AP Psych: Unit 9 Developmental Psychology and LearningCurve Examples

genes, details

"Our ________ dictate our overall brain architecture, but experience fills in the __________."

A

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their: A) frontal lobes are not fully developed. B) myelin sheaths have finished growing. C) growth spurts have been completed. D) neurons are still not pruned

loss

"The result by puberty is a massive ________ of unemployed connections."

biology, culture

"What ________ initiates, _________ accentuates."

Piaget's formal operations

"When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit" and "apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them"; Starts at around 12 years old and ends in adulthood

Piaget, Vygotsky

"Where _________ emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the PHYSICAL environment, __________ emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the SOCIAL environment."

Gender schema

"Your framework for organizing boy-girl characteristics"; "The lens through which you view experiences"; Forms early in life with the help of social learning

Preconventional morality (before age 9)

1st level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking in which the child's behavior is governed by self-interest or personal gain; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Conventional morality (early adolescence)

2nd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking when a child upholds laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)

3rd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking when actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles; Breaking laws for morals or defending human rights

slow

A _____ response has been found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults.

survival

A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's fist. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____ instincts.

Authoritative

A parenting style based on recognized authority or knowledge and characterized by mutual respect; a household with set, clear rules that are specific and acceptable; Ex: A midnight curfew on a weekend

fMRI scans

A scan that displays active areas in the brain- helpful for analyzing brain development

Visual cliff perception

A study that proved that babies can gather a lot of information from their caregivers' facial expressions

Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation

A study that put children in strange situations to identify the type of attachment

authoritarian parenting

A style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little affection to the child; A household with overly, strict rules- Ex: A curfew on 3:00pm on the weekday

integrity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.

formal operational

An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to show off his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.

Association areas

Areas in the cerebral cortex that are involved with thinking, memory, and language- the last part of the brain to develop

despair

Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity vs. _____.

physical

As the brain develops, so does _________ coordination

prune

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Celia's neurons have probably started to _____.

C

Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? A) recite over and over again what he needs to do throughout the day B) tie a string around his finger C) write a note to himself D) use mnemonics

C

Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in? A) 45-60 B) 35-40 C) 75-80 D) 20-30

A

Clay is hiding under his blanket so that he is invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating: A) egocentrism. B) cognition. C) accommodation. D) assimilation.

Permissive

Describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child; A household with a lack of structure and rules

sandwich generation

Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. But she also is the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ ________.

mental, reaction

Due to FAS, child could have slower _______ acuity and ________ time.

frontal, myelin

During puberty, teenagers' ________ lobes continue to develop and the ______ grows to enable better communication with other brain regions.

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational

C

Fran's life is more hectic than ever. She is 55 years old and works full-time. Her son just graduated from college, but since he can't find a job, he moved back home. Her mother is getting frail and she is thinking about putting her in an assisted living facility. Fran is experiencing: A) the call of her social clock. B) a life transition. C) the tugs of the sandwich generation. D) a mid-life crisis.

Toddlerhood (Erikson)

From 1-3 years old concerning the issue: autonomy vs shame and doubt; Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities; Can carry out a "plan", play, have small conversations; Some autonomy (self-regulation)

Young adulthood (Erikson)

From 20s-40s concerning the issue: intimacy vs isolation; Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity or intimate love, or they feel socially isolated; Looking for love

Preschool (Erikson)

From 3-6 years old concerning the issue: initiative vs guilt; Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent; Children define their roles by deciding to listen to other kids or lead them

frontal

From 3-6 years old, there's immense growth in the __________ lobes (involved in rational planning).

