AP Psychology (Final 1)
The descriptors "positive" and "negative", when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for
"add" and "remove"
A(n) percent consists of ___ in combination with ___
A. sensation; associated meaning
The fact that the great smell of baked goods is more powerful when you first enter a bakery than when you have been there for awhile is because of
A. sensory adaption
The concept of ___ explain why we do not see people morphing in shape as they walk past us and we see them from a different perspective
A. shape constancy
In bottom-up processing, the resulting is determined by
A. stimulus features
Top-down processing emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT
A. stimulus features
In initial studies regarding facilitated communication to treat autistic children results looked promising. Upon further research it was found that this only occurred because
A. the "facilitator" was unknowingly guiding the student in their response
Many individuals perceive of the lines in the Muller-Lyer illusion to be distorted because
A. the inside corner appears to recede into the distance while the outside corner appears to be coming towards the viewer
Biological Psychologists look for the cause of behavior to come from
A. the nervous system
The ___ of sound all us to distinguish a guitar note from a saxophone note
A. timbre
The process of ___ is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses.
A. transduction
Phosphenes are
A. visual images caused by stimulating the visual system with a small amount of pressure.
Which of the following is true of punishment?
ANSWER: All of the above [below] are correct - Punishment may involve the application of an aversive stimulus - Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective - Aggression is produced by punishment - Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors
Why do many researches prefer the experimental method over other types of quasi-experimental research?
An experiment is the only method of research that can prove cause and effect
If there is a positive correlation between the number of children has and their overall life satisfaction, we would find that people with more children
Are more satisfied with their lives than are people with fewer children
If you are listening to music backwards in the hopes of hearing an interesting message (there is little evidence that you will have any luck) and you hear nothing until friend suggests that he hears something. Once he suggests that he song played backwards says, "get the slippers" you also hear it. Your friend created
B. a perceptual set
Most sounds in the world
B. are comprised of complex tones
Place theory argues that sounds of different frequencies induce vibration in different areas of the
B. basilar membrane
Johnathan I. developed ___ after sustaining brain injury.
B. cerebral achromatsophia
A hearing aid generally helps with
B. conduction deafness
We are able to perceive color and fine detail when a visual scene stimulates ___ within the ___
B. cones ; fovea
It may take your favorite teacher a few seconds to recognize you when you see her in the grocery store. This experience illustrates the importance of
B. context
The sound that is produced when you strike a tuning fork has the physical properties of
B. frequency and amplitude
The receptors for body position and movement are located
B. in the inner ear
A subliminal stimulus
B. is at or below the absolute threshold
Psychology is distinct from psychiatry and psychoanalysis in that it
B. is concerned with all behavior, not just abnormality and mental illness
Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory?
B. learning-based inference
The tendency of adults from the mainland Untied States to be tricked by the Ponzo illusion, wheras Guam citizens are often not fooled by it, can be explained by
B. learning-based inference
Scientific studies of subliminal messages have thus far shown
B. little to no effect on behavior
If a new pain medication is tested against a placebo and both the experimental and the control groups experience the same benefits, the new pain medication could be said to be
B. not a very effective medication
In terms of sound waves, frequency refers to the
B. number of vibrations the wave completes in a given time
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup transmit sound waves from the ___ to the ___
B. outer ear; cochlea
If you were presented with a picture of a vase and then processed with the ambiguous image of faces and vases, you would be more likely to see the case first. In this case the initial image of a vase served as a __
B. perceptual set
___ refers to the loss of responsiveness in receptor cells due to constant stimulation
B. sensory adaptation
Robbie is has been sitting in a hot tub for 30 minutes. He emerges and immediately jumps into the nearby pool. Robbie screams because he feels that the pool water is freezing. What phenomena has caused Robbie's surprise?
B. sensory adaption
The sky appears to be blue because it reflects ___ wavelengths of light, while a rose appears red because it reflects ___ wavelengths of light
B. short, long
The most complex and highly developed sense for humans is
B. sight
This explains when we are likely to detect weak signals
B. signal detection theory
Johnathon eventually began to see his cerebral chromatopsia as a gift. Johnathon noticed that he benefited from all of the following except
B. the ability to distinguish between very close colors of red
When most people look at the black and white Hermann Grid illusion,
B. the inhibiting process causes them to see gray areas
What is the purpose of the bipolar cells?
