AP Psychology (Final 1)

The descriptors "positive" and "negative", when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for

"add" and "remove"

A(n) percent consists of ___ in combination with ___

A. sensation; associated meaning

The fact that the great smell of baked goods is more powerful when you first enter a bakery than when you have been there for awhile is because of

A. sensory adaption

The concept of ___ explain why we do not see people morphing in shape as they walk past us and we see them from a different perspective

A. shape constancy

In bottom-up processing, the resulting is determined by

A. stimulus features

Top-down processing emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT

A. stimulus features

In initial studies regarding facilitated communication to treat autistic children results looked promising. Upon further research it was found that this only occurred because

A. the "facilitator" was unknowingly guiding the student in their response

Many individuals perceive of the lines in the Muller-Lyer illusion to be distorted because

A. the inside corner appears to recede into the distance while the outside corner appears to be coming towards the viewer

Biological Psychologists look for the cause of behavior to come from

A. the nervous system

The ___ of sound all us to distinguish a guitar note from a saxophone note

A. timbre

The process of ___ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses.

A. transduction

Phosphenes are

A. visual images caused by stimulating the visual system with a small amount of pressure.

Which of the following is true of punishment?

ANSWER: All of the above [below] are correct - Punishment may involve the application of an aversive stimulus - Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective - Aggression is produced by punishment - Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors

Why do many researches prefer the experimental method over other types of quasi-experimental research?

An experiment is the only method of research that can prove cause and effect

If there is a positive correlation between the number of children has and their overall life satisfaction, we would find that people with more children

Are more satisfied with their lives than are people with fewer children

If you are listening to music backwards in the hopes of hearing an interesting message (there is little evidence that you will have any luck) and you hear nothing until friend suggests that he hears something. Once he suggests that he song played backwards says, "get the slippers" you also hear it. Your friend created

B. a perceptual set

Most sounds in the world

B. are comprised of complex tones

Place theory argues that sounds of different frequencies induce vibration in different areas of the

B. basilar membrane

Johnathan I. developed ___ after sustaining brain injury.

B. cerebral achromatsophia

A hearing aid generally helps with

B. conduction deafness

We are able to perceive color and fine detail when a visual scene stimulates ___ within the ___

B. cones ; fovea

It may take your favorite teacher a few seconds to recognize you when you see her in the grocery store. This experience illustrates the importance of

B. context

The sound that is produced when you strike a tuning fork has the physical properties of

B. frequency and amplitude

The receptors for body position and movement are located

B. in the inner ear

A subliminal stimulus

B. is at or below the absolute threshold

Psychology is distinct from psychiatry and psychoanalysis in that it

B. is concerned with all behavior, not just abnormality and mental illness

Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?

B. learning-based inference

The tendency of adults from the mainland Untied States to be tricked by the Ponzo illusion, wheras Guam citizens are often not fooled by it, can be explained by

B. learning-based inference

Scientific studies of subliminal messages have thus far shown

B. little to no effect on behavior

If a new pain medication is tested against a placebo and both the experimental and the control groups experience the same benefits, the new pain medication could be said to be

B. not a very effective medication

In terms of sound waves, frequency refers to the

B. number of vibrations the wave completes in a given time

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup transmit sound waves from the ___ to the ___

B. outer ear; cochlea

If you were presented with a picture of a vase and then processed with the ambiguous image of faces and vases, you would be more likely to see the case first. In this case the initial image of a vase served as a __

B. perceptual set

___ refers to the loss of responsiveness in receptor cells due to constant stimulation

B. sensory adaptation

Robbie is has been sitting in a hot tub for 30 minutes. He emerges and immediately jumps into the nearby pool. Robbie screams because he feels that the pool water is freezing. What phenomena has caused Robbie's surprise?

B. sensory adaption

The sky appears to be blue because it reflects ___ wavelengths of light, while a rose appears red because it reflects ___ wavelengths of light

B. short, long

The most complex and highly developed sense for humans is

B. sight

This explains when we are likely to detect weak signals

B. signal detection theory

Johnathon eventually began to see his cerebral chromatopsia as a gift. Johnathon noticed that he benefited from all of the following except

B. the ability to distinguish between very close colors of red

When most people look at the black and white Hermann Grid illusion,

B. the inhibiting process causes them to see gray areas

What is the purpose of the bipolar cells?

B. to collect impulses from the rods and cones and send them to the ganglion cells

Place the following in the correct order concerning how a message travels through the ear

B. tympanic membrane, hammer/anvil/stirrip, basilar membrane, auditory nerve

The ___ sense allows us to orient our body with respect to gravity

B. vestibular

If you stare at a blue square for one minute and then look at a neutral surface, you will likely see

B. yellow

____ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?

Bandura

Dr. Dolin wants to test the effects of his new "wonder drug"that he believes provides individuals with an abundance of memory ability. He gives 50 males the drug while 50 males receive a placebo. (Of course, he doesn't tell people which they are getting. Then he has one of his assistants use a test to measure the memory of all participants. This would be used to

Be a double blind study

A hypothesis must

Be testable and Falsiable

The Confirmation Bias can be difficult when scientists conduct research, because

C. They only look for evidence that confirms their previous beliefs

The ___ refers to the smallest amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience.

C. absolute threshold

Loudness is determined by sound

C. amplitude

The perception of ___ is related to the intensity of light

C. brightness

Wavelength translates into ___ while intensity will affect the ___ of what we see

C. color; brightness

The case of Johnathan I. dramatically illustrates the fact that

C. colors do not objectively exist "out there" in objects

Top-down processing is also known as ___ processing

C. conceptually-driven

All of the sense must do the following

C. convert physical to neural information

The visual cliff created by Gibson and Walk was designed to test infants on

C. depth perception

Weber's law states that ___ are a function of the initial stimulus intensity.

