AP Psych Unit 10 and 11
Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality?
Humanist
Which theory of personality emphasizes the value and importance of unconditional positive regard in relationships?
Humanistic
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, WISC are all types of what kinds of tests?
Intelligence
Katherine is a gifted psychotherapist who connects well with her patients. Which type of intelligence would she likely use most in her work?
Interpersonal Howard Gardner described multiple intelligences, including interpersonal intelligence which refers to the ability to understand other people and interact well with them. People who demonstrate high levels of interpersonal intelligence are generally good communicators with high levels of empathy. These characteristics would be very helpful to a psychotherapist.
What would be true of a thermometer that alway reads three degrees off?
It is reliable but not valid.
Dr. Foster wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorders. Which personality assessment would be most helpful for this purpose?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) This measure has good psychometric properties and is useful for assessing personality disorders.
Which personality test classifies people in terms of the personality dimensions highlighted by Carl Jung?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The MBTI is based on Jung's personality dimensions and categorizes personality into 16 different types based on an individual's preference for one side or another of four dichotomous pairs.
Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the
NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) The NEO™-PI-3 is a highly reliable personality inventory that is based on the five-factor model.
To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use?
Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies Freud believed a healthy personality was related to a healthy balance among these components, and psychoses and disorders occurred when imbalances occurred; Freud developed these ideas through case studies of his patients during therapy.
Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of what?
Positive self-concept Self-concept refers to how someone thinks about, evaluates, or perceives themselves. Humanistic psychology focuses on promoting positive self-concepts grounded in the idea that people are inherently good. This perspective also stresses the importance of personal agency in actualizing the self.
What is the act of reverting to childish behaviors?
Regression Regression, as identified by Freud, is the act of retreating to an earlier stage of development as a means of self preservation.
A researcher compares participants' scores on multiple administrations of the same assessment. The researcher is trying to determine whether the assessment demonstrates
Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment. If the participants' scores varied a lot from one administration to the next, the researcher would conclude that the assessment lacked reliability.
Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns?
Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing Psychoanalytic theorist Alfred Adler stressed the desire to achieve superiority and underlying worries about inferiority.
Who proposed that the mind is split up into three parts — id, ego, and super ego?
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that the mind consists of three distinct parts — the id, ego, and superego. According to Freud, the id is primarily concerned with satisfying wants and needs. The ego is responsible for meeting the id's demands in ways acceptable to society. The superego relates to ideas of what is right and wrong.
Psychometric (measurable)
Spearman 1927): -g factors: general factor -s-factors: specific factors Thurstone (1938): -primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, inductive reasoning, spatial reasoning, number, memory, perceptual speed Cattell and Caroll (1971): -hierarchical model -fluid intelligence, speed, flexibility, acquisition -crystallized intelligence: accumulated knowledge
3 Necessary Principles
Standardization -standardized (bell curve) -all test conditions the same -normative scores (norms) are scaled raw scores -IQ: mean, median, mode= 100, SC=15 Reliability -consistence, dependable -test-retest -split-half score -comparison to other measure Validity -does it measure what it is supposed to measure? -content (face validity): items on test represent -predictive: do results meet with future tasks? -concurrent: test compared to other criterion
Stephanie knows that many people believe that women are not as skilled at math as men. When she takes a math test, this awareness causes her to perform below her actual abilities due to
Stereotype threat Stereotype threat occurs when people who know that others who share their demographic characteristics ( gender, ethnicity, age, etc.) are expected to do poorly on a particular assessment experience a decrease in their scores on that assessment.
Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner?
The Thematic Apperception Test The Thematic Apperception Test, in which a patient is asked to tell a story about a picture, scores motivational themes. The test is reliable when used properly.