B. to collect impulses from the rods and cones and send them to the ganglion cells
Place the following in the correct order concerning how a message travels through the ear
B. tympanic membrane, hammer/anvil/stirrip, basilar membrane, auditory nerve
The ___ sense allows us to orient our body with respect to gravity
B. vestibular
If you stare at a blue square for one minute and then look at a neutral surface, you will likely see
B. yellow
____ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently?
Bandura
Dr. Dolin wants to test the effects of his new "wonder drug"that he believes provides individuals with an abundance of memory ability. He gives 50 males the drug while 50 males receive a placebo. (Of course, he doesn't tell people which they are getting. Then he has one of his assistants use a test to measure the memory of all participants. This would be used to
Be a double blind study
A hypothesis must
Be testable and Falsiable
The Confirmation Bias can be difficult when scientists conduct research, because
C. They only look for evidence that confirms their previous beliefs
The ___ refers to the smallest amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience.
C. absolute threshold
Loudness is determined by sound
C. amplitude
The perception of ___ is related to the intensity of light
C. brightness
Wavelength translates into ___ while intensity will affect the ___ of what we see
C. color; brightness
The case of Johnathan I. dramatically illustrates the fact that
C. colors do not objectively exist "out there" in objects
Top-down processing is also known as ___ processing
C. conceptually-driven
All of the sense must do the following
C. convert physical to neural information
The visual cliff created by Gibson and Walk was designed to test infants on
C. depth perception
Weber's law states that ___ are a function of the initial stimulus intensity.
C. difference thresholds
As you view an abstract painting, you eventually see the red as the people and the black as the background, this demonstrates
C. figure-ground
Signal detection theory suggests that differences in absolute thresholds between different people reflect
C. human judgment
The basilar membrane
C. is fluid in the cochlea
Annie is working on a new perfume. Her perfume has hints of lavender and rose. She has just added some more lavender, there is just enough for her to detect the change. This is an example of a
C. just noticeable difference
Fred is a basketball player, his ___ will provide him with information regarding his body position and where he is on the court at any given time
C. kinesthetic sense
Elana can hear the radio even at a much lower setting than her mother. At a given setting Elana can detect that there is music playing about half of the time. At the same setting, her mother cannot hear anything. Elana could be said to have a ___,___ than her mother.
C. lower; absolute threshold
The blind spots refers to the region of the eye at which the ___ exit the eye
C. optic nerve
Whether a sound has a high or low ___ refers to the frequency of the sound
C. pitch
Tasting a carrot is ___ remember that you hate the taste of carrots is ___
C. sensation;perception
Nerve impulses that carry information travel along ___ to specialized processing areas in the brain.
C. sensory pathways
Intense pain stimulation generates signals that are carried by
C. slow fibers
When considering how a message travels from it's inception to it's evaluation, select which of the following places the processes involved in the correct order.
C. stimulation-transduction-sensation-perception
In the visual system, how far does light travel from an external stimulus before it is converted to a neural message?
C. the back of the eye
If you look at a tree with your left eye, the image will go to
C. the right visual field will go to the left hemisphere, while the left visual field will go to the right visual field
Supertasters have an advantage over non-tasters because
C. they can move easily detect foods that might be potentially harmful
Neurons cannot
C. transmit light or sound waves directly to the brain
Snapping your fingers causes the surrounding air to
C. vibrate
A formal definition of psychology is as the scientific study of
D. The behavior of individuals and their mental processes
Shannon reads Jason the words "folk", "soak" and "joke". Then she asks him, "What do you call the white of an egg?" He replies by saying "Yolk" when the correct answer is albumen (or simply, egg white). Jason give an incorrect answer due to
D. a perceptual set
Sammy works in a high rise, he can see the buildings that surround his own, but those further in the distance appear fuzzy and hazy. Sammy is experiencing
D. atmospheric perspective
What type of pressing takes sensory data into the system through receptors and then sends the data to the brain for analysis of information
D. bottom-up processing
Our sensory receptors play a key role in detecting ___ in the external world.