C. difference thresholds

As you view an abstract painting, you eventually see the red as the people and the black as the background, this demonstrates

C. figure-ground

Signal detection theory suggests that differences in absolute thresholds between different people reflect

C. human judgment

The basilar membrane

C. is fluid in the cochlea

Annie is working on a new perfume. Her perfume has hints of lavender and rose. She has just added some more lavender, there is just enough for her to detect the change. This is an example of a

C. just noticeable difference

Fred is a basketball player, his ___ will provide him with information regarding his body position and where he is on the court at any given time

C. kinesthetic sense

Elana can hear the radio even at a much lower setting than her mother. At a given setting Elana can detect that there is music playing about half of the time. At the same setting, her mother cannot hear anything. Elana could be said to have a ___,___ than her mother.

C. lower; absolute threshold

The blind spots refers to the region of the eye at which the ___ exit the eye

C. optic nerve

Whether a sound has a high or low ___ refers to the frequency of the sound

C. pitch

Tasting a carrot is ___ remember that you hate the taste of carrots is ___

C. sensation;perception

Nerve impulses that carry information travel along ___ to specialized processing areas in the brain.

C. sensory pathways

Intense pain stimulation generates signals that are carried by

C. slow fibers

When considering how a message travels from it's inception to it's evaluation, select which of the following places the processes involved in the correct order.

C. stimulation-transduction-sensation-perception

In the visual system, how far does light travel from an external stimulus before it is converted to a neural message?

C. the back of the eye

If you look at a tree with your left eye, the image will go to

C. the right visual field will go to the left hemisphere, while the left visual field will go to the right visual field

Supertasters have an advantage over non-tasters because

C. they can move easily detect foods that might be potentially harmful

Neurons cannot

C. transmit light or sound waves directly to the brain

Snapping your fingers causes the surrounding air to

C. vibrate

A formal definition of psychology is as the scientific study of

D. The behavior of individuals and their mental processes

Shannon reads Jason the words "folk", "soak" and "joke". Then she asks him, "What do you call the white of an egg?" He replies by saying "Yolk" when the correct answer is albumen (or simply, egg white). Jason give an incorrect answer due to

D. a perceptual set

Sammy works in a high rise, he can see the buildings that surround his own, but those further in the distance appear fuzzy and hazy. Sammy is experiencing

D. atmospheric perspective

What type of pressing takes sensory data into the system through receptors and then sends the data to the brain for analysis of information

D. bottom-up processing

Our sensory receptors play a key role in detecting ___ in the external world.

D. changes

The concept of ___ explains why a shirt looks the same shade of orange when it looks darker in dim light or brighter while outside on a sunny day

D. closure

When you see the word su-k-r outside of candy store, even though some of the letters are missing, you are still able to perceive the word as saying 'sucker' You are using

D. closure

When discussing hearing, the process of transduction occurs in the ___

D. cochlea

According to the Gestalt principle of ___, even though when we see a line take a 90 degree turn, we still see it as the same line

D. continuity

The ___ is the unit of measurement for loudness

D. hertz

The fovea

D. holds only cones

The visual cortex is loaded within the

D. occipital lobe

Interior designers use the principle of illusions to create 'space' in an otherwise small room by

D. painting it in light colors

Visual transduction occurs within the

D. retina

Place the following in the correct order regarding transmission of a visual stimulus from its arrival at the retina until it travels toward the brain.

D. rods/cones; bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

The process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulse which are then sent to the brain.

D. sensation

The principle that predict when parents of newborn's hear their children crying but siblings sleep through the night.

D. signal detection theory

Sensory information related to the skin senses is processed within the

D. somatosensory cortex

Which of the following is NOT one of the five taste qualities?

D. spicy

Rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ___, while cones would allow us to see ___.

D. the stars at night; a yellow car during the day

The long-complex molecule that encodes he directions for the inherited physical and mental characteristics of an organism is

DNA

______ refers to providing each subject with a full and honest account of the true purpose and assumptions of the research study, if the study involved deception.

Debriefing

A study in which participants is NOT voluntary and informed is said to involve

Deception

If you were able to taste one teaspoon of salt in a bucket of hot buttered popcorn, this amount is above your

E. absolute threshold

Illusions are more likely when

E. all of the above are correct

Which of the following is a career path that would be unlikely for a psychologist?

E. an individual who invests in real estate

Damage to the ___ would be expected to diminish the perception of pain

E. anterior cingulate cortex

Auditory signals are processed in the

E. auditory cortex of the temporal lobes

The learning perspective suggests that the most important factors in determining our ability to identify a percept are

E. context, expectation, and perceptual sets

Dr. Jones is an industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologist. Thus she is most likely to do which of the following?

E. help companies determine which question to ask job candidates

A person with damage to the ___ would be clumsy and uncoordinated

E. kinesthetic receptors

Behaviorists sought to

E. make psychology more objective

Through the process of ____, we are able to interpret sensory patterns.

E. perception

Your dog has been lost for three days and you cannot stop thinking about him. When you hear a bark, you asume it is Fuzzy because of

E. top-down processing

Much of B.F. Skinner's early work was inspired by the "Law of Effect" which was created by

Edward Thorndike

Why is it impossible to ever have a p=.00?

Even the most thorough studies have a small likelihood of obtaining the results they did based on chance

Keeping subjects uninformed about the purpose of a study makes them

Less likely to perform to the researchers expectation

Which of the following is a major objection to the "video recorder" theory of memory?

Like perception, memory is an interpretation of experience

The term 'hypothesis' literally means

Little Theory

If a researcher wanted to conduct a study to determine if people's intelligence remained the same over the course of their life span, which approach would be the most complex to use?

Longitudinal study

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient?

