which type of intelligence would she likely use most in her work?

Interpersonal Howard Gardner described multiple intelligences, including interpersonal intelligence which refers to the ability to understand other people and interact well with them. People who demonstrate high levels of interpersonal intelligence are generally good communicators with high levels of empathy. These characteristics would be very helpful to a psychotherapist.

What would be true of a thermometer that alway reads three degrees off?

It is reliable but not valid.

Dr. Foster wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorders. Which personality assessment would be most helpful for this purpose?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) This measure has good psychometric properties and is useful for assessing personality disorders.

Which personality test classifies people in terms of the personality dimensions highlighted by Carl Jung?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The MBTI is based on Jung's personality dimensions and categorizes personality into 16 different types based on an individual's preference for one side or another of four dichotomous pairs.

Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the

NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) The NEO™-PI-3 is a highly reliable personality inventory that is based on the five-factor model.

To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use?

Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies Freud believed a healthy personality was related to a healthy balance among these components, and psychoses and disorders occurred when imbalances occurred; Freud developed these ideas through case studies of his patients during therapy.

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of what?

Positive self-concept Self-concept refers to how someone thinks about, evaluates, or perceives themselves. Humanistic psychology focuses on promoting positive self-concepts grounded in the idea that people are inherently good. This perspective also stresses the importance of personal agency in actualizing the self.

What is the act of reverting to childish behaviors?

Regression Regression, as identified by Freud, is the act of retreating to an earlier stage of development as a means of self preservation.

A researcher compares participants' scores on multiple administrations of the same assessment. The researcher is trying to determine whether the assessment demonstrates

Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment. If the participants' scores varied a lot from one administration to the next, the researcher would conclude that the assessment lacked reliability.

Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns?

Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing Psychoanalytic theorist Alfred Adler stressed the desire to achieve superiority and underlying worries about inferiority.

Who proposed that the mind is split up into three parts — id, ego, and super ego?

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that the mind consists of three distinct parts — the id, ego, and superego. According to Freud, the id is primarily concerned with satisfying wants and needs. The ego is responsible for meeting the id's demands in ways acceptable to society. The superego relates to ideas of what is right and wrong.

Psychometric (measurable)

Spearman 1927): -g factors: general factor -s-factors: specific factors Thurstone (1938): -primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, inductive reasoning, spatial reasoning, number, memory, perceptual speed Cattell and Caroll (1971): -hierarchical model -fluid intelligence, speed, flexibility, acquisition -crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge

3 Necessary Principles

Standardization -standardized (bell curve) -all test conditions the same -normative scores (norms) are scaled raw scores -IQ: mean, median, mode= 100, SC=15 Reliability -consistence, dependable -test-retest -split-half score -comparison to other measure Validity -does it measure what it is supposed to measure? -content (face validity): items on test represent -predictive: do results meet with future tasks? -concurrent: test compared to other criterion

Stephanie knows that many people believe that women are not as skilled at math as men. When she takes a math test, this awareness causes her to perform below her actual abilities due to

Stereotype threat Stereotype threat occurs when people who know that others who share their demographic characteristics ( gender, ethnicity, age, etc.) are expected to do poorly on a particular assessment experience a decrease in their scores on that assessment.

Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner?

The Thematic Apperception Test The Thematic Apperception Test, in which a patient is asked to tell a story about a picture, scores motivational themes. The test is reliable when used properly.

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Physiological Basis

Type 4 dopamine receptor (DRD4): -low sensation seekers have short form of the dopamine-4 receptor, high SS have long form Testosterone: -High SS seekers have higher levels of testosterone Monoamine oxidase (MAO) -High SS tend to have lower levels that might also lead to lower levels of dopamine and serotonin Cortisol- Negatively relative to SS -lower SS related to higher Cortisol Levels -Higher SS related to lower Cortisol Levels

A person with an external locus of control who gets an F in mathematics class is most likely to say:

"Teachers don't like me, so I never pass classes like this." An external locus of control is the belief that events in one's life, regardless of their quality, are caused by uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power and are unrelated to the choices made by the individual. In this case, the person is most likely to blame the grade on the teacher and not on the lack of time spent studying.

intellectual disability

(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

Oral

-0-1 -focus of libido: mouth, tongue, lips -major challenge: weaning breast/bottle -adult fixation: smoking, overeating

Anal

-1-3 -focus of libido: anus -major challenge: toilet training -adult fixation: orderliness, messiness, "anal retentive"= OCD

Gentials

-12+ -focus of libido: genitals -major challenge: reaching full sexual maturity -if all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually mature and mentally healthy