D. changes
The concept of ___ explains why a shirt looks the same shade of orange when it looks darker in dim light or brighter while outside on a sunny day
D. closure
When you see the word su-k-r outside of candy store, even though some of the letters are missing, you are still able to perceive the word as saying 'sucker' You are using
D. closure
When discussing hearing, the process of transduction occurs in the ___
D. cochlea
According to the Gestalt principle of ___, even though when we see a line take a 90 degree turn, we still see it as the same line
D. continuity
The ___ is the unit of measurement for loudness
D. hertz
The fovea
D. holds only cones
The visual cortex is loaded within the
D. occipital lobe
Interior designers use the principle of illusions to create 'space' in an otherwise small room by
D. painting it in light colors
Visual transduction occurs within the
D. retina
Place the following in the correct order regarding transmission of a visual stimulus from its arrival at the retina until it travels toward the brain.
D. rods/cones; bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
The process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulse which are then sent to the brain.
D. sensation
The principle that predict when parents of newborn's hear their children crying but siblings sleep through the night.
D. signal detection theory
Sensory information related to the skin senses is processed within the
D. somatosensory cortex
Which of the following is NOT one of the five taste qualities?
D. spicy
Rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive ___, while cones would allow us to see ___.
D. the stars at night; a yellow car during the day
The long-complex molecule that encodes he directions for the inherited physical and mental characteristics of an organism is
DNA
______ refers to providing each subject with a full and honest account of the true purpose and assumptions of the research study, if the study involved deception.
Debriefing
A study in which participants is NOT voluntary and informed is said to involve
Deception
If you were able to taste one teaspoon of salt in a bucket of hot buttered popcorn, this amount is above your
E. absolute threshold
Illusions are more likely when
E. all of the above are correct
Which of the following is a career path that would be unlikely for a psychologist?
E. an individual who invests in real estate
Damage to the ___ would be expected to diminish the perception of pain
E. anterior cingulate cortex
Auditory signals are processed in the
E. auditory cortex of the temporal lobes
The learning perspective suggests that the most important factors in determining our ability to identify a percept are
E. context, expectation, and perceptual sets
Dr. Jones is an industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologist. Thus she is most likely to do which of the following?
E. help companies determine which question to ask job candidates
A person with damage to the ___ would be clumsy and uncoordinated
E. kinesthetic receptors
Behaviorists sought to
E. make psychology more objective
Through the process of ____, we are able to interpret sensory patterns.
E. perception
Your dog has been lost for three days and you cannot stop thinking about him. When you hear a bark, you asume it is Fuzzy because of
E. top-down processing
Much of B.F. Skinner's early work was inspired by the "Law of Effect" which was created by
Edward Thorndike
Why is it impossible to ever have a p=.00?
Even the most thorough studies have a small likelihood of obtaining the results they did based on chance
Keeping subjects uninformed about the purpose of a study makes them
Less likely to perform to the researchers expectation
Which of the following is a major objection to the "video recorder" theory of memory?
Like perception, memory is an interpretation of experience
The term 'hypothesis' literally means
Little Theory
If a researcher wanted to conduct a study to determine if people's intelligence remained the same over the course of their life span, which approach would be the most complex to use?
Longitudinal study
Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient?
-.75
A psychology teacher wants to determine whether computer-aided learning will produce higher standardized test scores than a usual lecture format. In this example, the independent variable is the
Method of Instruction
To determine whether results are likely due to the independent variable (as opposed to mere chance), the results of an experiment must reach the level of
Statistical Significance
All of the following will reduce the likelihood of confounding variables ability to influence the outcome of an experiment exept
Telling the participants to which group they belong
The American Psychological Association guidelines state that research participants must
be debriefed after the study if the research involves deception
Wolfgang Kohler suggested that chimps
can come up with novel solutions to new problems using information they have used before
Dr. Suttman measures the blood pressure of 50 women. She has 25 women exercise three times a week for eight weeks. She instructs the other 25 women to not exercise. After the eight weeks, Dr. Suttman measures for the exercising women, but not for the others. Which of the following could NOT be a confounding variable?
The blood pressure at the end of the study
Why is it that identical twins can often look different
The environment plays a role in how our genes are exhibited
Which of the following will cause a neuron to fire?
The excitatory signals outweigh the inhibitory signals receives by the neuron
Which of the following is true about neurons?
The total number of neuron remains relatively constant throughout life
In an experiment to test the impact a sports drink had an amount of energy, individuals were given either water or a sports drink. They were watched a television show about basketball for 30 minutes and then there were assessed on a number of physical tasks. The independent variable is ________ and the dependent variable is ________.
