AP Psych Vocab- Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

erectile disorder

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

sexual dysfunction

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

female orgasmic disorder

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

catharsis

emotional release; the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

adaption-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

paraphilias

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

positive psychology

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

tend and befriend

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

humanistic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

psychodynamic theories

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.