AP Psych Unit 2

Which of the following accurately depicts the relationship between afferent and efferent neurons? - Efferent neurons tell the brain you stubbed your toe and afferent neurons make you hop on one foot. - Efferent neurons communicate messages such as anger to the frontal lobe and afferent neurons activate the parasympathetic nervous system. - Afferent neurons tell the body to throw a punch and efferent neurons transmit messages from the limbic system to the hippocampus. - Afferent neurons tell the brain the hand is on a hot stove and efferent neurons move the hand off the stove. - Efferent neurons see an oncoming car and afferent neurons recognize the imminent danger and activate the fight-or-flight response.

Afferent neurons tell the brain the hand is on a hot stove and efferent neurons move the hand off the stove.

Once a neuron reaches its threshold it always fires to the same intensity. This refers to the: - Action potential. - Myelination. - Reuptake. - Ionic transmission. - All-or-None Principle

All-or-None Principle

Clara suffered a traumatic brain injury less than a year ago. Prior to the injury, she would become anxious each time she was near a spider. However, since the injury, Clara, no longer becomes anxious when she encounters a spider. Which area of her brain was MOST likely affected by the injury? - Hippocampus. - Thalamus. - Hypothalamus. - Medulla oblongata. - Amygdala.

Amygdala.

Located in the left cerebral hemisphere, damage to the what area of the brain causes a type of aphasia leaving one unable to produce coherent speech? - Wernicke's area. - Angular gyrus. - Fusiform gyrus. - Broca's area. - Orbitofrontal cortex.

Broca's area.

Which of the following BEST describes a normal pattern of sleep? - Soon after laying down, you reach REM sleep and remain there until you wake up the next morning. - You go through stages of sleep that progressively get deeper throughout the night until you wake up to your alarm clock the next morning. - You go through a series of sleep cycles throughout the night. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes and as the night progresses, your time in REM sleep increases. The cycles each have periods of both light and deep sleep. - You go through several stages of sleep each night. Each stage lasts approximately 90 minutes and after your 90 minutes of REM sleep, you awake refreshed. - Sleep patterns vary each night. Some nights you sleep in deep Stages 3-4 of sleep, and other nights you remain in REM.

You go through a series of sleep cycles throughout the night. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes and as the night progresses, your time in REM sleep increases. The cycles each have periods of both light and deep sleep.

How many neurons do humans have? - a few dozen - thousands - millions - billions - trillions

billions

Someone under the influence of alcohol is MOST likely to experience - insomnia. - an increase in energy. - permanent reduction in dopamine production. - decreased inhibition. - Paranoia.

decreased inhibition.

Which part of a neuron receives communication from other neurons? - dendrites - soma - axon - myelin sheath - nucleus

dendrites

Bill is trying to understand the report from his recent tests. He is looking at a long piece of paper on which there are thin black lines, but no pictures or images. Bill is most likely looking at a report from his - magnetic resonance image (MRI) - positron-emission tomography (PET) - electroencephalogram (EEG) -X-ray - functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI)

electroencephalogram (EEG)

"Roid Rage," a common side effect of anabolic steroids leading to heightened aggression, may be attributed to - higher levels of testosterone. - lower levels of melatonin. - lower levels of testosterone. - higher levels of estrogen. - higher levels of thyroxin

higher levels of testosterone.

Olivia always feels hungry. No matter how much she eats, she never gets the feeling of being satisfied or full. As a result, she is constantly struggling with obesity. After trying to control this problem for years, she finally visits a doctor who believes her weight problem is the result of a biological abnormality in her brain. Olivia MOST likely has damage to which region of her brain? - frontal lobe. - hypothalamus. - Thalamus. - Amygdala. -Hippocampus.

hypothalamus

Based on their role, the cells that could BEST be described as "communicators" are - sensory neurons. - interneurons. - motor neurons. - nerves. - hormones.

interneurons

Artificial lighting at night affects the body's production of what hormone that helps one fall asleep? - insulin - thyroxin - epinephrine - steroids - melatonin

melatonin

A knee jerk reaction is triggered when stimulation of the ________ in the knee send a signal to the ________ in the spinal cord triggering a signal via ________ to kick the knee. - sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons - interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons - motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons - sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons - interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

The change in energy level in a typical person and a varied ability to pay attention throughout the day is largely due to - the amount of REM sleep an individual experiences each night. - the circadian rhythm of each day. - the number of carbohydrates consumed each day. - the amount of time spent in front of a computer each day. -there is no difference in energy level throughout the day.

the circadian rhythm of each day.