The type of drink; the amount of energy
In Emily Rosa's therapeutic touch experiment, the research subjects had to provide correct answers more than 50% of the time in order to substantiate their claim that they could detect a "human energy field" What was Emily's reason for setting this high standard of proof?
To ensure that the observed results reached the level above more chance
What is the purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
To insure that all research being conducted adheres to ethical guidelines
The Premark principle states that
a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one
An eye blink is an example of
a reflex
Knowing how to check out a book at the library is an example of
a script
During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example
a token economy
For Little Albert, his fear of ____ was interpreted as an instance of ____
a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear
If you could measure height of each student in your introductory psychology class and the amount of money that each person has in their pockets right now, you would expect to find
a zero correlation
A dendrite does all of the following with the exception of
carry messages to the terminal buttons
Noam Chomsky has presented evidence supporting his theory that
children are born with some rules of grammar programmed into their brains
If you salivate when your mother tells you about the memo n cake she is baking, we can attribute your reaction to
classical conditioning
The two main types of behavioral learning are
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Toleman found that the rats he ran through mazes had created ____ to help them find where the food was placed
cognitive maps
When their goal path was blocked, Tolman's rats would take the shortest route around the barrier. This said, Tolman showed that they had developed
cognitive maps
Using the Premark principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should
do something you enjoy
The cognitive view would argue that learning
does not always change behavior, but it always produces changes in mental activity
Which of the following did you NOT inherit from your parents?
falling in love with a certain individual
Good problem solvers often use "tricks of the trade" or "rules of thumb" known as
heuristics
Which of the following states expresses the correct relationship
genes are made of DNA
The genetic structure you inherited from your parents is referred to as your
genotype
Which one of the following systems reconstructs material during retrieval?
human memory
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution propose all of the following except
humans evolved from monkeys
What is the first step in problem solving?
identifying the problem
Because the human brain is brown already programmed for language, we can say that language is a(n) ____ behavioral tendency
innate
The response in classical before any conditioning took place were
innate reflexes
Negative and positive reinforcers are similar in that these are always ____ the likelihood of ensuing responses
increase
A Positive reinforcer seeks to ____desired behavior. A negative reinforcer seeks to ____ desired behavior
increase; increase
Robert Rescorla believes that the creature of the conditioned stimulus that most facilitates classical conditioning is its
informativeness
Suppose that you taught your dog to roll over for the reward of a dog biscuit. Then, one day you run out of dog biscuits. Which schedule of reinforcement would keep your dog responding longer without a biscuit?
intermittent reinforcement
If Tayler is given an allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores, we should expect that he will
not do many chores until just before allowance time
You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather, We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)
neutral stimulus
Burt had never been afraid of spiders, but at camp last summer he woke up and there was a spider on his face. Since this event, he cries in fear every time that he sees a multi legged creatures. For Burt, before the incident spiders had been a ____, after the incident, spiders are a ____
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
In order for the UCS to cause a UCR, there must be
no learning
When you start doing your grocery shopping, you notice that you often buy the same brands that your mom bought when you lived at home rather than trying something new this can be the result of
the mere exposure effect
In purely evolutionary terms, which one would be a measure of your own success as an organism?
the number of children you have
In a given data set, N represents
the number of participants in the data set
Darwin's theory of evolution suggest that the only measure of success for a species is
the passing genes along to succeeding generations
The factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that
there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS
In Pavlov's original experiment, the key that the dogs had learning something was that
they salivated to the footsteps of those that would feed them
As you study the vocabulary in this book, which method would result in the deepest level of processing?
thinking of an example of each term
Negative punishment is sometimes referred to as
omission training
The fact that taste aversions ____ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory
part of our biological make-up
The most effective form of punishment usually involves
penalties, such as loss of privileges
The two major subsystems of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system
Which one of the seven "sins" of memory probably helps us avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before?
persistence
The principles of psychodynamics were first outlined by
C. Sigmund Freud
____ is the interdisciplinary field involving biologists, psychologists, computer scientists and chemists
neuroscience
The process of reuptake involves
neurotransmitters moving from the synapse back to the presynaptic terminal buttons
Sam works as a bicycle messenger in lower Manhattan
neurotransmitters; nerve cells
Cells that have not yet determined which type of tissue they will become are known as
stem cells
All of the following are components of thought except
stimuli
At the moment of conception, a male child receives ____ chromosomes from his mother and ____ from his father
23;23
In a normal distribution bell curve, what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation from the mean?