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
Physiological Basis
Type 4 dopamine receptor (DRD4): -low sensation seekers have short form of the dopamine-4 receptor, high SS have long form Testosterone: -High SS seekers have higher levels of testosterone Monoamine oxidase (MAO) -High SS tend to have lower levels that might also lead to lower levels of dopamine and serotonin Cortisol- Negatively relative to SS -lower SS related to higher Cortisol Levels -Higher SS related to lower Cortisol Levels
A person with an external locus of control who gets an F in mathematics class is most likely to say:
"Teachers don't like me, so I never pass classes like this." An external locus of control is the belief that events in one's life, regardless of their quality, are caused by uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power and are unrelated to the choices made by the individual. In this case, the person is most likely to blame the grade on the teacher and not on the lack of time spent studying.
intellectual disability
(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.
Oral
-0-1 -focus of libido: mouth, tongue, lips -major challenge: weaning breast/bottle -adult fixation: smoking, overeating
Anal
-1-3 -focus of libido: anus -major challenge: toilet training -adult fixation: orderliness, messiness, "anal retentive"= OCD
Gentials
-12+ -focus of libido: genitals -major challenge: reaching full sexual maturity -if all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually mature and mentally healthy
Francis Galton
-1822-1911 -Darwin's Cousin -interested in eugenics and human intelligence -nature and nurture: he felt humanity could be improved through selective breeding -twin studies -Galton Board/ Bean Machine (regression towards the mean) -He had the GALL to like eugenics -said intelligence is biological, genetic
Alfred Binet
-1857-1911 -1904 published the first widely used intelligence test -Commissioned by French government for public schools to help identify students needing remedial help -ideally the test would help determine appropriate educational placement for all children -between 1905-1911, he and Theodore Simon worked on what has become the Binet-Simon Scale -mental age -this was the BegINning of intelligence test (France) -intelligence is mental age
Louis Terman
-1911 -Psychologist at Stanford University -revised the Binet-Simon scale: became known as Stanford-Binet -created scales- standard to determine to highest and lowest -idea being the new scale: "to curtail the reproduction of feeble-mindedness" -at Stanford- he took Binet's test to deTERMINe "high" and "low" scales -intelligence is innate
David Wäscher
-1974 -said intelligence is "the global capacity of a person to act purposefully" -WAIS Adult Intelligence Scales- first published in 1955 -WISC-V: intelligence scale for children -WPPSI: preschool and primary scale of intelligence -verbal -performance -overall: combination of both
Phallic
-3-6 -focus of libido: genitals -major challenge: resolving Oedipus/electra complex -adult fixation: deviancy, sexual dysfunction -most crucial stage- at end of this, personally is fundamentally formed -"penis envy": female desire to have a penis
Latency
-6-12 -major challenge: developing defense mechanisms -no adult fixation or focus of libido
Social-Cognitive
-Albert Bandura
Neo-Freudians
-Carl Jung -Alfred Adler -Karen Horney -psychodynamic
William Stern
-German psychologist -formulated basic definition of IQ (intelligence quotient) in 1912 as mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ -a 10 year old child, with the intellectual capacities of a 13 year old= 130 IQ -star like Stern and multiplication sign
Cognitive-behavioral
-Julian Rotter -external and internal locus of control: how we think about things help determine our behavior
Sensation Seeking
-Marvin Zuckerman -the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences and the the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experiences -Four Scales -Thrill and Adventure Seeking -Experience Seeking -Disinhibition -Boredom Susceptibility
The Big Five Personality Traits
-McRae and Costa, 1997 version -Conscientiousness: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving -Agreeableness: trust, straightforwardness, altruism -Neuroticism: anxiety, angry hostility, depression, impulsiveness -Openness to Experience: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas -Extraversion: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity
Myers-Briggs (MBTI)
-Measure 4 spectra -Extroversion-introversion -sensing-intutiton -thinking-feeling -judging-perceiving
NEO-PI-R (The Big Five)
-Measure CANOE (the Big Five traits) -Costa and McCrae -claims that after 30, personality is stable
psychodynamic theories
-Sigmund Freud -Tri-Partite Self -Id, ego, superego -there is a constant battle going on between id and superego, largely in our unconscious
Raymond Cattell
-Source and Surface Traits -used factor analysis to limit traits -16 personality factors -spectrum of personality factors: reserved vs. outgoing
Eysenck's Three-Factor (PEN) Theory
-a different factor analysis, yielding only three factors: -psychoticism vs socialization -extraversion-introversion -neuroticism (stable-unstable) -originally a two-factor theory; psychotics added later -psychoticism a lot like agreeableness blue conscientiousness (Big Five) -biological underpinning to all 3 traits
projective test