Francis Galton

-1822-1911 -Darwin's Cousin -interested in eugenics and human intelligence -nature and nurture: he felt humanity could be improved through selective breeding -twin studies -Galton Board/ Bean Machine (regression towards the mean) -He had the GALL to like eugenics -said intelligence is biological, genetic

Alfred Binet

-1857-1911 -1904 published the first widely used intelligence test -Commissioned by French government for public schools to help identify students needing remedial help -ideally the test would help determine appropriate educational placement for all children -between 1905-1911, he and Theodore Simon worked on what has become the Binet-Simon Scale -mental age -this was the BegINning of intelligence test (France) -intelligence is mental age

Louis Terman

-1911 -Psychologist at Stanford University -revised the Binet-Simon scale: became known as Stanford-Binet -created scales- standard to determine to highest and lowest -idea being the new scale: "to curtail the reproduction of feeble-mindedness" -at Stanford- he took Binet's test to deTERMINe "high" and "low" scales -intelligence is innate

David Wäscher

-1974 -said intelligence is "the global capacity of a person to act purposefully" -WAIS Adult Intelligence Scales- first published in 1955 -WISC-V: intelligence scale for children -WPPSI: preschool and primary scale of intelligence -verbal -performance -overall: combination of both

Phallic

-3-6 -focus of libido: genitals -major challenge: resolving Oedipus/electra complex -adult fixation: deviancy, sexual dysfunction -most crucial stage- at end of this, personally is fundamentally formed -"penis envy": female desire to have a penis

Latency

-6-12 -major challenge: developing defense mechanisms -no adult fixation or focus of libido

Social-Cognitive

-Albert Bandura

Neo-Freudians

-Carl Jung -Alfred Adler -Karen Horney -psychodynamic

William Stern

-German psychologist -formulated basic definition of IQ (intelligence quotient) in 1912 as mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ -a 10 year old child, with the intellectual capacities of a 13 year old= 130 IQ -star like Stern and multiplication sign

Cognitive-behavioral

-Julian Rotter -external and internal locus of control: how we think about things help determine our behavior

Sensation Seeking

-Marvin Zuckerman -the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experiences -Four Scales -Thrill and Adventure Seeking -Experience Seeking -Disinhibition -Boredom Susceptibility

The Big Five Personality Traits

-McRae and Costa, 1997 version -Conscientiousness: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving -Agreeableness: trust, straightforwardness, altruism -Neuroticism: anxiety, angry hostility, depression, impulsiveness -Openness to Experience: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas -Extraversion: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity

Myers-Briggs (MBTI)

-Measure 4 spectra -Extroversion-introversion -sensing-intutiton -thinking-feeling -judging-perceiving

NEO-PI-R (The Big Five)

-Measure CANOE (the Big Five traits) -Costa and McCrae -claims that after 30, personality is stable

psychodynamic theories

-Sigmund Freud -Tri-Partite Self -Id, ego, superego -there is a constant battle going on between id and superego, largely in our unconscious

Raymond Cattell

-Source and Surface Traits -used factor analysis to limit traits -16 personality factors -spectrum of personality factors: reserved vs. outgoing

Eysenck's Three-Factor (PEN) Theory

-a different factor analysis, yielding only three factors: -psychoticism vs socialization -extraversion-introversion -neuroticism (stable-unstable) -originally a two-factor theory; psychotics added later -psychoticism a lot like agreeableness blue conscientiousness (Big Five) -biological underpinning to all 3 traits

projective test

-a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics -used by psychoanalysts -shows unconscious conflicts Examples: -Rorschach Ink Blot -TAT -Sentence completion test: given a stem and then response noted, what worries me is ______., scored by positive and negative trends -Hand test: shown pictures of hands and asked to guess what they are doing -Luscher Color Test: shown different colors and asker for preferences, indicated personality traits -blue= tranquil -green= need to please others

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

-a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes -uses vague pictures -subject is asked to tell a story -project their feelings on the story

id

-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. -Primitive process -instinctive urges -eros: life urge -thanatos: life urge -pleasure principle: tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification -unconscious

musical

-a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone -these people can sing in tune, keep time to music and listen to musical selections with discernment -composers and musicians

intrapersonal

-access to one's emotional life as a means of understanding oneself and others -these people can easily access their own feelings, discriminate among different emotional states, and use this to enrich and guide their own lives -therapist, social worker

Humanistic approach

-all people have the potential for growth -people create their own lives and destinies -Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers

Aptitude vs. Achievement

-aptitude is predictive

intellectualization

-avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects -focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief

Karen Horney

-basic anxiety -relieve basic anxiety by showing affection to others, strive for power, dominating others, withdraw, need for a dominant partner -all are social responses -criticized the Freudian portrayal of woman as weak -showed the need to feel secure in relationships

Biological Approach

-biological correlates for disposition/temperament -dopamine receptor gene linked to novelty seeking -David Buss (evolutionary psychologist) -believes that the Big Five represent evolutionary adaptations -agreeableness: easy to work in groups -extroversion: bond with others

Abraham Maslow

-dissertation with Harlow on dominance and sexuality of monkeys -Worked with Thorndike then Kinsey on sexuality -Critical of Kinsey's research methodology -taught with Fromm, Adler and Horney

Carl Rogers

-first profession was a minister -began client-centered psychotherapy -congruence between self-concept and ideal self necessary -all strive to be "fully functioning" people -achieve this through unconditional positive regard

repression

-in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories -unconsciously PRESS down harmful memories, urges -pulling into the unconscious -forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety

defense mechanisms

-in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality -for Freud, if we cannot handle the tension between the id and the superego, the ego will reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality through defense mechanisms -used by ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

Alfred Adler

-inferiority/superiority complex -focused on the fight against feelings of inferiority as a theme of at the core of personality -may be projecting from his own experience -motivated by social influences, social interest -expectations for future impact behavior -act of subjective perceptions: we are usually aware of what we are doing and why

Age and Sex Differences

-men generally score higher than women on the total score and on all the subscales, except Experience Seeking -scores increase during childhood, peak in the late teens or early twenties, and thereafter decrease steadily with age

Trait-Based Approach

-people are a combination of traits

Carl Jung

-personal and collective unconscious -universal themes in the unconscious as a source of creativity and insight -archetypes -personality -Synchronicity: co-incidence of events is actually meaningful -personal growth by finding meaning in moments of coincidence -persona (mask): -shadow -anima

Computational model

-process of intelligence: cognitive -information processing speed -high IQ= more time for global planning, less local planning -intelligence is about cognitive speed -the higher the IQ the less local planning required so you get farther

projection

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others -"project" or push our own painful urges/thoughts onto others -placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else -when losing an argument, you state "you're just stupid" -homophobia -I hate Dad so Dad hates me

sublimination

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. -Take our bad energy and put it into something good -acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way -violent person joins the army -orienting your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer -becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut -lifting weights to release pent up energy

denial

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. -arguing against anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist -What? What are you talking about? Nothing happened! -denying that your suppose if cheating despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary

reaction formation

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. -take something bad and make it the opposite -taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety -dislike someone you aren't supposed to like -having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme

regression

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated -returning to a previous stage of development -hiding by returning to childish behaviors -sitting in a corner and crying after hearing disappointing news -throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way

rationalization

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. -supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason -make up excuses to allow for harmful thoughts, urges -stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up to the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance

displacement

-psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet -direct energy towards "safe" recipient -taking out impulses on a less threatening target -slamming a door instead of hitting a person -yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss -mad at your boss so you kick your dog

supressions

-pushing into the unconscious -trying to forget something that causes you anxiety

Objective Personality Tests

-standardized assessment tools -NEO-PI-R -Myers-Briggs (MBTI) -MMPI

spatial

-the ability to perceive the world accurately and to recreate or transform aspects of that world -these people often have acute sensitivity to visual details, can draw their ideas graphically and can orient themselves easily in 3-D space -sculptor, architect, surveyor

Logical-mathematical

-the ability to see the intelligence of numbers and logic -ability to handle chains of reasoning and to recognize patterns and order -these people think in terms of cause and effect and can create and test hypotheses -mathematician, scientist

interpersonal

-the ability to understand people and relationships -these people can perceive and respond to moods, temperaments, intentions, and the desires of others -politician, salesperson, religious leaders

naturalist

-the ability to understand, categorize, and explain patterns encountered in the natural world -these people observe, interpret, and construct meaning from the natural world -botanist, farmer, rancher

Linguistic

-the ability to use language, sensitivity to the order of things -these people can argue, persuade, entertain, or instruct through the spoken word -poet, translator

bodily-kinesthetic

-the ability to use the body skillfully and handle objects adriotly -these are hands-on people with good tactile sensitivity -athlete, dancer, surgeon

psychosexual stages

-the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones -all people go through theses conflicts -how well you get through them controls whether or not you have fixations and therefore personality issues later on

reciprocal determinism

-the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment -interaction of personal variables, environment, and behaviors

ego

-the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. -reality principle -largely conscious -secondary process