68%
Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning?
A and B are correct (A. Newborn infant/B. Teenager falls asleep)
Classical conditioning is especially useful for understanding which one of the following examples of learning?
A child who, after a painful dental visit, has learned to fear the dentist
Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant?
A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat
Benji often lifts weights, if he lifts a ten pound weight he has to add two pounds to the weight to detect the difference. According to Weber's Law, what would Benji have to add to the weight to deter the difference if he was lifting 100 pounds of weight?
A. 20 pounds
Wavelengths within this range usually fall within human spectrum of visible light
A. 400-700
The science tat led early psychological research in an attempt to "break people into their most basic components", was
A. Chemistry
A(n) ______ psychologist would be most likely to help individuals overcome their depression.
A. Clinical
A scientist who studies the strategies involved in playing a game of chess is most likely to follow a(n) ____ approach to psychology.
A. Cognitive
This school of though believes that by studying changes in animals over time we can better understand similar changes in humans.
A. Evolutionary
All of the following related to the field of Cognitive Psychology except
A. Learned Responses
The primary area to which Gestalt principles are generally tied to is
A. Perception
____ is heavily influenced by an individual's expectations.
A. Perception
Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true?
A. Rachel has not earned a PhD Degree
The word psychology has evolved from the words 'psyche' and '-ology' which together mean
A. Study of the Mind
The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes
A. The positive side of human nature
A(n) ___ refers to the smallest change in psychical energy between two stimuli that is recognized as different
A. a difference threshold
Which of the following best illustrates the job of an Engineering psychologist?
A. a person who designs wheelchairs that are easier to maneuver for those with physical restrictions
A Necker cube is an example of a(n)
A. ambiguous figure
When sound waves cannot be converted to nerve energy, one has
A. conduction deafness
The sense of taste is known as
A. gustation
When you walk through the cafeteria at lunch, you see many people seated at tables you perceive those individuals who are sitting near each other as being friends with one another. You are demonstrating which of the following
A. law of proximity
The law of Pregnant is also known as the
A. minimum principle of perception
Weber's law states that the higher the intensity of the stimulus, the ___ it will have to be ___ to result in a noticeable difference in sensory experience.
A. more; changed
Perceptual constancy reflects the understanding of the perceiver that
A. objects remain the same despite changes in their appearance
As a bird flies towards you, you do not perceive it as growing larger. This is primarily due to
A. perceptual constancy
A person who has the most common form of color blindness will probably have the hardest time distinguishing between
A. red and green
The capacity of a placebo treatment to reduce pain perception is due to
A. release of endorphins in brain
How can the use of statistics help politicians running for office?
All of the Above
Behavior consistently found in a species is likely to have a genetic basis that evolved because the behavior has been adaptive
All of the above
Why is it important that studies are replicated, especially if we already know the outcome of the study?
All of the above -to insure that the results are valid -to insure that the experimenter bias did not influence the initial study -to allow for a double-blind study by someone who has nothing to gain regardless of the outcome of the study -to insure that the results did not occur simply by chance
Which of the following is true of nerve cell development?
All of the above are correct
Random assignment means that
All participants should have an equal chance of being placed in either the control or experimental group
Ted is seeing a humanistic psychologist for therapy. His psychologist is most likely to focus on
C. Striving for growth and developing potential
Which of the following psychological perspectives would be most likely to examine humans genetic makeup and how that may influence behavior?
B. Biological
One of the Founders of Humanistic Psychology was
B. Carl Rogers
Functionalists were interested in the role of _____ in dealing with the problems of everyday living.
B. Consciousness
What individual initially conducted revolutionary research on animals that made suggestions about human behavior?
B. Darwin
Empirical investigation is
B. Data gathered directly by an observer
Susan is listening to the radio, she notices that when she initially turned on the radio and changed the volume only slightly she noticed a large difference. Now, the music is louder and if she changes the radio by the same amount as she originally did, she can hardly detect the change at all. What phenomena best explains what Susan is currently experiencing?
B. Fechner's Law
Which of the following professionals would be best suited for conducting a market research study?