-a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics -used by psychoanalysts -shows unconscious conflicts Examples: -Rorschach Ink Blot -TAT -Sentence completion test: given a stem and then response noted, what worries me is ______., scored by positive and negative trends -Hand test: shown pictures of hands and asked to guess what they are doing -Luscher Color Test: shown different colors and asker for preferences, indicated personality traits -blue= tranquil -green= need to please others
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes -uses vague pictures -subject is asked to tell a story -project their feelings on the story
id
-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. -Primitive process -instinctive urges -eros: life urge -thanatos: life urge -pleasure principle: tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification -unconscious
musical
-a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone -these people can sing in tune, keep time to music and listen to musical selections with discernment -composers and musicians
intrapersonal
-access to one's emotional life as a means of understanding oneself and others -these people can easily access their own feelings, discriminate among different emotional states, and use this to enrich and guide their own lives -therapist, social worker
Humanistic approach
-all people have the potential for growth -people create their own lives and destinies -Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers
Aptitude vs. Achievement
-aptitude is predictive
intellectualization
-avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects -focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief
Karen Horney
-basic anxiety -relieve basic anxiety by showing affection to others, strive for power, dominating others, withdraw, need for a dominant partner -all are social responses -criticized the Freudian portrayal of woman as weak -showed the need to feel secure in relationships
Biological Approach
-biological correlates for disposition/temperament -dopamine receptor gene linked to novelty seeking -David Buss (evolutionary psychologist) -believes that the Big Five represent evolutionary adaptations -agreeableness: easy to work in groups -extroversion: bond with others
Abraham Maslow
-dissertation with Harlow on dominance and sexuality of monkeys -Worked with Thorndike then Kinsey on sexuality -Critical of Kinsey's research methodology -taught with Fromm, Adler and Horney
Carl Rogers
-first profession was a minister -began client-centered psychotherapy -congruence between self-concept and ideal self necessary -all strive to be "fully functioning" people -achieve this through unconditional positive regard
repression
-in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories -unconsciously PRESS down harmful memories, urges -pulling into the unconscious -forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety
defense mechanisms
-in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality -for Freud, if we cannot handle the tension between the id and the superego, the ego will reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality through defense mechanisms -used by ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
Alfred Adler
-inferiority/superiority complex -focused on the fight against feelings of inferiority as a theme of at the core of personality -may be projecting from his own experience -motivated by social influences, social interest -expectations for future impact behavior -act of subjective perceptions: we are usually aware of what we are doing and why
Age and Sex Differences
-men generally score higher than women on the total score and on all the subscales, except Experience Seeking -scores increase during childhood, peak in the late teens or early twenties, and thereafter decrease steadily with age
Trait-Based Approach
-people are a combination of traits
Carl Jung
-personal and collective unconscious -universal themes in the unconscious as a source of creativity and insight -archetypes -personality -Synchronicity: co-incidence of events is actually meaningful -personal growth by finding meaning in moments of coincidence -persona (mask): -shadow -anima
Computational model
-process of intelligence: cognitive -information processing speed -high IQ= more time for global planning, less local planning -intelligence is about cognitive speed -the higher the IQ the less local planning required so you get farther
projection
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others -"project" or push our own painful urges/thoughts onto others -placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else -when losing an argument, you state "you're just stupid" -homophobia -I hate Dad so Dad hates me
sublimination
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. -Take our bad energy and put it into something good -acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way -violent person joins the army -orienting your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer -becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut -lifting weights to release pent up energy
denial
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. -arguing against anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist -What? What are you talking about? Nothing happened! -denying that your suppose if cheating despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary
reaction formation
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. -take something bad and make it the opposite -taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety -dislike someone you aren't supposed to like -having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme
regression