2. Heritability of IQ is generally thought to be somewhere between 40% and 60%. This indicates that - the difference in IQ scores between two individuals is likely between 40% and 60% due to genetic factors. - the difference in mean IQ scores between two populations is likely between 40% and 60% due to genetic factors. - an individual's IQ is about half due to genetics and half due to environmental factors. - IQ is mostly determined by genetic factors. - IQ is mostly determined by environmental factors.

the difference in IQ scores between two individuals is likely between 40% and 60% due to genetic factors.

The amount of neurotransmitter required to initiate an action potential in a neuron is referred to as - the resting potential. - the threshold. - depolarization. - polarization. -Reuptake.

the threshold.

1. In order to BEST determine the role of genetics in human traits, psychologists make use of - correlational studies. - twin studies. - longitudinal studies. - cross-sectional studies. - double-blind studies.

twin studies

5. Evolutionary psychologists are MOST likely to study - why so many more people have phobias of spiders and snakes than guns and electricity. - which neurotransmitter is responsible for aggression. - how a person's physical environment affects their personality. - how the use of the representativeness heuristic contributes to stereotypes. - which part of the brain is most active during a pain response.

why so many more people have phobias of spiders and snakes than guns and electricity.

A CT scan measures the structure of the brain with a series of - electric pulses. - x-rays. - magnetic images. - computer files. - positron emissions.

x-rays.

Katrina has problems coordinating her movement and keeping her balance. Which part of her brain is NOT functioning properly? - Hippocampus. - Amygdala. - Cerebellum. - Cerebrum. - Frontal lobe.

Cerebellum

Under the influence of peer pressure, Jasper uses an unknown drug. At first, he feels very alert, happy, and energetic but within an hour he feels depressed. Jasper is MOST likely experiencing the effects of which drug? - Cocaine. - Alcohol. - Marijuana. - Heroin. - Opiates.

Cocaine

Sixteen-​year-old Freddy is sitting on a couch holding his binder, his laptop, and his psychology book. He is feeling a lot of stress because there does not seem to be enough time to study all of the chapters. Every time he thinks he has learned a concept, he gets a question wrong. What hormone would most likely be responsible for his feelings? - Ghrelin. - Leptin. - Oxytocin. - Cortisol. - Testosterone

Cortisol

Which of the following reflects the order and direction of a neural impulse within a cell? - Dendrite to cell body to axon. - Cell body to dendrite to axon. - Dendrite to axon to cell body. - Axon to cell body to dendrite. - Axon to dendrite to cell body.

Dendrite to cell body to axon.

Margaret suffered an injury while playing soccer and had to have surgery. The sedative made her feel sleepy and groggy. What type of psychoactive drug would a sedative be considered? - Depressant - Stimulant - Hallucinogen - SSRI - Antipsychotic

Depressant

After going all season without getting in the game, Billy's coach called his number to come to bat in the last inning of the last game of the season. Billy was so nervous he could hardly hold on to his bat. Billy's endocrine system is MOST likely producing larger amounts of what hormones leading to his excitement? - Insulin. - Thyroxin. - Epinephrine (Adrenaline). - Steroids. - Melatonin

Epinephrine (Adrenaline).

Younger people often engage in risky behaviors without thinking of the consequences. This is in part due to a lack of development in which lobe? - Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temporal

Frontal

Researchers are trying to identify the brain regions most active during depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar illness. Which of the following scans will reveal the MOST detailed information about both brain structure and brain activity? - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). - Positron-emission tomography (PET). - Computed tomography (CT). - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Electroencephalography (EEG)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

A drug that causes people to see things that are not actually there would be classified as a(n): - Depressant - Stimulant - Agonist - Hallucinogen - SSRI

Hallucinogen

Which of the following choices is LEAST related to the endocrine system? - Testes/ovaries - Pancreas - Thyroid Gland - Hypothalamus - Heart

Heart

Which of the following psychoactive drugs is classified as a depressant? - Cocaine. - Heroin. - Caffeine. - Nicotine. - Methamphetamine.