B. Industrial-Organizational Psychologist
One likely difference between a psychiatrist and psychologist is that a psychiatrist would tend to use more
B. Medicine to treat those suffering from mental illness
A behavioral psychologist studying the causes of alcohol usage would most likely
B. Observe how people behave after consuming alcohol
The key feature of behaviorism that distinguishes it from other approaches to psychology is that
B. Only observable behavior is appropriate for study
___ are chemical signals that often influence animals sexual responses, alerts animals to dangers and territorial boundaries
B. Pheromones
John Dewey is well known for founding which of the following areas as study within psychology?
B. Progressive education which emphasizes learning by "doing"
A ____ psychologist would be most likely to explain nail-biting behavior as resulting from an oral fixation and a hidden self-destructive tendency.
B. Psychodynamic
Mary Whiton Calkins did not receive her doctoral degree from Harvard because
B. She was a woman
Structuralists were concerned with uncovering the basic units of
B. The mind
As Jenny reads her psychology textbook, she notices that the words that she is looking directly at are in focus, while those in her peripheral vision are more fuzzy. What would explain this phenomena?
B. The words in the center are focused on her fovea.
This perspective looks at the long-standing personality characteristics of an individual, and how this may impact their affect, behaviors and cognition.
B. Trait Theory
A masters degree in psychology typically involves how many additional years of study once an individual has completed their undergraduate studies?
C. 2 Years
Gestalt psychology argued that perception is
C. A process in which the whole is more than the sum of the parts
The research technique of introspection
C. Asks people to describe their sensory experiences
This individual claimed that we could not prove that the mind existed, therefore it would be much too subjective to study.
C. B.F. Skinner
The school of though that investigates the connection between stimuli and responses
C. Behaviorism
A sociocultural psychologist would be most interested which of the following?
C. Comparing how often Americans and Canadians spank their children
Which of the following was not one of the fields of study towards which Aristotle was interested in developing theories?
C. Consciousness
Which perspective looks at the interactions between our genes and experiences presented by our environment
C. Developmental View
___ are specialized cells dedicated to the detection of specific stimuli such as length, color and boundaries
C. Feature detectors
Why was Pfungst hesitant to believe that Clever Hans could actually count?
C. He wanted objective, verifable evidence before he would believe that Hans could count
When you look at a green, yellow and black flag for one minute and then look at a neutral surface and see a red, white and blue flag, you are experiencing a
C. Negative afterimage
Proofreading is a task that is made difficult because of the Gestalt principle known as the law of
C. Pragnanz
_____ variables are changeable factors that could distort the results of an experiment and be confused with the ____.
Confounding; independent variable
Which psychologist believes that all people are born with a Language Acquisition Device?
Chomsky
The ______ variables should be eliminated or controlled by keeping them the same or constant in an experiment.
Confounding
An outcome of a correlational study on attendance and grade point average could potentially conclude all of the following except
Coming to school causes individuals to get higher grades
William James argued that consciousness is analogous to a(n)
D. Stream
Noted Greek Philosophers-such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- believed that
D. 'truth' was determined by observation and 'expert' opinion
Experimenters have found by using virtual reality goggles that children as young as __ may show evidence of depth perception
D. 2 weeks
Frequency theory ALONE would best describe how a person can hear pitches of
D. 890Hz
According to the evolutionary approach, behavioral and mental _____ should be a primary focus of psychology.
D. Adaptiveness
The Trait view would argue that the 'Big Five' personality characteristics
D. Can apply to all people regardless of where they live in the world
How has the field of Developmental Psychology changed in recent years?
D. Developmental Psychologists study the entire life span
Psychologists who help design equipment that is easy to use are classified as
D. Engineering Psychologists
Alfred works in a laboratory at The University of Freud, he runs rats through mazes to determine how long it will take them to form a cognitive map. Alfred is primarily working the field of
D. Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt founded the
D. First Psychology Laboratory
"The whole is more than the sum of its parts" is a statement reflecting
D. Gestalt psychology
Which of the following was NOT an adaption that Johnathan I. was able to make following his unique visual loss?
D. He used more vivid colors in his paintings
The individual who believed that consciousness is a "stream of ideas" rather than elements that should be broken into smaller parts was
D. James
How is psychology changing in recent years in terms of it's focus on certain theories?
