AP PSYCH Unit 3

Initially, intelligence quotients were calculated on the basis of a person's mental and chronological ages. Using that approach, a person with a mental age of 12 and an intelligence score of 120 would have a chronological age of (A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 16

(A) 10

3.1 When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number set but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept? (A) Framing (B) Binocular cues (C) Schemas (D) Bottom-up processing

(A) Framing

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team? (A) Hindsight bias (B) The representativeness heuristic (C) Accommodation (D) Assimilation

(A) Hingsight bias

Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image? (A) Linear perspective (B) Texture gradient (C) Shading (D) Relative size

(A) Linear Perspective

Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief? (A) Overconfidence (B) Bottom-up processing (C) Inattention blindness (D) Hindsight bias

(A) Overconfidence

Which of the following is always true of standardized tests? (A) They are supposed to be administered and scored in a consistent manner. (B) They are supposed to be administered individually. (C) They are verified experimentally. (D) They are projective.

(A) They are supposed to be administered and scored in a consistent manner.

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image? (A) closure (B) similarity (C) proximity (D) continuity

(A) closure

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called (A) heuristics (B) algorithms (C) syllogisms (D) concepts

(A) heuristics

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to (A) implicit memory (B) episodic memory (C) spontaneous recovery (D) fluid intelligence

(A) implicit memory

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is (A) limited in capacity (B) unlimited in capacity (C) not under conscious control (D) resistant to decay

(A) limited in capacity

Asano is the expert for English literature on his school's trivia team. He knows the authors and main characters of many famous novels. Which of the following describes Asano's knowledge of these types of facts? (A) Implicit memory (B) Semantic memory (C) Prospective memory (D) Sensory memory

(B) (Semantic memory)

Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following? (A) IQ tests are not valid measures of intelligence. (B) IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty. (C) IQ tests only measure verbal skills, which might impact some groups due to language barriers. (D) IQ tests are unreliable measures of intelligence.

(B) IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty.

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with theories of multiple intelligences than theories about g. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? (A) Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. (B) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. (C) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit special types of intelligence. (D) Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny demonstrates his

(B) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? (A) Functional fixedness (B) Perceptual set (C) Bottom-up processing (D) Context-dependent memory

(B) Perceptual set

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? (A) Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. (B) Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. (C) Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. (D) Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her.

(B) Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Cesar is participating in a memory competition. He must memorize a long, novel string of numbers in 60 seconds, then try to recall them immediately without missing or misplacing any numbers. Which strategy should Cesar use? (A) Fixed mindset (B) Chunking (C) Spacing (D) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

(B) Chunking

Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following? (A) Convergent thinking (B) Divergent thinking (C) Interpersonal intelligence (D) Intrapersonal intelligence

(B) Divergent thinking

Which of the following best illustrates the forgetting curve? (A) Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. (B) Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. (C) When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. (D) Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

(B) Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

Dr. Min conducted a study to investigate creativity. Five volunteers were presented with a series of three objects, one at a time. The volunteers were asked to generate as many alternative uses for the objects as possible in five minutes. The data collected on the number of alternative uses each volunteer generated for each object are displayed in the table. Which of the following would cognitive psychologists use to describe the response of the volunteer who provided the lowest number of alternative uses for the tweezers? (A) Achievement (B) Functional fixedness (C) Framing (D) Sunk-cost fallacy

(B) Functional fixedness

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? (A) How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? (B) How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? (C) What can you tell me about what you saw? (D) Were there other people around who witnessed the accident?

(B) How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

Which of the following is the best operational definition of superior autobiographical memory? (A) The ability to encode and retain information for later retrieval. (B) Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy. (C) A memory that allows the relatively permanent retention of information without limits regarding how much information can be stored. (D) A type of memory that relates to accumulated knowledge about the world.

(B) Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy.

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? (A) Method of loci (B) Self-reference (C) Retroactive interference (D) The recency effect

(B) Self-reference

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? (A) Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. (B) Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. (C) To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. (D) Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.

(B) Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

While vacationing at the beach Max watches a movie in which a shark is sighted in the ocean. The next afternoon Max is standing in shallow water at the beach and feels something glide past him in the water. He immediately runs back to shore while yelling a warning to fellow swimmers. Which cognitive process is contributing to his reaction? (A) The fundamental attribution error (B) The availability heuristic (C) Divergent thinking (D) The hindsight bias

(B) The availability heuristic

In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections? (A) The participants only had the chance to repeat the story five times. (B) The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema. (C) The participants were experienced drive-reduction and, therefore, could not carefully to the story. (D) The participants experienced the serial position effect.

(B) The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema.