Middle adulthood (Erikson)

From 40s to 60s concerning the issue: generativity vs. stagnation; In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose; Are you doing work that makes you feel fulfilled?; Self-actualization; Hobbies

Elementary school (Erikson)

From 6 years old-puberty concerning the issue: competence vs inferiority; Child learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior; 1st time comparing yourself to others; Separated into groups

Late adulthood (Erikson)

From late 60s and up concerning the issue: integrity vs despair; Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Adolescence (Erikson)

From teen years into 20s concerning the issue: identity vs identity confusion; Teenagers work at reining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are; Dealing with identity; Conflict with caregivers Struggling between an adult and being a child

Self-esteem

How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

Harry Harlow experiment

In Harlow's initial experiments infant monkeys were separated from their mothers and were raised substitute or 'surrogate' mothers made either of wire or of wood covered with soft terry cloth; Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment, the infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate; Showed that contact/comfort is important for attachments

Moral dilemmas

In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, hypothetical situations that require a person to consider values of right and wrong; social issues with 2 solutions

Zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction (between what a child can and can't do—it's what a child can do with help)

logic

In the preoperational stage, children lack pure _________.

Secure attachment

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

intimacy, isolation

Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, most likely Jenny is struggling with _____ issues. According to Erikson, Jenny is in the intimacy vs. ________ stage.

C

Juan's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents: A) the continuity side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue. B) the nurture side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue. C) the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. D) the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.

Infancy (Erikson)

Lasts from birth-12 months concerning the issue: Trust v. Mistrust; If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Epigenetic effects

Leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off; due to FAS

social identity

Makayla is a young White girl who lives in Miami Florida. Makayla is very aware of her minority status. Her _______ ______has formed around her uniqueness to the area.

physically, ostracization

Males tend to act out their aggression ________, while females tend to use social __________.

D

Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development. A) conventional B) unconventional C) preconventional D) postconventional

D

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Marcus will: A) become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies. B) have anxiety and lower intelligence. C) have a great drive to succeed, but avoid attachments. D) become a normal adult with average intelligence.

alert

Margie is 90 years old. She still plays golf and walks two miles a day. It is likely that Margie is also mentally ______.

B

Mark is seventeen years old and drinks heavily. His father keeps alcohol in the house and is gone most of the time leaving Mark with the opportunity to drink, which he does. Which of the following is Mark likely to experience as an adult? A) emotional outbursts B) addiction C) unemployment D) self-consciousness

continuity

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ or stages.

stages

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity or _____.

C

Marla and Dave, a married couple in their thirties, have a 2-year-old child. They are most likely to feel: A) less desire to have more children. B) a decreased need to socialize with peers. C) more satisfaction out of life. D) increased stress from raising a family.

C

Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood this will be a visible memory of this. This is because older adults: A) tend to remember things that happened during their childhood well. B) tend to remember things that happened with their loved ones well. C) tend to remember things that happened during their teens and twenties well. D) tend to remember personal events better than nonpersonal events.

maturation

Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to _____.

one

Max and Aaron are identical twins. This means that at conception, sperm fertilized _____ egg(s).

egocentrism

Mike is watching a Disney movie with his son, Jason. Jason likes the movie so much that he becomes excited and stands in front of the TV. Mike asks Jason to move so that he can see the TV. Jason doesn't move. Jason is demonstrating _____.

genes

Motor development is guided by ________.

Continuity

Occurs between milestones due to growth and development; There are big milestones but growth is more important. Milestones are achieved but there is work that goes into the milestones.

2

Once Erikson's basic trust ends, children become weary of strangers at about ____ years old.

Cold

Parent/child interaction: A child is ignored and/or neglect is occuring

Hot

Parent/child interaction: giving affection to their child without over coddling them

Genetically predisposed

People are ________ ___________ to like babies.

generativity

Peter just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He felt that this gold watch was just a meaningless trinket and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called _____ vs. stagnation.

Rosenzweig and Krech Experiment

Raised rats to study the effect of environment on brain development; found that those in the enriched environment developed significantly more cerebral cortex

Sex

Refers to the body parts you were born with; Different from gender

testosterone

Reggie is in his mid-fifties. Reggie can expect that he will experience a gradual decrease in _____.

abuse

Severe deprivation or ________ can decrease or alter development.

authoritarian

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a(n) _____ type of parenting style.

maturation sequence of motor development

Sitting unsupported (6 months) crawling (8-10 months) beginning to walk (12 months) walking independently (15 months)

A

Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ of her generation. A) social clock B) chance events C) planned events D) midlife transition

Vygotsky

Stressed how children develop through interactions with the social environment and created the zone of proximal development

Baumrind

Studied the relationship between parental style and discipline

assimilation

Taking everything that is similar and lumping it into the schema

bluntness

Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.

atrophy

Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.

middle

The ages of 40 to 65 is known as _____ adulthood.