Heroin

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between high levels of adrenaline and cognition is TRUE? - High levels of adrenaline allow a person to concentrate because it activates​ the frontal lobe. - High levels of adrenaline increase the ability to remember trauma but decrease the ability to concentrate. - High levels of adrenaline increase retrieval of declarative memories and increase cognitive flexibility. - High levels of adrenaline ramp up cognitive functioning. - High levels of adrenaline increase the ability​ to perform cognitively difficult tasks and decrease the ability to perform cognitively simple tasks.

High levels of adrenaline increase the ability to remember trauma but decrease the ability to concentrate.

Which part of the brain plays a key role in memory? - Cerebellum - Occipital Lobe - Broca's Area - Hippocampus - Amygdala

Hippocampus

3. Which of the following demonstrates how aging can be influenced by heredity? - Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, shorten as we age, but this process can be slowed through exercise. - Low stress and better eating habits predict better health in older adults. - Identical twins are more likely to have a similar lifespan compared to fraternal twins. - People with close supporters, such as friends or family, are more likely to live longer. - As we age, crystallized intelligence increases while fluid intelligence decreases.

Identical twins are more likely to have a similar lifespan compared to fraternal twins.

Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by recurring problems falling or staying asleep? - Insomnia. - Sleep apnea. - Narcolepsy. - Night terrors. - Somnambulism.

Insomnia

Glenn is a diabetic. What hormone is related to his disorder? - Ghrelin. - Insulin. - Oxytocin. - Cortisol. - Norepinephrine

Insulin.

Which combination of neurological imaging techniques contains two methods that utilize magnetic imaging? - MRI and PET - PET and EEG - fMRI and EEG - MRI and fMRI - X-ray and PET

MRI and fMRI

Richard's doctor needs to see a detailed picture of his brain to check for damage that could be causing Richard's symptoms and the CT scan image he has is not sufficient. The doctor is most likely to order which test for Richard? - Magnetic resonance image (MRI) - Positron-emission tomography (PET) - Electroencephalogram (EEG) - X-ray - Functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI)

Magnetic resonance image (MRI)

People with schizophrenia have been shown to have larger than average ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces in the brain. What did scientists MOST likely use to make this discovery? - Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. - Lesion studies. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Split-brain studies. - Electroencephalogram (EEG).

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Dan is having vivid dreams about forgetting about important events and he reads that it means that he is afraid of being forgotten himself. The storyline of Dan's dream would be considered the _____ according to Freud's theory. - Activation-Synthesis - Information-Processing - Manifest Content - Latent Content -REM

Manifest Content

Damage to which part of the brain would interfere with involuntary functions like breathing and the heart beating? - Amygdala - Medulla - Hippocampus - Parietal Lobe - Cerebellum

Medulla

Which hormone is most associated with sleep? - Melatonin - Testosterone - Oxytocin - Epinephrine - Estrogen

Melatonin

Which part of a neuron helps INCREASE the transmission speed of neural impulses? - Axon. - Myelin sheath. - Dendrites. - Soma. - Synapse.

Myelin sheath.

4. Which of the following statements BEST represents the current stance on the debate between nature and nurture? - Regarding human traits, we are stuck with what we are born with. - Nurture works within the constraints of nature. - With work, nurture can overcome almost any trait affected by nature. - We understand how much of a role nature and nurture play in determining most human traits. - We have very little idea of how much of a role nature and nuture play in most human traits.

Nurture works within the constraints of nature

1. Sixteen-year-old​ Freddy is sitting on a couch holding hands with sixteen-year-old Suzie. He really likes her and feels like he can trust her enough to tell her a secret. Which hormone is MOST likely responsible for his feelings? -Ghrelin. - Leptin. - Oxytocin. - Cortisol​. - Melatonin.

Oxytocin

Madison encounters a snake on her walk home. After her initial fright, her breathing and heart slow down and she begins to feel calm again. Which division of the nervous system helped calm Madison down? - Parasympathetic nervous system. - Central nervous system. - Somatic nervous system. - Autonomic nervous system. - Peripheral nervous system.

Parasympathetic nervous system.

2. Which gland is responsible for controlling the other glands? - Pineal. - Pancreas. - Pituitary. - Adrenal. - Thyroid.

Pituitary.

What is the status of the neuron pictured below? - Polarized - Depolarized - Action Potential - Excitatory - Refractory Period

Polarized

In order to identify which of Lucy's brain areas were most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and used which of the following neural measures? - Electroencephalogram (EEG). - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). - Positron emission tomography (PET). - Computed tomography (CT).

Positron emission tomography (PET).