-.75

A psychology teacher wants to determine whether computer-aided learning will produce higher standardized test scores than a usual lecture format. In this example, the independent variable is the

Method of Instruction

To determine whether results are likely due to the independent variable (as opposed to mere chance), the results of an experiment must reach the level of

Statistical Significance

All of the following will reduce the likelihood of confounding variables ability to influence the outcome of an experiment exept

Telling the participants to which group they belong

The American Psychological Association guidelines state that research participants must

be debriefed after the study if the research involves deception

Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps

can come up with novel solutions to new problems using information they have used before

Dr. Suttman measures the blood pressure of 50 women. She has 25 women exercise three times a week for eight weeks. She instructs the other 25 women to not exercise. After the eight weeks, Dr. Suttman measures for the exercising women, but not for the others. Which of the following could NOT be a confounding variable?

The blood pressure at the end of the study

Why is it that identical twins can often look different

The environment plays a role in how our genes are exhibited

Which of the following will cause a neuron to fire?

The excitatory signals outweigh the inhibitory signals receives by the neuron

Which of the following is true about neurons?

The total number of neuron remains relatively constant throughout life

In an experiment to test the impact a sports drink had an amount of energy, individuals were given either water or a sports drink. They were watched a television show about basketball for 30 minutes and then there were assessed on a number of physical tasks. The independent variable is ________ and the dependent variable is ________.

The type of drink; the amount of energy

In Emily Rosa's therapeutic touch experiment, the research subjects had to provide correct answers more than 50% of the time in order to substantiate their claim that they could detect a "human energy field" What was Emily's reason for setting this high standard of proof?

To ensure that the observed results reached the level above more chance

What is the purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To insure that all research being conducted adheres to ethical guidelines

The Premark principle states that

a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one

An eye blink is an example of

a reflex

Knowing how to check out a book at the library is an example of

a script

During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example

a token economy

For Little Albert, his fear of ____ was interpreted as an instance of ____

a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear

If you could measure height of each student in your introductory psychology class and the amount of money that each person has in their pockets right now, you would expect to find

a zero correlation

A dendrite does all of the following with the exception of

carry messages to the terminal buttons

Noam Chomsky has presented evidence supporting his theory that

children are born with some rules of grammar programmed into their brains

If you salivate when your mother tells you about the memo n cake she is baking, we can attribute your reaction to

classical conditioning

The two main types of behavioral learning are

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Toleman found that the rats he ran through mazes had created ____ to help them find where the food was placed

cognitive maps

When their goal path was blocked, Tolman's rats would take the shortest route around the barrier. This said, Tolman showed that they had developed

cognitive maps

Using the Premark principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should

do something you enjoy

The cognitive view would argue that learning

does not always change behavior, but it always produces changes in mental activity

Which of the following did you NOT inherit from your parents?

falling in love with a certain individual

Good problem solvers often use "tricks of the trade" or "rules of thumb" known as

heuristics

Which of the following states expresses the correct relationship

genes are made of DNA

The genetic structure you inherited from your parents is referred to as your

genotype

Which one of the following systems reconstructs material during retrieval?

human memory

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution propose all of the following except

humans evolved from monkeys

What is the first step in problem solving?

identifying the problem

Because the human brain is brown already programmed for language, we can say that language is a(n) ____ behavioral tendency

innate

The response in classical before any conditioning took place were

innate reflexes

Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these are always ____ the likelihood of ensuing responses

increase

A Positive reinforcer seeks to ____desired behavior. A negative reinforcer seeks to ____ desired behavior

increase; increase

Robert Rescorla believes that the creature of the conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its

informativeness

Suppose that you taught your dog to roll over for the reward of a dog biscuit. Then, one day you run out of dog biscuits. Which schedule of reinforcement would keep your dog responding longer without a biscuit?

intermittent reinforcement

If Tayler is given an allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores, we should expect that he will

not do many chores until just before allowance time

You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather, We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)

neutral stimulus

Burt had never been afraid of spiders, but at camp last summer he woke up and there was a spider on his face. Since this event, he cries in fear every time that he sees a multi legged creatures. For Burt, before the incident spiders had been a ____, after the incident, spiders are a ____

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

In order for the UCS to cause a UCR, there must be

no learning

When you start doing your grocery shopping, you notice that you often buy the same brands that your mom bought when you lived at home rather than trying something new this can be the result of

the mere exposure effect

In purely evolutionary terms, which one would be a measure of your own success as an organism?

the number of children you have

In a given data set, N represents

the number of participants in the data set

Darwin's theory of evolution suggest that the only measure of success for a species is

the passing genes along to succeeding generations

The factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS

In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learning something was that

they salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them

As you study the vocabulary in this book, which method would result in the deepest level of processing?

thinking of an example of each term

Negative punishment is sometimes referred to as

omission training

The fact that taste aversions ____ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory

part of our biological make-up

The most effective form of punishment usually involves

penalties, such as loss of privileges

The two major subsystems of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the

peripheral nervous system

Which one of the seven "sins" of memory probably helps us avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before?

persistence

The principles of psychodynamics were first outlined by

C. Sigmund Freud

____ is the interdisciplinary field involving biologists, psychologists, computer scientists and chemists

neuroscience

The process of reuptake involves

neurotransmitters moving from the synapse back to the presynaptic terminal buttons

Sam works as a bicycle messenger in lower Manhattan

neurotransmitters; nerve cells

Cells that have not yet determined which type of tissue they will become are known as

stem cells

All of the following are components of thought except

stimuli

At the moment of conception, a male child receives ____ chromosomes from his mother and ____ from his father

23;23

In a normal distribution bell curve, what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation from the mean?

68%

Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning?

A and B are correct (A. Newborn infant/B. Teenager falls asleep)

Classical conditioning is especially useful for understanding which one of the following examples of learning?

A child who, after a painful dental visit, has learned to fear the dentist

Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant?

A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat

Benji often lifts weights, if he lifts a ten pound weight he has to add two pounds to the weight to detect the difference. According to Weber's Law, what would Benji have to add to the weight to deter the difference if he was lifting 100 pounds of weight?