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated -returning to a previous stage of development -hiding by returning to childish behaviors -sitting in a corner and crying after hearing disappointing news -throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way
rationalization
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. -supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason -make up excuses to allow for harmful thoughts, urges -stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up to the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance
displacement
-psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet -direct energy towards "safe" recipient -taking out impulses on a less threatening target -slamming a door instead of hitting a person -yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss -mad at your boss so you kick your dog
supressions
-pushing into the unconscious -trying to forget something that causes you anxiety
Objective Personality Tests
-standardized assessment tools -NEO-PI-R -Myers-Briggs (MBTI) -MMPI
spatial
-the ability to perceive the world accurately and to recreate or transform aspects of that world -these people often have acute sensitivity to visual details, can draw their ideas graphically and can orient themselves easily in 3-D space -sculptor, architect, surveyor
Logical-mathematical
-the ability to see the intelligence of numbers and logic -ability to handle chains of reasoning and to recognize patterns and order -these people think in terms of cause and effect and can create and test hypotheses -mathematician, scientist
interpersonal
-the ability to understand people and relationships -these people can perceive and respond to moods, temperaments, intentions, and the desires of others -politician, salesperson, religious leaders
naturalist
-the ability to understand, categorize, and explain patterns encountered in the natural world -these people observe, interpret, and construct meaning from the natural world -botanist, farmer, rancher
Linguistic
-the ability to use language, sensitivity to the order of things -these people can argue, persuade, entertain, or instruct through the spoken word -poet, translator
bodily-kinesthetic
-the ability to use the body skillfully and handle objects adriotly -these are hands-on people with good tactile sensitivity -athlete, dancer, surgeon
psychosexual stages
-the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones -all people go through theses conflicts -how well you get through them controls whether or not you have fixations and therefore personality issues later on
reciprocal determinism
-the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment -interaction of personal variables, environment, and behaviors
ego
-the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. -reality principle -largely conscious -secondary process
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
-the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. -550 True/False questions -fairly predictive of disorders
Rorschach inkblot test
-the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots -ambiguous images -black/white and color
superego
-the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations -idealistic principle -largely unconscious: the main motivation is to engage in morally perfect behavior -two parts -ego ideal -conscience
internal locus of control
-the perception that you control your own fate -determined by your hard work, attributes, or decisions
object-relations theory
-the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior -Marie Kondo
Gordon Allport
-traits are inherited and stable -personality is a combination of 18,000 traits -cardinal traits: dominate to all -central traits: 5-10 -secondary traits
Heritability of intelligence
1. identical twins reared together 2. identical twins reared apart 3. fraternal twins reared together 4. siblings reared together 5. unrelated individuals reared together -intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is greater than that between ordinary sibling reared together
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
1. physiological needs: food, sleep, water 2. safety: home, sweet home 3. love & belonging: achieving deeper, more meaningful relationships 4. esteem: you've acquired the skills that lead to honor and recognition 5. self-actualization: you are living your highest potential -only 1-2% of population reaches self-actualization (MLK, Gandhi, Einstein) -Low "deficiency" needs move to higher "being"/belonging" needs -peak experiences: transcend the self
Ten year old Matthew takes the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and it indicates that he has a mental age of eleven and a half. Using the Stanford-Binet formula to calcultate his IQ, what would Matthew's IQ be?
115 To calculate IQ using the Stanford-Binet formula, divide Mental Age by Chronological age, then multiply by 100:
Approximately what percentage of people obtain scores between 85 and 115 on a standard intelligence test?
68% Intelligence scores fall in a normal distribution. In a normal distribution, approximately 34% of scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean and another 34% fall within one standard deviation below the mean. The mean score for intelligence is 100 and the standard deviation is 15 points. Therefore, a score of 85 would be one standard deviation below the mean and a score of 115 would be one standard deviation above the mean. So 34% of people's scores would fall between 85 and 100 and another 34% would fall between 100 and 115. When these are added together, the result is 68%.
Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below
70
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
down syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
general intelligence (g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is Sid to have a mental age of 8.
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
personality inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
basic anxiety
An emotion, proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Which of the following theorists would most likely agree with the statement: "Patients need to know that we respect them, no matter the choices they make."?
Carl Rogers Carl Rogers was the leader of the humanistic psychology movement, spreading the concept of unconditional positive regard. Because of this focus on unconditional positive regard and compassion toward the human, Carl Rogers is most likely to agree with the statement.
Contextual Model
Cultural differences -Kpelle tribe: sort by function, not hierarchy -Kenyans: 4 types of intelligence -Italian immigrant study (1917) -the context matters
The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by
David Weschler
When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety?
Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. Psychoanalytic theories assume that Jordan can still remember the accident in his subconscious, which may affect his personality today.
Biological Model
Electrophysical: speed of neural activity correlates with IQ -high IQ= high neural activity Metabolic: -high IQ has lower glucose metabolism -with practice, lower overall but higher in specific areas, more efficient
Cattel defined this type of intelligence as "the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships."
Fluid intelligence Cattel described 2 types of intelligence: crystallized intelligence which is accumulated knowledge and vocabulary, and fluid intelligence which is the ability to reason abstractly and solve novel problems
psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
In his famous longitudinal study, Lewis Terman hoped to show that
Gifted children grow up to be happy and successful When Terman began his study in 1921, there was a widespread belief that people who were gifted as children would be more likely to grow up to have problems in adulthood ("first to ripe, first to rot"). Terman wanted to show that this was not the case. Although none of his 1528 "Termites" grew up to win the Nobel Prize, they grew up to be better educated and more successful on average than their nongifted peers.
Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that
Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness Defense mechanisms are an aspect of psychoanalytic theories of personality.
A score of 100 on a standard intelligence test means that the person taking the test
Got a perfectly average score Intelligence tests are normed so that 100 always indicates an average score.
Evolutionary Roots
High Sensation Seeking -access to new potential food sources and mates -exploration and hunting behavior -increased danger Low Sensation Seeking -safety of familiar terrain, foods, and animal population -exhaustion of food supply and reduction of reproductive variety -increased safety
Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness?
High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness
Systems Model
Howard Gardner (1983): -Multiple intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalist -brain is modular Sternberg -triarchic model -practical, analytical, creative
oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Self-actualization theory
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
unconditional positive regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Assessments that evaluate a person's potential to learn a new set of skills are designed to determine the person's _______ in that area.
aptitude Aptitude refers to the potential ability to learn something a person hasn't already learned. For example, a person with speed, strength, good eye-hand coordination, and quick reflexes would have an aptitude for learning to play baseball, and would learn it quickly even though they have never played before.
Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister found that when criticized, people with unrealistically high self-esteem
became exceptionally aggressive
electra complex
counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Philippa was told that she would never be able to have children. She refused to accept the diagnosis, and began seeking second, third, and fourth opinions.
denial
Trait theorists are more interested in ____ personality than in ______ it.
describing... explaining
Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to
differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development Bandura believed that personality is determined by complex reciprocal interactions between individuals, their behavior, and the environmental stimuli.
Billy always teases and annoys his younger brother after he himself is disciplined by his parents.
displacement
Even a top baseball player will sometimes strike out on an easy pitch. When this happens, his next action may be to throw his bat or kick the water cooler with all his might.
displacement
Mrs. James can't understand why her husband has been so grumpy and irritable for the past week. It certainly isn't her fault that he didn't receive the anticipated promotion at the factory.
displacement
Peter's boss got angry at him for turning in a late report. Then Peter spilled coffee on his shirt and got a speeding ticket on his way home. When he got home, he yelled and threatened his son for leaving his skateboard out and then kicked the dog for barking.
displacement
The high school teacher was criticized by the principal for having a disruptive class. When the teacher got home that night, he argued with his wife and kicked the dog.