D. More of an emphasis on sociocultural Psychology
The Biological View is most closely associated with the discipline of
D. Neuroscience
A Trait Theorist would be most likely to be involved with
D. Personality Testing
Pseudopsychology is
D. Phony unscientific psychology masquerading as the real thing
The ____ approach views behavior as driven by powerful inner forces and conflicts.
D. Psychodynamic
The values of the _______ variable is the result of changes in another variable.
Dependent
In an experiment to test how study time influences test results one group is given an hour to study while to other group does not study at all. Both groups are assessed to measure how they perform on the test. The test scores represent the _____ in the experiment.
Dependent Variable
A cognitive psychologist has been studying aggression in teens. Which of the following is most likely to be the title of his latest study?
E. "How teens perceive threatening situations and thus respond violently"
Sociocultural Psychology is a necessary part of psychology because
E. All of the Above -we must understand all human beings, not just those from one culture -by studying different cultures, we are better able to see links between them -by studying different cultures we can see how customs can shape our expectations, values and morals -by examining other cultures we can become more tolerant and understanding of how they behave
Empirical research is important because it
E. All of the above -can eliminate the flaws of pseudoscience -tests theories by using good scientific practices -allows psychology to rely on more than just speculation -allows psychology to use data to drive it's conclusions
Pseudoscience is harmful because
E. All of the above -unfounded psychological beliefs can waste time, money, and talent -it can be a fertile land for fraud -by accepting pseudo psychologies claims, individuals risk depriving themselves interesting and useful psychological insights -it diminishes public support for legitimate psychological science
An aircraft pilot with only eye is able to guide the plane during takeoff and landing using the depths cues of
E. All of the above are correct
The sense of smell is adaptive in that
E. All of the above are correct
Which of the following can produce a loss of taste reactivity
E. All of the above are correct
Which of the following explains why subliminal persuasion has failed to work in practice?
E. All of the correct
Which of the following is true of pain
E. C and D are correct
Learning-based inference is to nurture as ___ is to nurture
E. Gestalt theory
What does the story of Clever Hans teach current psychology students about the findings of psychological studies?
E. One should think critically about what they are being asked to believe
Seeing a face is to sensation as recognizing a friend's face is to
E. Perception
Jake has had a troubled past. He had a difficult time getting along with his parents as a child and today he still holds much hostility towards his parents. He thinks he might be holding a longstanding grudge against them, but he cannot remember what it is. What field of psychology would be most interested in Getting to the root of Jake's troubled childhood?
E. Psychodynamic
Applied Psychology has many different fields. If one helps people who are recovering from addictions, s/he is likely to be a/an
E. Rehabilitation Psychologist
___ refers to the cat that we do not know how the brain combines features into a single percept. What do we call this lack of knowledge
E. The binding problem
French philosopher Rene Descartes most likely would believe that individuals suffer from schizophrenia due to
E. Unusual activity within the person's nervous system
Why is it that we do not see a "black hole' in the area where our blind spot exists?
E. What we miss with one eye we will catch with our other eye
Which of the following are the three essential tasks of memory?
Encoding, storage and retrieval
Emily Rosa's experiment regarding Therapeutic Touch (TT) should be replicated because
Even in a carefully designed study, Emily could have received her results by chance
The phenomena is much like the Confirmation bias in which experimenter allows their preconceived notions about what "should" happen in an experiment into what they then see in the experiment
Expectancy Bias
A subject who is exposed to the special treatment is said to be in the _______ condition.
Experimental
____ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS
Extinction
If obese people tend to whistle less tan skinny people, what kind of correlation would be expected between weight and tendency to whistle?
Negative
Which of the following is true of the difference between operant and classical conditioning?
Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning
What method of data evaluation will allow you to determine how frequently each score in a data set occurs?
Frequency Distribution
Marla is 76
Her myelin sheath is beginning to break down
Based on his classroom experiences, Dr. McGinty believes that those students sitting in the front row of a classroom get higher grades than those sitting in rows further back. His belief is an example of a
Hypothesis
In Emily Rosa's experiment on therapeutic touch, her hypothesis was
If the participants could predict which hand Emily's was above less than half of the time (when they could not see it) then therapeutic touch works no better than chance
Inferential Statistics can be used to determine
If the results from a study a due to chance
Dr. Spinney provides students with different types of beverages and then measures their ability to drive a car. In this example, beverage type is the
Independent Variable
Some people believe that money can buy happiness. Dr. Goodwin wants to determine whether paying people plays a role in their happiness. The level of happiness would be considered to be the
Independent Variable
Some people believe that money can buy happiness. Dr. Goodwin wants to determine whether paying people plays a role in their happiness. The level of money given to subject would be considered to be the
Independent Variable
Jenna wants to learn whether men or women are better drivers. To determine this, she decides that she will measure driving ability by examining the number of automobile accidents people have been involved in as a driver. Whether a person is male or female is the basis of
Independent Variable in this study
Which of the following is true about interneurons
Interneurons form complex circuits in the brain
What is the purpose of using a frequency distribution to examine the data?