A. 20 pounds

Wavelengths within this range usually fall within human spectrum of visible light

A. 400-700

The science tat led early psychological research in an attempt to "break people into their most basic components", was

A. Chemistry

A(n) ______ psychologist would be most likely to help individuals overcome their depression.

A. Clinical

A scientist who studies the strategies involved in playing a game of chess is most likely to follow a(n) ____ approach to psychology.

A. Cognitive

This school of though believes that by studying changes in animals over time we can better understand similar changes in humans.

A. Evolutionary

All of the following related to the field of Cognitive Psychology except

A. Learned Responses

The primary area to which Gestalt principles are generally tied to is

A. Perception

____ is heavily influenced by an individual's expectations.

A. Perception

Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true?

A. Rachel has not earned a PhD Degree

The word psychology has evolved from the words 'psyche' and '-ology' which together mean

A. Study of the Mind

The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes

A. The positive side of human nature

A(n) ___ refers to the smallest change in psychical energy between two stimuli that is recognized as different

A. a difference threshold

Which of the following best illustrates the job of an Engineering psychologist?

A. a person who designs wheelchairs that are easier to maneuver for those with physical restrictions

A Necker cube is an example of a(n)

A. ambiguous figure

When sound waves cannot be converted to nerve energy, one has

A. conduction deafness

The sense of taste is known as

A. gustation

When you walk through the cafeteria at lunch, you see many people seated at tables you perceive those individuals who are sitting near each other as being friends with one another. You are demonstrating which of the following

A. law of proximity

The law of Pregnant is also known as the

A. minimum principle of perception

Weber's law states that the higher the intensity of the stimulus, the ___ it will have to be ___ to result in a noticeable difference in sensory experience.

A. more; changed

Perceptual constancy reflects the understanding of the perceiver that

A. objects remain the same despite changes in their appearance

As a bird flies towards you, you do not perceive it as growing larger. This is primarily due to

A. perceptual constancy

A person who has the most common form of color blindness will probably have the hardest time distinguishing between

A. red and green

The capacity of a placebo treatment to reduce pain perception is due to

A. release of endorphins in brain

How can the use of statistics help politicians running for office?

All of the Above

Behavior consistently found in a species is likely to have a genetic basis that evolved because the behavior has been adaptive

All of the above

Why is it important that studies are replicated, especially if we already know the outcome of the study?

All of the above -to insure that the results are valid -to insure that the experimenter bias did not influence the initial study -to allow for a double-blind study by someone who has nothing to gain regardless of the outcome of the study -to insure that the results did not occur simply by chance

Which of the following is true of nerve cell development?

All of the above are correct

Random assignment means that

All participants should have an equal chance of being placed in either the control or experimental group

Ted is seeing a humanistic psychologist for therapy. His psychologist is most likely to focus on

C. Striving for growth and developing potential

Which of the following psychological perspectives would be most likely to examine humans genetic makeup and how that may influence behavior?

B. Biological

One of the Founders of Humanistic Psychology was

B. Carl Rogers

Functionalists were interested in the role of _____ in dealing with the problems of everyday living.

B. Consciousness

What individual initially conducted revolutionary research on animals that made suggestions about human behavior?

B. Darwin

Empirical investigation is

B. Data gathered directly by an observer

Susan is listening to the radio, she notices that when she initially turned on the radio and changed the volume only slightly she noticed a large difference. Now, the music is louder and if she changes the radio by the same amount as she originally did, she can hardly detect the change at all. What phenomena best explains what Susan is currently experiencing?

B. Fechner's Law

Which of the following professionals would be best suited for conducting a market research study?

B. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist

One likely difference between a psychiatrist and psychologist is that a psychiatrist would tend to use more

B. Medicine to treat those suffering from mental illness

A behavioral psychologist studying the causes of alcohol usage would most likely

B. Observe how people behave after consuming alcohol

The key feature of behaviorism that distinguishes it from other approaches to psychology is that

B. Only observable behavior is appropriate for study

___ are chemical signals that often influence animals sexual responses, alerts animals to dangers and territorial boundaries

B. Pheromones

John Dewey is well known for founding which of the following areas as study within psychology?

B. Progressive education which emphasizes learning by "doing"

A ____ psychologist would be most likely to explain nail-biting behavior as resulting from an oral fixation and a hidden self-destructive tendency.

B. Psychodynamic

Mary Whiton Calkins did not receive her doctoral degree from Harvard because

B. She was a woman

Structuralists were concerned with uncovering the basic units of

B. The mind

As Jenny reads her psychology textbook, she notices that the words that she is looking directly at are in focus, while those in her peripheral vision are more fuzzy. What would explain this phenomena?

B. The words in the center are focused on her fovea.

This perspective looks at the long-standing personality characteristics of an individual, and how this may impact their affect, behaviors and cognition.

B. Trait Theory

A masters degree in psychology typically involves how many additional years of study once an individual has completed their undergraduate studies?

C. 2 Years

Gestalt psychology argued that perception is

C. A process in which the whole is more than the sum of the parts

The research technique of introspection

C. Asks people to describe their sensory experiences

This individual claimed that we could not prove that the mind existed, therefore it would be much too subjective to study.

C. B.F. Skinner

The school of though that investigates the connection between stimuli and responses

C. Behaviorism

A sociocultural psychologist would be most interested which of the following?

C. Comparing how often Americans and Canadians spank their children

Which of the following was not one of the fields of study towards which Aristotle was interested in developing theories?

C. Consciousness

Which perspective looks at the interactions between our genes and experiences presented by our environment

C. Developmental View

___ are specialized cells dedicated to the detection of specific stimuli such as length, color and boundaries

C. Feature detectors

Why was Pfungst hesitant to believe that Clever Hans could actually count?