Insecure attachment

The attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors

Pruning (synaptic) process

The cutting of synapses in the brain to filter out important or unimportant information; A "use-it-or-lose-it" process that shuts down unused links and strengthens others

inner, outer

The embryo is made of the ________ cells of the zygote, while the placenta is made of the ________ cells of the zygote.

Moral development

The gradual development of an individual concept of right or wrong-conscious, religious values, social attitudes, and certain behaviour

schema

The idea of how you look at the world, the definition of an item

Alcohol abuse

The most common cause of FAS; the excessive use of alcohol

Novelty-preference procedure

The preference of new stimuli; infants are more likely to pay attention to new objects/people than those they've seen before

Motor development

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities; Learning to walk, Involves large muscle groups and the trunk (torso)

nature, nurture

The slogan: _______ by ______ refers to how your environment influences the way your brain operates

brain

There's a rapid growth from birth to 15 months in ________ development.

assimilation

Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of _____.

True

True or False: Abused children do not grow up to be abusive parents towards their children.

True

True or False: Children could be chemically altered in the womb and be born addicted to drugs

False

True or False: Maturation does not encompass the birth and decline of a person.

permissive

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go as he wishes. She rarely, if ever, punishes him, and gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and his absent father. Ty's mother has a(n) _____ parenting style.

Self-awareness

Understanding how your actions influence others and the repercussions of their actions

accommodation

Understanding the difference between learned things and learning new schema

Scaffolding

Vygotsky's theory that the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Stability and change

What personality traits change over time as you mature, and what characteristics stabilize / don't change

Imprinting

What process id displayed in the following: Baby chickens getting confused/ believing that human adults are their parents and following them around

Preconventional

Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "If you save your wife, you'll be a hero."

Conventional

Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "If you steal the drug, everyone will think you're a criminal."

Postconventional

Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "People have a right to live."

Conservation

Which of Piaget's principles are demonstrated in the following example: You put 2 glasses the same size in front of a child, put one class into a taller cup with the same amount, the child will think there is more liquid in one cup.

Object permanence

Which of Piaget's theories is demonstrated here: If a baby cannot see the thing, they think that it disappeared.

Authoritative

Which parenting style (Baumrind) most likely has the best temper or mindset

identity, social identity

Who we are as a person, related to the groups that we fit in defines _________, while the "we" aspect of our self-concept defines ___________ ___________.

peer

Your ______ group is one of the most influential agents that affect the way you are.

environment

Your __________ has a lot of influence on your brain development.

concept, esteem

Your self-_______ is how you see yourself, while your self-______ is your sense of ability.

Maturation, experience

_________ (nature) sets the basic course of development, while _______ (nurture) adjusts it

Temperament

_________ or the way you react is displayed early in your life when you're a baby.

tonic neck reflex

a baby's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

autistic spectrum disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiency in communications and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

AIDS

a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by hiv; aids depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

gender role

a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

basic trust

according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

cognition

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am i?"

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

root reflex

begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked/touch and the baby turns their head and opens their mouth to follow the direction of the stroking; helps baby find where to feed

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

habituation

decreasing responsibeness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

intimacy

in erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood; Act the same as when you are alone

egocentrism

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

preoperational stage

in piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants known the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics

moro reflex

occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement; throws head back, extends arms/legs, cries, pulls arms/legs back in

gender identity

our sense of being male or female; What gender we associate with

identity

our sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, signs include a small, out -of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

suck reflex

rooting helps the baby become ready to suck; when the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck

grasp reflex

stroking the palm of a baby's hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp

social identify

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am i?" that comes from our group memberships

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived; "out of sight, out of mind"

primary sexual characteristics

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

menarche

the first menstrual period

Infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood; before age 4

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

conservation

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

x chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women - females have two x chromosomes, males have one; an x chromosome from each parent produces a female child

y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males; when paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

step reflex

when a baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface

babinski reflex

when the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out