AP Psych: Unit 9 Developmental Psychology and LearningCurve Examples
genes, details
"Our ________ dictate our overall brain architecture, but experience fills in the __________."
A
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their: A) frontal lobes are not fully developed. B) myelin sheaths have finished growing. C) growth spurts have been completed. D) neurons are still not pruned
loss
"The result by puberty is a massive ________ of unemployed connections."
biology, culture
"What ________ initiates, _________ accentuates."
Piaget's formal operations
"When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit" and "apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them"; Starts at around 12 years old and ends in adulthood
Piaget, Vygotsky
"Where _________ emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the PHYSICAL environment, __________ emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the SOCIAL environment."
Gender schema
"Your framework for organizing boy-girl characteristics"; "The lens through which you view experiences"; Forms early in life with the help of social learning
Preconventional morality (before age 9)
1st level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking in which the child's behavior is governed by self-interest or personal gain; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
Conventional morality (early adolescence)
2nd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking when a child upholds laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)
3rd level of Kohlberg's stages of moral thinking when actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles; Breaking laws for morals or defending human rights
slow
A _____ response has been found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults.
survival
A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's fist. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____ instincts.
Authoritative
A parenting style based on recognized authority or knowledge and characterized by mutual respect; a household with set, clear rules that are specific and acceptable; Ex: A midnight curfew on a weekend
fMRI scans
A scan that displays active areas in the brain- helpful for analyzing brain development
Visual cliff perception
A study that proved that babies can gather a lot of information from their caregivers' facial expressions
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation
A study that put children in strange situations to identify the type of attachment
authoritarian parenting
A style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little affection to the child; A household with overly, strict rules- Ex: A curfew on 3:00pm on the weekday
integrity
According to Erik Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.
formal operational
An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to show off his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.
Association areas
Areas in the cerebral cortex that are involved with thinking, memory, and language- the last part of the brain to develop
despair
Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity vs. _____.
physical
As the brain develops, so does _________ coordination
prune
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Celia's neurons have probably started to _____.
C
Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? A) recite over and over again what he needs to do throughout the day B) tie a string around his finger C) write a note to himself D) use mnemonics
C
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in? A) 45-60 B) 35-40 C) 75-80 D) 20-30
A
Clay is hiding under his blanket so that he is invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating: A) egocentrism. B) cognition. C) accommodation. D) assimilation.
Permissive
Describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child; A household with a lack of structure and rules
sandwich generation
Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. But she also is the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ ________.
mental, reaction
Due to FAS, child could have slower _______ acuity and ________ time.
frontal, myelin
During puberty, teenagers' ________ lobes continue to develop and the ______ grows to enable better communication with other brain regions.
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational
C
Fran's life is more hectic than ever. She is 55 years old and works full-time. Her son just graduated from college, but since he can't find a job, he moved back home. Her mother is getting frail and she is thinking about putting her in an assisted living facility. Fran is experiencing: A) the call of her social clock. B) a life transition. C) the tugs of the sandwich generation. D) a mid-life crisis.
Toddlerhood (Erikson)
From 1-3 years old concerning the issue: autonomy vs shame and doubt; Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities; Can carry out a "plan", play, have small conversations; Some autonomy (self-regulation)
Young adulthood (Erikson)
From 20s-40s concerning the issue: intimacy vs isolation; Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity or intimate love, or they feel socially isolated; Looking for love
Preschool (Erikson)
From 3-6 years old concerning the issue: initiative vs guilt; Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent; Children define their roles by deciding to listen to other kids or lead them
frontal
From 3-6 years old, there's immense growth in the __________ lobes (involved in rational planning).
Middle adulthood (Erikson)
From 40s to 60s concerning the issue: generativity vs. stagnation; In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose; Are you doing work that makes you feel fulfilled?; Self-actualization; Hobbies
Elementary school (Erikson)
From 6 years old-puberty concerning the issue: competence vs inferiority; Child learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior; 1st time comparing yourself to others; Separated into groups
Late adulthood (Erikson)
From late 60s and up concerning the issue: integrity vs despair; Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Adolescence (Erikson)
From teen years into 20s concerning the issue: identity vs identity confusion; Teenagers work at reining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are; Dealing with identity; Conflict with caregivers Struggling between an adult and being a child
Self-esteem
How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself
Harry Harlow experiment
In Harlow's initial experiments infant monkeys were separated from their mothers and were raised substitute or 'surrogate' mothers made either of wire or of wood covered with soft terry cloth; Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment, the infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate; Showed that contact/comfort is important for attachments
Moral dilemmas
In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, hypothetical situations that require a person to consider values of right and wrong; social issues with 2 solutions
Zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction (between what a child can and can't do—it's what a child can do with help)
logic
In the preoperational stage, children lack pure _________.
Secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened
intimacy, isolation
Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, most likely Jenny is struggling with _____ issues. According to Erikson, Jenny is in the intimacy vs. ________ stage.
C
Juan's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents: A) the continuity side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue. B) the nurture side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue. C) the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. D) the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.
Infancy (Erikson)
Lasts from birth-12 months concerning the issue: Trust v. Mistrust; If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Epigenetic effects
Leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off; due to FAS
social identity
Makayla is a young White girl who lives in Miami Florida. Makayla is very aware of her minority status. Her _______ ______has formed around her uniqueness to the area.
physically, ostracization
Males tend to act out their aggression ________, while females tend to use social __________.
D
Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development. A) conventional B) unconventional C) preconventional D) postconventional
D
Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Marcus will: A) become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies. B) have anxiety and lower intelligence. C) have a great drive to succeed, but avoid attachments. D) become a normal adult with average intelligence.
alert
Margie is 90 years old. She still plays golf and walks two miles a day. It is likely that Margie is also mentally ______.
B
Mark is seventeen years old and drinks heavily. His father keeps alcohol in the house and is gone most of the time leaving Mark with the opportunity to drink, which he does. Which of the following is Mark likely to experience as an adult? A) emotional outbursts B) addiction C) unemployment D) self-consciousness
continuity
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of _____ or stages.
stages
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of continuity or _____.
C
Marla and Dave, a married couple in their thirties, have a 2-year-old child. They are most likely to feel: A) less desire to have more children. B) a decreased need to socialize with peers. C) more satisfaction out of life. D) increased stress from raising a family.
C
Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood this will be a visible memory of this. This is because older adults: A) tend to remember things that happened during their childhood well. B) tend to remember things that happened with their loved ones well. C) tend to remember things that happened during their teens and twenties well. D) tend to remember personal events better than nonpersonal events.
maturation
Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to _____.
one
Max and Aaron are identical twins. This means that at conception, sperm fertilized _____ egg(s).
egocentrism
Mike is watching a Disney movie with his son, Jason. Jason likes the movie so much that he becomes excited and stands in front of the TV. Mike asks Jason to move so that he can see the TV. Jason doesn't move. Jason is demonstrating _____.
genes
Motor development is guided by ________.
Continuity
Occurs between milestones due to growth and development; There are big milestones but growth is more important. Milestones are achieved but there is work that goes into the milestones.
2
Once Erikson's basic trust ends, children become weary of strangers at about ____ years old.
Cold
Parent/child interaction: A child is ignored and/or neglect is occuring
Hot
Parent/child interaction: giving affection to their child without over coddling them
Genetically predisposed
People are ________ ___________ to like babies.
generativity
Peter just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He felt that this gold watch was just a meaningless trinket and was glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called _____ vs. stagnation.
Rosenzweig and Krech Experiment
Raised rats to study the effect of environment on brain development; found that those in the enriched environment developed significantly more cerebral cortex
Sex
Refers to the body parts you were born with; Different from gender
testosterone
Reggie is in his mid-fifties. Reggie can expect that he will experience a gradual decrease in _____.
abuse
Severe deprivation or ________ can decrease or alter development.
authoritarian
Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a(n) _____ type of parenting style.
maturation sequence of motor development
Sitting unsupported (6 months) crawling (8-10 months) beginning to walk (12 months) walking independently (15 months)
A
Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ of her generation. A) social clock B) chance events C) planned events D) midlife transition
Vygotsky
Stressed how children develop through interactions with the social environment and created the zone of proximal development
Baumrind
Studied the relationship between parental style and discipline
assimilation
Taking everything that is similar and lumping it into the schema
bluntness
Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.
atrophy
Teen impulsivity is to frontal lobe development, as old age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.
middle
The ages of 40 to 65 is known as _____ adulthood.