displacement
The majority group a culture may blame all the various ills of society on a small minority group. This a process termed "scapegoating" and is a factor in racial and religious prejudice.
displacement
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called
emotional intelligence
Albert Bandura prosed the social-cognitive perspective, which
emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations
Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following?
evil
To identify a small number of traits, trait theorists make use of
factor analysis
Charles Spearman's g refers to
general intelligence
Collectivist cultures are characterizes by members
giving priorities to group goals
individualism
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
The Flynn effect refers to
gradual improvement in intelligence test scores over the last several decades
Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him
high in agreeableness
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
People given little control over their world in prisons, factories, schools, and nursing homes experience
learned helplessness
Achievement tests are to aptitude test as
measurement is to prediction
The intelligence quotient compares a child's
mental age to his or her chronological age
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Children who are raised in a stimulating environment tend to have higher intelligence, in part due to
neural plasticity
The neurological basis of intelligence is most dependent on the
number of synapses between neurons
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
self efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors designed to assess several traits at once are called
personality inventories
The humanists are mostly interested in
potential for growth
Which of the following does Robert Sternberg include as a type of intelligence?
practical intelligence
The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to
predict how children would do in school
Aptitude is ____ and achievement is _____.
predictive (future) and determining something learned in past
Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have
predictive validity
A student notes that she scored a lot higher on the AP Psychology exam than she did on her psychology teacher's tests. She would be justified in claiming that the teacher's tests lack
predictive validity Predictive validity refers to a test's ability to predict an outcome in some other area. Since the student's scores on the teacher's tests were very different than her scores on the AP Exam, the teacher's tests failed to accurately predict the student's performance on the AP Exam and therefore lack predictive validity.
Eloise got into an argument with her uncle about politics. He made good points and backed them up with solid information. She got angry because she was losing the argument and yelled at him: "You're just an idiotic liberal!"
projection
It is typical for the person who is most difficult to convince in an argument to say that everyone else is stubborn.
projection
Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own inclinations in that area.
projection
Roger is a heavy drinker but has managed to keep this behavior a secret from his friends. He is sure that most people actually drink as much as he does.
projection
The flirtatious woman may feel that most other women exhibit teasing behavior or wear revealing clothes.
projection
The individual who actually likes to have others do things for him may be quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy.
projection
Sigmund Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques
psychoanalysis
5 approaches to intelligence
psychometric, computational, biological, contextual, systems
After John was rejected by the admissions office at Yale, he claimed that he wouldn't enjoy attending such a large school anyway. Besides, he might receive higher grades a smaller local college.
rationalization
James Riley has suffered heavy financial losses recently while playing the stock market. Upon trading his big luxury car for an old small car Jim informed his associates that he bought the cheaper car to do his part in the battle against air pollution.
rationalization
Jarred was recently led go from his job at a Fortune 500 company. His job performance ratings had been low for months, but he did not attend to any of the suggestions made by his superiors to improve his ratings. When he was fired, he told everyone that his boss was a jerk and that the reason he'd lost his job was that he'd refused to kiss his boss's ass.
rationalization
Margaret is convinced that she received a "C" in her chemistry class instead of an "A" because of widespread cheating by her fellow students. She is sure that she must be as capable in the chemistry course as in her other subjects.
rationalization
The girl who was not invited to the school dance told her friends that she would not have attended if asked. She said that her teachers had assigned more homework than usual and that she was simply too busy for any unimportant social functions.
rationalization
The habitual drinker may insist that he really doesn't care much for the taste of alcohol but feels that is obliged to drink with friends "just to be sociable."
rationalization
A boy will sometimes react against the strong attraction that he feels toward girls be becoming a confirmed "woman hater."
reaction formation
A number of psychologists believe that social crusaders who advocate various forms of social control may in reality be struggling with their own unconscious desires.
reaction formation
Mary has secretly disliked her mother since she was a young child. As these feelings arouse anxiety, Mary usually tells friends that she loves her mother very much.