C. He wanted objective, verifable evidence before he would believe that Hans could count

When you look at a green, yellow and black flag for one minute and then look at a neutral surface and see a red, white and blue flag, you are experiencing a

C. Negative afterimage

Proofreading is a task that is made difficult because of the Gestalt principle known as the law of

C. Pragnanz

_____ variables are changeable factors that could distort the results of an experiment and be confused with the ____.

Confounding; independent variable

Which psychologist believes that all people are born with a Language Acquisition Device?

Chomsky

The ______ variables should be eliminated or controlled by keeping them the same or constant in an experiment.

Confounding

An outcome of a correlational study on attendance and grade point average could potentially conclude all of the following except

Coming to school causes individuals to get higher grades

William James argued that consciousness is analogous to a(n)

D. Stream

Noted Greek Philosophers-such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- believed that

D. 'truth' was determined by observation and 'expert' opinion

Experimenters have found by using virtual reality goggles that children as young as __ may show evidence of depth perception

D. 2 weeks

Frequency theory ALONE would best describe how a person can hear pitches of

D. 890Hz

According to the evolutionary approach, behavioral and mental _____ should be a primary focus of psychology.

D. Adaptiveness

The Trait view would argue that the 'Big Five' personality characteristics

D. Can apply to all people regardless of where they live in the world

How has the field of Developmental Psychology changed in recent years?

D. Developmental Psychologists study the entire life span

Psychologists who help design equipment that is easy to use are classified as

D. Engineering Psychologists

Alfred works in a laboratory at The University of Freud, he runs rats through mazes to determine how long it will take them to form a cognitive map. Alfred is primarily working the field of

D. Experimental Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt founded the

D. First Psychology Laboratory

"The whole is more than the sum of its parts" is a statement reflecting

D. Gestalt psychology

Which of the following was NOT an adaption that Johnathan I. was able to make following his unique visual loss?

D. He used more vivid colors in his paintings

The individual who believed that consciousness is a "stream of ideas" rather than elements that should be broken into smaller parts was

D. James

How is psychology changing in recent years in terms of it's focus on certain theories?

D. More of an emphasis on sociocultural Psychology

The Biological View is most closely associated with the discipline of

D. Neuroscience

A Trait Theorist would be most likely to be involved with

D. Personality Testing

Pseudopsychology is

D. Phony unscientific psychology masquerading as the real thing

The ____ approach views behavior as driven by powerful inner forces and conflicts.

D. Psychodynamic

The values of the _______ variable is the result of changes in another variable.

Dependent

In an experiment to test how study time influences test results one group is given an hour to study while to other group does not study at all. Both groups are assessed to measure how they perform on the test. The test scores represent the _____ in the experiment.

Dependent Variable

A cognitive psychologist has been studying aggression in teens. Which of the following is most likely to be the title of his latest study?

E. "How teens perceive threatening situations and thus respond violently"

Sociocultural Psychology is a necessary part of psychology because

E. All of the Above -we must understand all human beings, not just those from one culture -by studying different cultures, we are better able to see links between them -by studying different cultures we can see how customs can shape our expectations, values and morals -by examining other cultures we can become more tolerant and understanding of how they behave

Empirical research is important because it

E. All of the above -can eliminate the flaws of pseudoscience -tests theories by using good scientific practices -allows psychology to rely on more than just speculation -allows psychology to use data to drive it's conclusions

Pseudoscience is harmful because

E. All of the above -unfounded psychological beliefs can waste time, money, and talent -it can be a fertile land for fraud -by accepting pseudo psychologies claims, individuals risk depriving themselves interesting and useful psychological insights -it diminishes public support for legitimate psychological science

An aircraft pilot with only eye is able to guide the plane during takeoff and landing using the depths cues of

E. All of the above are correct

The sense of smell is adaptive in that

E. All of the above are correct

Which of the following can produce a loss of taste reactivity

E. All of the above are correct

Which of the following explains why subliminal persuasion has failed to work in practice?

E. All of the correct

Which of the following is true of pain

E. C and D are correct

Learning-based inference is to nurture as ___ is to nurture

E. Gestalt theory

What does the story of Clever Hans teach current psychology students about the findings of psychological studies?

E. One should think critically about what they are being asked to believe

Seeing a face is to sensation as recognizing a friend's face is to

E. Perception

Jake has had a troubled past. He had a difficult time getting along with his parents as a child and today he still holds much hostility towards his parents. He thinks he might be holding a longstanding grudge against them, but he cannot remember what it is. What field of psychology would be most interested in Getting to the root of Jake's troubled childhood?

E. Psychodynamic

Applied Psychology has many different fields. If one helps people who are recovering from addictions, s/he is likely to be a/an

E. Rehabilitation Psychologist

___ refers to the cat that we do not know how the brain combines features into a single percept. What do we call this lack of knowledge

E. The binding problem

French philosopher Rene Descartes most likely would believe that individuals suffer from schizophrenia due to

E. Unusual activity within the person's nervous system

Why is it that we do not see a "black hole' in the area where our blind spot exists?

E. What we miss with one eye we will catch with our other eye

Which of the following are the three essential tasks of memory?

Encoding, storage and retrieval

Emily Rosa's experiment regarding Therapeutic Touch (TT) should be replicated because

Even in a carefully designed study, Emily could have received her results by chance

The phenomena is much like the Confirmation bias in which experimenter allows their preconceived notions about what "should" happen in an experiment into what they then see in the experiment

Expectancy Bias

A subject who is exposed to the special treatment is said to be in the _______ condition.

Experimental

____ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS

Extinction

If obese people tend to whistle less tan skinny people, what kind of correlation would be expected between weight and tendency to whistle?

Negative

Which of the following is true of the difference between operant and classical conditioning?

Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning

What method of data evaluation will allow you to determine how frequently each score in a data set occurs?