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. -550 True/False questions -fairly predictive of disorders

Rorschach inkblot test

-the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots -ambiguous images -black/white and color

superego

-the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations -idealistic principle -largely unconscious: the main motivation is to engage in morally perfect behavior -two parts -ego ideal -conscience

internal locus of control

-the perception that you control your own fate -determined by your hard work, attributes, or decisions

object-relations theory

-the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior -Marie Kondo

Gordon Allport

-traits are inherited and stable -personality is a combination of 18,000 traits -cardinal traits: dominate to all -central traits: 5-10 -secondary traits

Heritability of intelligence

1. identical twins reared together 2. identical twins reared apart 3. fraternal twins reared together 4. siblings reared together 5. unrelated individuals reared together -intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is greater than that between ordinary sibling reared together

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. physiological needs: food, sleep, water 2. safety: home, sweet home 3. love & belonging: achieving deeper, more meaningful relationships 4. esteem: you've acquired the skills that lead to honor and recognition 5. self-actualization: you are living your highest potential -only 1-2% of population reaches self-actualization (MLK, Gandhi, Einstein) -Low "deficiency" needs move to higher "being"/belonging" needs -peak experiences: transcend the self

Ten year old Matthew takes the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and it indicates that he has a mental age of eleven and a half. Using the Stanford-Binet formula to calcultate his IQ, what would Matthew's IQ be?

115 To calculate IQ using the Stanford-Binet formula, divide Mental Age by Chronological age, then multiply by 100:

Approximately what percentage of people obtain scores between 85 and 115 on a standard intelligence test?

68% Intelligence scores fall in a normal distribution. In a normal distribution, approximately 34% of scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean and another 34% fall within one standard deviation below the mean. The mean score for intelligence is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 points. Therefore, a score of 85 would be one standard deviation below the mean and a score of 115 would be one standard deviation above the mean. So 34% of people's scores would fall between 85 and 100 and another 34% would fall between 100 and 115. When these are added together, the result is 68%.

Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below

70

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

down syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is Sid to have a mental age of 8.

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

basic anxiety

An emotion, proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment.

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Which of the following theorists would most likely agree with the statement: "Patients need to know that we respect them, no matter the choices they make."?

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers was the leader of the humanistic psychology movement, spreading the concept of unconditional positive regard. Because of this focus on unconditional positive regard and compassion toward the human, Carl Rogers is most likely to agree with the statement.

Contextual Model

Cultural differences -Kpelle tribe: sort by function, not hierarchy -Kenyans: 4 types of intelligence -Italian immigrant study (1917) -the context matters

The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by

David Weschler

When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety?

Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. Psychoanalytic theories assume that Jordan can still remember the accident in his subconscious, which may affect his personality today.

Biological Model

Electrophysical: speed of neural activity correlates with IQ -high IQ= high neural activity Metabolic: -high IQ has lower glucose metabolism -with practice, lower overall but higher in specific areas, more efficient

Cattel defined this type of intelligence as "the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships."

Fluid intelligence Cattel described 2 types of intelligence: crystallized intelligence which is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary, and fluid intelligence which is the ability to reason abstractly and solve novel problems

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

In his famous longitudinal study, Lewis Terman hoped to show that

Gifted children grow up to be happy and successful When Terman began his study in 1921, there was a widespread belief that people who were gifted as children would be more likely to grow up to have problems in adulthood ("first to ripe, first to rot"). Terman wanted to show that this was not the case. Although none of his 1528 "Termites" grew up to win the Nobel Prize, they grew up to be better educated and more successful on average than their nongifted peers.

Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that

Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness Defense mechanisms are an aspect of psychoanalytic theories of personality.

A score of 100 on a standard intelligence test means that the person taking the test

Got a perfectly average score Intelligence tests are normed so that 100 always indicates an average score.

Evolutionary Roots

High Sensation Seeking -access to new potential food sources and mates -exploration and hunting behavior -increased danger Low Sensation Seeking -safety of familiar terrain, foods, and animal population -exhaustion of food supply and reduction of reproductive variety -increased safety

Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness?