Insecure attachment
The attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors
Pruning (synaptic) process
The cutting of synapses in the brain to filter out important or unimportant information; A "use-it-or-lose-it" process that shuts down unused links and strengthens others
inner, outer
The embryo is made of the ________ cells of the zygote, while the placenta is made of the ________ cells of the zygote.
Moral development
The gradual development of an individual concept of right or wrong-conscious, religious values, social attitudes, and certain behaviour
schema
The idea of how you look at the world, the definition of an item
Alcohol abuse
The most common cause of FAS; the excessive use of alcohol
Novelty-preference procedure
The preference of new stimuli; infants are more likely to pay attention to new objects/people than those they've seen before
Motor development
The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities; Learning to walk, Involves large muscle groups and the trunk (torso)
nature, nurture
The slogan: _______ by ______ refers to how your environment influences the way your brain operates
brain
There's a rapid growth from birth to 15 months in ________ development.
assimilation
Tommy was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to the squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. This best illustrates the process of _____.
True
True or False: Abused children do not grow up to be abusive parents towards their children.
True
True or False: Children could be chemically altered in the womb and be born addicted to drugs
False
True or False: Maturation does not encompass the birth and decline of a person.
permissive
Ty's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go as he wishes. She rarely, if ever, punishes him, and gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and his absent father. Ty's mother has a(n) _____ parenting style.
Self-awareness
Understanding how your actions influence others and the repercussions of their actions
accommodation
Understanding the difference between learned things and learning new schema
Scaffolding
Vygotsky's theory that the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
Stability and change
What personality traits change over time as you mature, and what characteristics stabilize / don't change
Imprinting
What process id displayed in the following: Baby chickens getting confused/ believing that human adults are their parents and following them around
Preconventional
Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "If you save your wife, you'll be a hero."
Conventional
Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "If you steal the drug, everyone will think you're a criminal."
Postconventional
Which of Kohlberg's Levels of Moral thinking is displayed here: "People have a right to live."
Conservation
Which of Piaget's principles are demonstrated in the following example: You put 2 glasses the same size in front of a child, put one class into a taller cup with the same amount, the child will think there is more liquid in one cup.
Object permanence
Which of Piaget's theories is demonstrated here: If a baby cannot see the thing, they think that it disappeared.
Authoritative
Which parenting style (Baumrind) most likely has the best temper or mindset
identity, social identity
Who we are as a person, related to the groups that we fit in defines _________, while the "we" aspect of our self-concept defines ___________ ___________.
peer
Your ______ group is one of the most influential agents that affect the way you are.
environment
Your __________ has a lot of influence on your brain development.
concept, esteem
Your self-_______ is how you see yourself, while your self-______ is your sense of ability.
Maturation, experience
_________ (nature) sets the basic course of development, while _______ (nurture) adjusts it
Temperament
_________ or the way you react is displayed early in your life when you're a baby.
tonic neck reflex
a baby's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
autistic spectrum disorder
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiency in communications and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
AIDS
a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by hiv; aids depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
gender role
a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
basic trust
according to erik erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am i?"
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
root reflex
begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked/touch and the baby turns their head and opens their mouth to follow the direction of the stroking; helps baby find where to feed
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
habituation
decreasing responsibeness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
intimacy
in erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood; Act the same as when you are alone
egocentrism
in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
preoperational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants known the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
concrete operational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics
moro reflex
occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement; throws head back, extends arms/legs, cries, pulls arms/legs back in
gender identity
our sense of being male or female; What gender we associate with
identity
our sense of self; according to erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, signs include a small, out -of-proportion head and abnormal facial features
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
suck reflex
rooting helps the baby become ready to suck; when the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck
grasp reflex
stroking the palm of a baby's hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp
social identify
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am i?" that comes from our group memberships
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived; "out of sight, out of mind"
primary sexual characteristics
the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
menarche
the first menstrual period
Infantile amnesia
the inability to remember events from early childhood; before age 4
testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
conservation
the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period
x chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women - females have two x chromosomes, males have one; an x chromosome from each parent produces a female child
y chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males; when paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
gender
the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
step reflex
when a baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface
babinski reflex
when the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out