reaction formation
Reformers may conduct campaigns against pornographic literature in order to fight their own erotic interest in such material. They campaign to convince others of their own purity and goodness.
reaction formation
The mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty about not welcoming her child. As a result, she may try to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child.
reaction formation
You think your best friend's boyfriend is a real jerk, and you keep putting him down when your friend is around. However you still have his school picture he gave you last year, and every time you see him you blush.
reaction formation
Kids who did what scored greater on intelligence tests?
read at an early age
Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of?
reciprocal determinism
A 6-year-old child, who gave up bed wetting at the age of 3, moves with his parents to a new neighborhood. During the stressful period of adjusting to his new home, he again writes the bed for several nights.
regression
David Walters recently lost his executive position in a large corporation. Rather than seek a new job, David finds comfort and escape through drinking, as alcohol helps him forget the details of being fired.
regression
Mike is always trying to impress his pals with how strong and independent he has become. However, when Mike has social or emotional problems, he still wants his dad to figure out the solution.
regression
The young wife, after a bitter conflict with her husband, gives up her marriage as a failure and returns to the home of her parents. She again takes on the role of the dependent child who expects unlimited love and indulgence.
regression
When 5-year old Paco's mother came home from the hospital with his new baby sister, Paco started wetting the bed at night and sucking his thumb again.
regression
When a new baby arrives in the family, the older child will sometimes cry more than usual and be more insistent about receiving caresses from the parents.
regression
If a test is _____, that means the test performance can be compared with that of a representative group that was already tested.
reliable
A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was scheduled for Friday. This seemed unusual as the date of the exam had been marked on his calendar for several weeks.
repression
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries treating or upsetting events outside of consciousness?
repression
Adults who were sexually molested during childhood often report that all the details fo the painful episode have been forgotten.
repression
Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance at school. Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at school too late for the class.
repression
Mr. Martin carried around a letter in his coat pocket for weeks. The note which he somehow neglected mailing was an invitation to his mother-in-law to visit the family for several months.
repression
Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps during wartime sometimes had amnesia and were unable to recall any part of their ordeal.
repression
When she war 5, Luisa was left on the front porch of a neighbor's house and abandoned. She was later adopted and is now a lively, engaging, and popular 17-year old. She has no memory of her life before the age of 5.
repression
The neurotransmitter dopamine is most closely associated with
reward-seeking behavior
Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligence in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability- for example, to make complex calculations. These people have
savant syndrome
What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential?
self-actualization
Our _____________ consists of all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"
self-concept
What do we call the ability to control impulses and delay gratification?
self-control
In general, males score higher than females on tests of
spatial ability
It is possible that gum chewers have graduated from earlier stages of thumb-sucking and pencil-chewing, neither or which would be acceptable behavior in adult society. Chewing gum is a socially acceptable outlet for the oral need.
sublimation
One psychological theory holds that the desire for sexual gratification, if frustrated or blocked, may eventually find expression in painting or the writing of poetry.
sublimation
Parents might be reassured to know that children who pull wings off flies and jab pins in the dog may eventually find their niche in the areas of dentistry or surgery.
sublimation
Paul, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school, as he would frequently fight with other children. Paul found when he entered high school that he could channel this hostility into sports such as football and soccer.
sublimation
Sven often fantasized about beating people up when he got angry. He began working out daily and after a while, became a supremely successful boxer.
sublimation
Tory is apt to become annoyed when he recalls his earlier conviction as a Peeping Tom. Tory has left his sordid past behind and now is a busy photographer for Playboy magazine.
sublimation
If a person has a really intense sense of guilt, Freud might have said that his/her ______ was too strong.
superego
Barnum effect
tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost everyone
achievement tests
tests designed to assess what a person has learned.
aptitude tests
tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Heritability of intelligence refers to
the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
personal control
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following?
the pursuit of self-actualization
positive psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept?
the self-serving bias
Our self-focus perspective may motivate us, but it can also lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us. This is called
the spotlight effect
normal curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. He called the accepting attitude that enables this freedom
unconditional postive regard
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.