High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness

Systems Model

Howard Gardner (1983): -Multiple intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalist -brain is modular Sternberg -triarchic model -practical, analytical, creative

oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Self-actualization theory

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Assessments that evaluate a person's potential to learn a new set of skills are designed to determine the person's _______ in that area.

aptitude Aptitude refers to the potential ability to learn something a person hasn't already learned. For example, a person with speed, strength, good eye-hand coordination, and quick reflexes would have an aptitude for learning to play baseball, and would learn it quickly even though they have never played before.

Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister found that when criticized, people with unrealistically high self-esteem

became exceptionally aggressive

electra complex

counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Philippa was told that she would never be able to have children. She refused to accept the diagnosis, and began seeking second, third, and fourth opinions.

denial

Trait theorists are more interested in ____ personality than in ______ it.

describing... explaining

Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to

differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development Bandura believed that personality is determined by complex reciprocal interactions between individuals, their behavior, and the environmental stimuli.

Billy always teases and annoys his younger brother after he himself is disciplined by his parents.

displacement

Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might.

displacement

Mrs. James can't understand why her husband has been so grumpy and irritable for the past week. It certainly isn't her fault that he didn't receive the anticipated promotion at the factory.

displacement

Peter's boss got angry at him for turning in a late report. Then Peter spilled coffee on his shirt and got a speeding ticket on his way home. When he got home, he yelled and threatened his son for leaving his skateboard out and then kicked the dog for barking.

displacement

The high school teacher was criticized by the principal for having a disruptive class. When the teacher got home that night, he argued with his wife and kicked the dog.

displacement

The majority group a culture may blame all the various ills of society on a small minority group. This a process termed "scapegoating" and is a factor in racial and religious prejudice.

displacement

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called

emotional intelligence

Albert Bandura prosed the social-cognitive perspective, which

emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following?

evil

To identify a small number of traits, trait theorists make use of

factor analysis

Charles Spearman's g refers to

general intelligence

Collectivist cultures are characterizes by members

giving priorities to group goals

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

The Flynn effect refers to

gradual improvement in intelligence test scores over the last several decades

Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him

high in agreeableness

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

People given little control over their world in prisons, factories, schools, and nursing homes experience

learned helplessness

Achievement tests are to aptitude test as

measurement is to prediction

The intelligence quotient compares a child's

mental age to his or her chronological age

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Children who are raised in a stimulating environment tend to have higher intelligence, in part due to

neural plasticity

The neurological basis of intelligence is most dependent on the

number of synapses between neurons

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors designed to assess several traits at once are called

personality inventories

The humanists are mostly interested in

potential for growth

Which of the following does Robert Sternberg include as a type of intelligence?

practical intelligence

The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to

predict how children would do in school

Aptitude is ____ and achievement is _____.

predictive (future) and determining something learned in past

Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have

predictive validity

A student notes that she scored a lot higher on the AP Psychology exam than she did on her psychology teacher's tests. She would be justified in claiming that the teacher's tests lack

predictive validity Predictive validity refers to a test's ability to predict an outcome in some other area. Since the student's scores on the teacher's tests were very different than her scores on the AP Exam, the teacher's tests failed to accurately predict the student's performance on the AP Exam and therefore lack predictive validity.

Eloise got into an argument with her uncle about politics. He made good points and backed them up with solid information. She got angry because she was losing the argument and yelled at him: "You're just an idiotic liberal!"

projection

It is typical for the person who is most difficult to convince in an argument to say that everyone else is stubborn.

projection

Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.

projection

Roger is a heavy drinker but has managed to keep this behavior a secret from his friends. He is sure that most people actually drink as much as he does.

projection

The flirtatious woman may feel that most other women exhibit teasing behavior or wear revealing clothes.

projection

The individual who actually likes to have others do things for him may be quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy.

projection

Sigmund Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques

psychoanalysis

5 approaches to intelligence

psychometric, computational, biological, contextual, systems

After John was rejected by the admissions office at Yale, he claimed that he wouldn't enjoy attending such a large school anyway. Besides, he might receive higher grades a smaller local college.

rationalization

James Riley has suffered heavy financial losses recently while playing the stock market. Upon trading his big luxury car for an old small car Jim informed his associates that he bought the cheaper car to do his part in the battle against air pollution.

rationalization

Jarred was recently led go from his job at a Fortune 500 company. His job performance ratings had been low for months, but he did not attend to any of the suggestions made by his superiors to improve his ratings. When he was fired, he told everyone that his boss was a jerk and that the reason he'd lost his job was that he'd refused to kiss his boss's ass.

rationalization

Margaret is convinced that she received a "C" in her chemistry class instead of an "A" because of widespread cheating by her fellow students. She is sure that she must be as capable in the chemistry course as in her other subjects.