Researchers found that monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of rewards and punishments. Which type of neural measure was MOST likely used to gather this information? - Electroencephalogram (EEG). - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Positron emission tomography (PET). - Magnetoencephalography (MEG). - Computed tomography (CT).

Positron emission tomography (PET).

What brain imaging instrument would MOST likely be used to determine whether a patient's brain shows increased frontal lobe activity after taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? - Signal detection device (SDD). - Computerized axial tomography (CAT). - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Positron emission tomography (PET). - Electroencephalograph (EEG).

Positron emission tomography (PET).

While exploring an interest in split-brain research with cats, Roger Sperry learned that symptoms of epilepsy could be alleviated by doing which of the following? - Severing the corpus callosum. - Performing an orbitofrontal lobotomy. - Removing the ventromedial hypothalamus. - Deep cranial stimulation. - Connecting an electrode to the brain's 'reward pathways'

Severing the corpus callosum.

3. During adolescence, many secondary sex characteristics develop in a person. Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary sex characteristic? - Body hair. - Breast development in females. - Deeper voice in males. - Sex organs (Ovaries and Testes). - Enlargement of the larynx (Adam's Apple)

Sex organs (Ovaries and Testes).

A CPAP is a treatment for - Night Terrors - Sleep Apnea - Bedwetting - Insomnia - Narcolepsy

Sleep Apnea

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a neuron that has reached its action potential? - It fires to +40 mV. - Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs. - At the axon terminal, vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules begin to release their contents. - An electro-chemical impulse is conducted down the axon. - Sodium and potassium ions are destroyed.

Sodium and potassium ions are destroyed.

Jackson was preparing to study for his psychology exam when the fire alarm went off. His heart raced and his breathing sped up. Which part of the nervous system activated Jackson's stress response? - Sympathetic. - Parasympathetic. - Somatic. - Central. - Endorphins.

Sympathetic

Juan was on the way to the bathroom in the middle of the night when he heard a loud crashing noise coming from downstairs. As a result, Juan's heart sped up and he began to sweat. Which nervous system division is responsible for causing Juan's reaction to the sound? - Parasympathetic nervous system. - Sympathetic nervous system. - Central nervous system. - Peripheral nervous system. - Autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic nervous system

The evolution of human language is attributed to expansion of which area of the cerebral cortex? - Parietal lobe. - Temporal lobe. - Brain stem. - Occipital lobe. - Cerebellum.

Temporal lobe.

Which part of the brain directs sensory information to the appropriate brain space? - Amygdala - Hypothalamus - Thalamus - Cerebellum

Thalamus

Which of the following BEST defines neuroplasticity? - The feel of healthy human brain tissue. - The ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other. - The way a brain gets larger as a child grows. - The wide variety of functions performed by the human brain. - The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions.

The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions.

Which of the following statements BEST describes consciousness? - The understanding that an individual has learned a skill. - The ability to use top-down​ processing to interpret an event. - The awareness of one's self and the surrounding environment. - The dual processing ability of the two-track mind. - The use of working memory to input sensory information into the brain.

The awareness of one's self and the surrounding environment.

How does communication take place between neurons? - The electrical impulse moves across the synapse from axon to dendrite. - The electrical impulse in the axon causes depolarization of the dendrite in the receiving cell. - The electrical impulse in the axon triggers the release of chemicals that stimulate the dendrite in the receiving cell. - Transmission of the neural impulse is facilitated between cells by the myelin sheath. - Charged sodium and potassium ions are exchanged between the neurons.

The electrical impulse in the axon triggers the release of chemicals that stimulate the dendrite in the receiving cell.

Which of the following would indicate a user has built up a tolerance to a drug? - The user needs a larger amount than before in order to feel the drug's effect. - The user craves the drug less than before. - The user feels relaxed when under the influence of the drug. - The drug causes physical pain and discomfort. - The user's mood is altered.

The user needs a larger amount than before in order to feel the drug's effect.

Susan was recently involved in an accident. She is unable to understand the words when people are speaking. What part of the brain is injured? - Wernicke's area. - cerebellum. - hypothalamus. - Broca's area. - prefrontal cortex.

Wernicke's area.

David wants to stop drinking coffee so one day he decides to quit. He starts experiencing headaches and feels lethargic. What is David experiencing? - Withdrawal - Tolerance - Addiction - Neuroplasticity - Stimulation

Withdrawal