Robyn finds a computer repair service online. She silently repeats the phone number in her mind until she locates her phone to call the repair service. Which memory system is most useful for Robyn in this scenario? (A) Superior autobiographical memory (B) Working memory (C) Sensory memory (D) Long-term memory

(B) Working memory

A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to (A) predict an individual's ability to succeed in a particular job (B) allow a student to be exempted from a college course (C) assess the mental age of a gifted eight-year-old (D) investigate an individual's cognitive style

(B) allow a student to be exempted from a college course

3.4 A test that measures a student's potential ability is (A) an achievement test (B) an aptitude test (C) an intelligence test (D) a personality inventory

(B) an aptitude test

The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of (A) proximity (B) figure-ground (C) closure (D) simplicity

(B) figure-ground

A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates (A) assimilation (B) priming (C) cone saturation (D) imprinting

(B) priming

Throughout January and the beginning of February, the first two months of a calendar year, Allison writes the previous year as the date on all her assignments instead of the current year. Allison's tendency to write the wrong year on her assignments is most likely due to which of the following? (A) Retroactive interference (B) Anterograde amnesia (C) Proactive interference (D) Retrograde amnesia

(C) Proactive interference

The data shown in the above graph depict which of the following? (A) Fluid intelligence (B) The improving validity of intelligence tests (C) The Flynn effect (D) The increased use of culture-fair tests

(C) The Flynn effect

The concept of g is most accurately defined as which of the following? (A) a specific type of performance that is affected by intelligence (B) one of seven fundamental abilities that determine behavior (C) a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests (D) the storehouse of knowledge and facts that we accumulate during our adult years

(C) a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using which of the following memory concepts? (A) elaborative rehearsal (B) distributed learning (C) maintenance rehearsal (D) a mnemonic device

(C) maintenance rehearsal

Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways? (A) memory of how to perform an activity, such as riding a bike (B) memory of facts and general knowledge (C) memory that can hold only a small amount of information (D) memory of specific events

(C) memory that can hold only a small amount of information

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of (A) motion parallax (B) retinal disparity (C) size constancy (D) continuity

(C) size constancy

A one-year-old child learns that the furry animals with bushy tails she sees outside her window are squirrels. Later she sees chipmunks outside the window and believes those are also squirrels. Which Piagetian concept is the child demonstrating? (A) Equilibration (B) Object permanence (C) Accommodation (D) Assimilation

(D) Assimilation

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. 3. Which of the following would explain why the students changed details in their recall of the study? (A) Confirmation bias (B) Bottom-up processing (C) Hindsight bias (D) Availability heuristic

(D) Availability heuristic

3.2 Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost? (A) Mental set (B) Schemas (C) Priming (D) Confirmation bias

(D) Confirmation bias

3.3 Barclay is excited about all they will learn in AP Psychology when school starts next week. According to the multi- store model of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves which of the following? (A) Retrieval (B) Storage (C) Rehearsal (D) Encoding

(D) Encoding

Ten students were expected to learn about the geography of the major rivers, mountains, and cities of the US state of Arizona. Half of the students were given an unlabeled map and expected to fill in the information they learned from memory. The other half was given the same unlabeled map but had a word bank of terms to choose from. The students' scores are represented in the table. What conclusion can you make based on the data? (A) Recall is easier than recognition. (B) Memory of visual information is more difficult than verbal information. (C) Memory of verbal information is more difficult than memory of visual information. (D) Recognition is easier than recall.

(D) Recognition is easier than recall.

Professor Jovan randomly assigns each student in her psychology class to one of three groups. Group X is required to post a journal entry each week in which they discuss some aspect of psychology in daily life. Group Y is required to take an online quiz about the material each week. Group Z was not instructed to do any additional activities. At the end of the class, Professor Jovan compares the final comprehensive exam scores for Groups X, Y, and Z. The results are shown in the figure. Which of the following psychological principles are best supported by the data in the figure? (A) Applying concepts to real-world situations improves learning. (B) Massed practice can be an effective study strategy in some situations. (C) Context-dependent memory is important for performing well in test situations. (D) Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.

(D) Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.

Hearing the word "ocean" makes Alice think of waves, surfboards, bathing suits, sharks, swimmers, boats, and the beach. The associations she has to the word "ocean" represent which of the following concepts? (A) Procedural memory (B) Sensory memory (C) Accommodation (D) Schema

(D) Schema

One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience? (A) Gestalt principle of proximity (B) Monocular cue of texture gradient (C) Change blindness (D) Selective attention

(D) Selective attention

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of (A) iconic memory (B) procedural memory (C) semantic memory (D) episodic memory

(D) episodic memory

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates (A) parapsychology (B) perceptual constancy (C) perceptual adaptation (D) top-down processing

(D) top-down processing