rationalization

The girl who was not invited to the school dance told her friends that she would not have attended if asked. She said that her teachers had assigned more homework than usual and that she was simply too busy for any unimportant social functions.

rationalization

The habitual drinker may insist that he really doesn't care much for the taste of alcohol but feels that is obliged to drink with friends "just to be sociable."

rationalization

A boy will sometimes react against the strong attraction that he feels toward girls be becoming a confirmed "woman hater."

reaction formation

A number of psychologists believe that social crusaders who advocate various forms of social control may in reality be struggling with their own unconscious desires.

reaction formation

Mary has secretly disliked her mother since she was a young child. As these feelings arouse anxiety, Mary usually tells friends that she loves her mother very much.

reaction formation

Reformers may conduct campaigns against pornographic literature in order to fight their own erotic interest in such material. They campaign to convince others of their own purity and goodness.

reaction formation

The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty about not welcoming her child. As a result, she may try to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child.

reaction formation

You think your best friend's boyfriend is a real jerk, and you keep putting him down when your friend is around. However you still have his school picture he gave you last year, and every time you see him you blush.

reaction formation

Kids who did what scored greater on intelligence tests?

read at an early age

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of?

reciprocal determinism

A 6-year-old child, who gave up bed wetting at the age of 3, moves with his parents to a new neighborhood. During the stressful period of adjusting to his new home, he again writes the bed for several nights.

regression

David Walters recently lost his executive position in a large corporation. Rather than seek a new job, David finds comfort and escape through drinking, as alcohol helps him forget the details of being fired.

regression

Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how strong and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution.

regression

The young wife, after a bitter conflict with her husband, gives up her marriage as a failure and returns to the home of her parents. She again takes on the role of the dependent child who expects unlimited love and indulgence.

regression

When 5-year old Paco's mother came home from the hospital with his new baby sister, Paco started wetting the bed at night and sucking his thumb again.

regression

When a new baby arrives in the family, the older child will sometimes cry more than usual and be more insistent about receiving caresses from the parents.

regression

If a test is _____, that means the test performance can be compared with that of a representative group that was already tested.

reliable

A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. This seemed unusual as the date of the exam had been marked on his calendar for several weeks.

repression

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries treating or upsetting events outside of consciousness?

repression

Adults who were sexually molested during childhood often report that all the details fo the painful episode have been forgotten.

repression

Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance at school. Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at school too late for the class.

repression

Mr. Martin carried around a letter in his coat pocket for weeks. The note which he somehow neglected mailing was an invitation to his mother-in-law to visit the family for several months.

repression

Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.

repression

When she war 5, Luisa was left on the front porch of a neighbor's house and abandoned. She was later adopted and is now a lively, engaging, and popular 17-year old. She has no memory of her life before the age of 5.

repression

The neurotransmitter dopamine is most closely associated with

reward-seeking behavior

Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligence in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability- for example, to make complex calculations. These people have

savant syndrome

What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential?

self-actualization

Our _____________ consists of all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept

What do we call the ability to control impulses and delay gratification?

self-control

In general, males score higher than females on tests of

spatial ability

It is possible that gum chewers have graduated from earlier stages of thumb-sucking and pencil-chewing, neither or which would be acceptable behavior in adult society. Chewing gum is a socially acceptable outlet for the oral need.

sublimation

One psychological theory holds that the desire for sexual gratification, if frustrated or blocked, may eventually find expression in painting or the writing of poetry.

sublimation

Parents might be reassured to know that children who pull wings off flies and jab pins in the dog may eventually find their niche in the areas of dentistry or surgery.

sublimation

Paul, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school, as he would frequently fight with other children. Paul found when he entered high school that he could channel this hostility into sports such as football and soccer.

sublimation

Sven often fantasized about beating people up when he got angry. He began working out daily and after a while, became a supremely successful boxer.

sublimation

Tory is apt to become annoyed when he recalls his earlier conviction as a Peeping Tom. Tory has left his sordid past behind and now is a busy photographer for Playboy magazine.

sublimation

If a person has a really intense sense of guilt, Freud might have said that his/her ______ was too strong.

superego

Barnum effect

tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost everyone

achievement tests

tests designed to assess what a person has learned.

aptitude tests

tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Heritability of intelligence refers to

the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following?

the pursuit of self-actualization

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept?

the self-serving bias

Our self-focus perspective may motivate us, but it can also lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us. This is called

the spotlight effect

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. He called the accepting attitude that enables this freedom

unconditional postive regard

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.