Frequency Distribution

Marla is 76

Her myelin sheath is beginning to break down

Based on his classroom experiences, Dr. McGinty believes that those students sitting in the front row of a classroom get higher grades than those sitting in rows further back. His belief is an example of a

Hypothesis

In Emily Rosa's experiment on therapeutic touch, her hypothesis was

If the participants could predict which hand Emily's was above less than half of the time (when they could not see it) then therapeutic touch works no better than chance

Inferential Statistics can be used to determine

If the results from a study a due to chance

Dr. Spinney provides students with different types of beverages and then measures their ability to drive a car. In this example, beverage type is the

Independent Variable

Some people believe that money can buy happiness. Dr. Goodwin wants to determine whether paying people plays a role in their happiness. The level of happiness would be considered to be the

Independent Variable

Some people believe that money can buy happiness. Dr. Goodwin wants to determine whether paying people plays a role in their happiness. The level of money given to subject would be considered to be the

Independent Variable

Jenna wants to learn whether men or women are better drivers. To determine this, she decides that she will measure driving ability by examining the number of automobile accidents people have been involved in as a driver. Whether a person is male or female is the basis of

Independent Variable in this study

Which of the following is true about interneurons

Interneurons form complex circuits in the brain

What is the purpose of using a frequency distribution to examine the data?

It allows you to better evaluate the data by organizing it and seeing how many times different data points appear

These must be stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured and what techniques will be employed to produce them

Operational Definitions

Which one of the following would be an example of the confirmation bias at work?

Mary ignores negative information about her favorite political candidate

Which of the following measures of central tendencies wold be most effected by extreme scores?

Mean

Susan wants to see if pedestrians obey the cross walk lights that indicate when it is safe to cross or when they would wait on the side walk. Which of the following method of research would be most appropriate for this study?

Naturalistic Observation

Which type of research study would best e used to determine how aggressive children are while playing at a schoolyard during recess?

Naturalistic Observation

Which of the following is NOT true of neuron function?

Nerve cells only use electrical signals to communicate with each other

Why is it possible that some weak signals (such as a mosquito)....

Neurons fire with an all-or-nothing response and the mosquito may not provide enough impulse for a neuron to reach its threshold

Eddie has just stepped on a nail. There are pain messages moving through many of his neurons. Which of the following is the best summation of how that message will move from one neuron to the next

Neurotransmitters for pain will fit like a lock and key and carry to messages to receptor sites on the receiving neuron

Which of the following would be considered a true experiment?

None of the Above

How is psychology different from pseudoscience?

None of the pseudoscience has survived trial by the scientific

Which of the following is NOT a way in which humans have demonstrated evolution?

Our desire to wear stylish clothing

____ was a dietician be training, but during an experiment testing the salivary gland of dogs, he discovered ____ conditioning

Pavlov; classical

If a study finds that there is a negative correlation between exercise and blood pressure, this would most likely indicate that

People who exercise more ted to have a lower blood pressure

You would like to study the effects of sleep on attentiveness in class. Which of the following is NOT a control in the experiment to prevent extraneous variables from influencing the outcome of the experiment?

Place those who are more tired in the control group

____ neurons carry messages to the central nervous system, and ____ neurons carry messages away from the central nervous system

Sensory; motor

Measurements that use numbers to show levels, size, intensity or amounts of a variable are known as

Quantification

Concepts that are measured and expressed as numbers are said to be

Quantified

Randomization

Reduces experimenter bias

A scientist who is skeptical about a particular study can decide to run that study in their laboratory. This would represent ____ the original research study.

Replicating

____ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors

Rewards and punishments

____ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal

Shaping

____ form the body's two communication systems

The nervous system and the endocrine system

Jenna wants to learn whether men or women are better drivers. To determine this, she decides that she will measure driving ability by examining the number of automobile accidents people have been involved in as a driver. The number of accidents is the basis of

The operational definition of driving ability

In her experiment, Emily Rosa's did not simply alternate between hands to determine if her participants could determine where her hand was. Instead she used a process by which she flipped a coin, thus determining which hand she would test. This was necessary beacuse

The outcome would test the independent variable

Gina wants to conduct a study of discrimination based on looks in hiring practices. Gina selects two candidates with equivalent qualifications, one extremely attractive and the other average attractiveness. She sends them to interview for the same job. The dependent variable in Gina's experiment is

The response of the interviewer to each cadidate

Which of the following is NOT a drawback to correlational studies

The results may not hold true in the real world outside of the laboratory

How are a sample and the population in an experiment different from one another?

The sample is a smaller representation of the population.

If a study resulted in a a<.50, what could we generally say about the study

There is a relatively large possibility that we received these results just by chance

Which of the following of NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning?

They are based on the behaviorist theory

Which of the following statements best describes forgetting, as characterized by Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve?

We forget rapidly at first and then more slowly as time goes on

____ are biochemical substances

____ are biochemical substances that are released into the synaptic cleft to stimulate or suppress other neurons

A male child inherits ____ from their fathers

a Y chromosome

When an action potential moves down an axon, all of the following occur except

a chemical message is taken along the axon

During the process of synaptic communication,

a chemical messages is sent across the synapse

Which of the following proved to be difficult to explain in purely behavioral terms?

a chimpanzee using a pile of boxes and a stick to obtain food hung high in its cage

For Pavlov, a tone is to food as

a conditioned stimulus (CS) is to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

If people tend to wear more layers of clothing as the weather gets colder, we would expect _____ between the variables of temperature and amount of clothing.

a negative correlation

What is correct order in which information should be presented in an academic psychological article?

abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

Emily Rosa discovered that therapeutic touch (TT) practitioners

accurately predicted which hand she held out less than half the time

Disturbances of the neurotransmitter ____ can produce memory problems

acetylcholine

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as

acquisition

The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves

adding a stimulus

Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) that occur

after the behavior

As discrimination tasks with unpleasant stimuli because increasingly more difficult we can expect

agitation due to experiment neurosis

A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks that her dog is brilliant. The dog however has not yet proven learning because

all of the above

A math problem calls for finding the area of a triangle. You know the formula, so you multiply 1/2 the base times the height. You have used

an algorithm

A dictionary definition would be an example of

an artificial concept

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Down syndrome

an missing chromosome in the 21st pair

Which one of the following would represent a concept hierarchy?

animal, mammal, dog, cocker spaniel

The finding of Wolfgang Kohler oppose the statements of behaviorists, because

animals are going beyond simple reward / punishment behaviors

The operant chamber which has come to be down as a Skinner box was designed so that

animals could press a lever to receive food

Afferent neurons

are specialized sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli

Judy had cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now resets food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ____, the food is now acting as ____

aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus

Why did Yumi and Maria chose a survey to collect their research of body image differences between Japanese and American teenagers

because they were getting the teenagers opinions about themselves

The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior and mental process

biopsychology

The mechanism of genetic variation produces

both beneficial and maladaptive traits at random

The central nervous system is comprised of all the neurons in the

brain; spinal cord

You are trying to eat fewer sweets, your friends taunt you with their candy and even though you are not eating any candy, when you see them eat your favorite treat "lemon heads" you find yourself salivating . Your reaction could be labeled a

conditioned response

After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ____ now has the ability to elicit a response the resembles the UCR

conditioned stimulus

In John Garcia's study on taste aversion towards coyotes, the gain was to create a situation in which sheep became the ____ so the coyotes would not attack them.

conditioned stimulus

After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria, your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. The cafeteria is the ____ and your stomach feeling woozy is the

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Handel and Hawkins argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" - one involving simple motor responses and the other involving

conscious processing

In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of

consequences

Professors who offer only a final exam grade for the entire semester grade are forgetting the operant conditioning principle that

contingencies of reinforcement must occur with more frequency to motivate behavior

The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use

continuous reinforcement

I want my dog Fuzzy to fetch the pair for me in the morning. When first teaching Fuzzy how to fetch the paper I should reward her ____. After she has learned the behavior, I should change to a ____ schedule of reinforcement, if I wanted to continue to fetch the paper

continuous; various-ratio

A key aspect of an experiment is the requirement that researchers

control and manipulate all the conditions

All of the following are measures of central tendency except

correlational coefficient

If you had an intense fear of high species and were asked to climb to the top of a high tower. As you ascended you therapist told you to relax and gave you positive feedback on how you were doing, eventually you made it to the top. This therapeutic technique is known as

counterconditioning

Cognitive psychologist Robert Rescorla has reinterpreted the process of classical conditioning. In his view, the conditioned stimulus serves as a

cue that signals the onset of the UCS

An implicit memory mat be activated by priming and an explicit memory may be activated by a recognizable stimulus. In either case, a psychologist would say that these memories are being

cued

A punisher ____ the probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ____ the probability of a response

decreases; increases

Neural signals travel along a neuron in what order

dendrite, soma, axon, terminal button

A key goal if the Human Genome Project is to

determine the complete human genetic code

Schizophrenia is thought to occur when a person has a higher-than-normal level of

dopamine

During synaptic transmission, the ____ in the axon is covered into a(n) ____ that can traverse the synaptic gap

electrical impulse; chemical message

When you get a new cat, you will note here with her unique markings, so that you can form a memory of what she looks like in comparison with other cats in the neighborhood. What would a cognitive psychologist call this process of identifying the distinctive features of your cat?

encoding

At a high-school reunion you are likely to experience a flood of memories that would be unlikely to come to mind under other circumstances. What memory process explains this?

encoding specificity

Individuals who abuse Opiate such as heroin or morphine are artificially increasing levels or

endorphins

Which part of long-term memory stores autobiographical memory?

episodic memory

____ theory argues that organisms adapt over time to their unique environments

evolution

Learning always occurs as a result of

experience

Heuristic strategies show that our thinking is often based on

experience rather than logic

One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ____ in a process known as ____, first described by Mary Cover Jones

extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is consistently found among highly creative people

extremely high intelligence

A television producer who receives a monthly check is working according to a _____ schedule reinforcement

fixed interval

The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ____ a response

follows and strengthens

Which of the following would be most likely to be the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) involved in classical conditioning?

food

The American Psychological Society (APS) was formed to

give a stronger voice to the concerns of academic psychologists

Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

going to the dentist to have a toothache relieved

If you were going to use Bandura's findings in developing a program to prevent violence among middle school children, you might

have children watch videos of aggressive children who are not being reinforced for their aggressive behavior

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde, However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

habituation

Punishment must be administered ____ in order to be effective

immediately and consistently

Operant behaviors are different from those in Classical Conditioning, because in classical conditioning the behaviors are

involuntary

The capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment

involves the hippocampus

The independent variable _____, while the dependent variable _____.

is controlled by the researcher; is the measured outcome of the study

Negative reinforcement works best when the aversive stimulus

is imposed by natural or impersonal conditions

The Independent Variable

is the condition that the researcher manipulates

If a study is conducted through empirical investigation, this means

it is based on careful measurements and direct experiences

The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that

it prevents the extinction of the desired response

According to the Rescorla, we are more likely to pay attention to information that precedes the UCS only if

it provides unique information about the UCS

As a result of Thorndike's work, we would expect that if Rebecca has learned calculus,

it will have little effect on her ability to succeed in German history

While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because

jumping is merely a reflex

Studies of observational learning demonstrate that

learning can occur in the absence of personal experience

Damage to the neurons within the ____ that use the transmitter ____ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward

limbic system; dopamine

The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with

long-term potentiation

As the information in this book passes from one stage of your memory to the next, the information becomes more

meaningful

Which one of the following is a conditioned reinforcer for most people?

money

Schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder, is thought to involve

more than one chromosome

Research regarding the learning styles have found that

most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category

Scientists now believe that glial cells play

motor skills

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves the degeneration of the

myelin sheath

Darwin's theory of ____ argues that evolution favors those organisms that are best adapted to their enviroment

natural selection

An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that

naturally elicits a reflexive behavior

When your alarm clock rings loudly until you turn it off, it is acting as a

negarive reinforcement

Every one of your actions arises from

neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles

The ____ is the basis building block of the nervous system

neuron

A person whose brain has an imbalance of serotonin would likely suffer from

obsessive-compulsive disorder

You and your brother have the same parents but look very different. The difference in your looks is an expression of your different

phenotypes

A four-year-old boy was accidentally shot in the head

plasticity

Peter suffers damage to his left frontal love and loses the ability to speak, although he cab still understand speech

plasticity

The charge in the resting neuron is

primarily a negative charge

Food, sex and water are considered examples of

primary reinforcers

What kind of forgetting is involved when the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today?

proactive interference

Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement

produces resistance to extinction

Meredith is an expert of wine. In a fine restaurant she orders a glass of Santa Margarita pinot grigio, when the wine comes out she tastes it and claims that she received Mezzacorona pinot grigio instead. Meredith is demonstrating

stimulus discrimination

A person experiencing the TOT phenomenon is unable to ____ a specific word

recall

Remembering names is usually harder than remembering faces because names require ____, while faces require ____

recall;recognition

Simply put, the difference between people in the experimental group and those in the control group is whether they

receive the special treatment

Operant Conditioning explains how new behaviors can be learned while Classical Conditioning refers only to ____ behaviors

reflexive

The key difference between ratio and a interval schedule of reinforcement is whether

reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses

The value of a coefficient reflects the

relationship between two variables

What is the term for the controversial notion that memories can be blocked off in the unconscious, where they can cause physical and mental problems?

repression

Thorndyke's law of effect said that an organism will learn to perform responses that are

rewarded

Robert's dog, Fuzzy, runs to Robert when we says, "Come." If one day, Fuzzy comes running when Robert says. "Dumb," we might say that Fuzzy has demonstrated

stimulus generalization

If you use money to buy ham the money is a ____, while the food is a ____

secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Place the following types of neurons in the correct order from a messages inception through a physical response

sensory, inter-, motor

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD (lysergic acid diethyl amide), produce their effects via an action on the neurotransmitter

serotonin

Individuals who suffer from Depression sometimes lack which of the following neurotransmitters

serotonin

As a marine biologist, you are trying to teach a dolphin to jump over a bar. At first, you reward the dolphin every time it swims near the bar. Then you only reward her when she emerges from the water near the bar. Eventually you reward the dolphin each time she jumps out of the water. Then, you only reward the dolphin when she jumps over the bar. This technique is an example of

shaping

All of the following are examples of descriptive Statistic except for

statistical significance

You see your brother come home after curfew and get grounded by your parents, in the future you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by

social learning

Yum and Maria who conducted research on whether or not there were differences in body image between Japanese and American teenagers were using what theory discussed in chapter one as the inspiration for their research?

sociocultural view

This is the area in a neuron that determines whether or not a given neuron will "fire"

soma

Amy has an itch on her nose and would like to scratch it

somatic nervous system

Some research questions cannot be answered using human experiments because

some studies would be impractical or unethical.

B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to

speculate about what happens inside an organism

Actor Christopher Reeve was paralyzed from the neck down because of accidental damage to his

spinal cord

If Pavlov's dogs had been adopted by a nice family after the experiments ended and they eventually stopped salivating to a bell, but then suddenly when the door bell rang they began salivating again they would be demonstrating

spontaneous recovery

One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as

spontaneous recovery

Which one of the seven "sins" of memory is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can, in many cases, be recovered during adulthood

suggestibility

If a researcher wanted to find out college students political opinions, which of the following methods f research would be most appropriate to gather this information?

survey

A serious problem with Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert is the danger that

the heart response may generalize to other stimuli

This holds the neurotransmitters and eventually releases then into the synapse for transmittal to the next neuron

terminal buttons

All of the following are important messengers within the endocrine system except

thalamus

The parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of

the autonomic nervous system

What does the standard deviation represent in a set of data?

the average distance of a set of scores from the mean

If you learned to fear electrical outlets after getting a painful shock, what would be the CS?

the electrical outlet

Insight learning involves

the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships

Negative reinforcement involves

the removal of an aversive stimulus

If a researcher find that their results are significantly significant, this means that

the results are likely the result of manipulation by the independent variable

If a set of data has relatively low variability, this means that

the scores in the data set a closely clustered around the mena

In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building, which of the following provides the best early information as to whether there is a fire?

the smell of the smoke

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of

the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system

Fight or flight behavior is associated with

the sympathetic division

A child's acquisition of grammar first becomes apparent at

the two-word stage

A(n) ____ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

In the "Little Albert" experiment the rat when presented with the loud noise was the ____ and the noise was the ____

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

To avoid conditioned taste aversions, caner patients are now given ____ during chemotherapy

unusually flavored candies or ice cream

Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation. While you are fishing you are working a ____ schedule of reinforcement

variable interval

A telemarketer who tries to sell as many magazine subscriptions as possible is working according to a ____ schedule of reinforcement

variable ratio

Researchers design good experiments to determine

whether the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable

A punisher is an aversive consequence that

weakens the behavior it follows

In Bandura's classic BoBo doll experiment, those children's that saw aggressive models

were most likely to behave violently towards the bobo doll

In operant conditioning, extinction involves

withholding reinforcement

In order to get material into permanent storage, it must be made meaningful while it is in

working memory

Which part of memory has the smallest capacity? (That is, which part of memory is considered the "bottleneck" in the memory system.)

working memory

Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if

you can control the environment all of the time

Which of the following is a characteristic that might be a part of your phenotype?

your height and eye color