It allows you to better evaluate the data by organizing it and seeing how many times different data points appear
These must be stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured and what techniques will be employed to produce them
Operational Definitions
Which one of the following would be an example of the confirmation bias at work?
Mary ignores negative information about her favorite political candidate
Which of the following measures of central tendencies wold be most effected by extreme scores?
Mean
Susan wants to see if pedestrians obey the cross walk lights that indicate when it is safe to cross or when they would wait on the side walk. Which of the following method of research would be most appropriate for this study?
Naturalistic Observation
Which type of research study would best e used to determine how aggressive children are while playing at a schoolyard during recess?
Naturalistic Observation
Which of the following is NOT true of neuron function?
Nerve cells only use electrical signals to communicate with each other
Why is it possible that some weak signals (such as a mosquito)....
Neurons fire with an all-or-nothing response and the mosquito may not provide enough impulse for a neuron to reach its threshold
Eddie has just stepped on a nail. There are pain messages moving through many of his neurons. Which of the following is the best summation of how that message will move from one neuron to the next
Neurotransmitters for pain will fit like a lock and key and carry to messages to receptor sites on the receiving neuron
Which of the following would be considered a true experiment?
None of the Above
How is psychology different from pseudoscience?
None of the pseudoscience has survived trial by the scientific
Which of the following is NOT a way in which humans have demonstrated evolution?
Our desire to wear stylish clothing
____ was a dietician be training, but during an experiment testing the salivary gland of dogs, he discovered ____ conditioning
Pavlov; classical
If a study finds that there is a negative correlation between exercise and blood pressure, this would most likely indicate that
People who exercise more ted to have a lower blood pressure
You would like to study the effects of sleep on attentiveness in class. Which of the following is NOT a control in the experiment to prevent extraneous variables from influencing the outcome of the experiment?
Place those who are more tired in the control group
____ neurons carry messages to the central nervous system, and ____ neurons carry messages away from the central nervous system
Sensory; motor
Measurements that use numbers to show levels, size, intensity or amounts of a variable are known as
Quantification
Concepts that are measured and expressed as numbers are said to be
Quantified
Randomization
Reduces experimenter bias
A scientist who is skeptical about a particular study can decide to run that study in their laboratory. This would represent ____ the original research study.
Replicating
____ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors
Rewards and punishments
____ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal
Shaping
____ form the body's two communication systems
The nervous system and the endocrine system
Jenna wants to learn whether men or women are better drivers. To determine this, she decides that she will measure driving ability by examining the number of automobile accidents people have been involved in as a driver. The number of accidents is the basis of
The operational definition of driving ability
In her experiment, Emily Rosa's did not simply alternate between hands to determine if her participants could determine where her hand was. Instead she used a process by which she flipped a coin, thus determining which hand she would test. This was necessary beacuse
The outcome would test the independent variable
Gina wants to conduct a study of discrimination based on looks in hiring practices. Gina selects two candidates with equivalent qualifications, one extremely attractive and the other average attractiveness. She sends them to interview for the same job. The dependent variable in Gina's experiment is
The response of the interviewer to each cadidate
Which of the following is NOT a drawback to correlational studies
The results may not hold true in the real world outside of the laboratory
How are a sample and the population in an experiment different from one another?
The sample is a smaller representation of the population.
If a study resulted in a a<.50, what could we generally say about the study
There is a relatively large possibility that we received these results just by chance
Which of the following of NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning?
They are based on the behaviorist theory
Which of the following statements best describes forgetting, as characterized by Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve?
We forget rapidly at first and then more slowly as time goes on
____ are biochemical substances
____ are biochemical substances that are released into the synaptic cleft to stimulate or suppress other neurons
A male child inherits ____ from their fathers
a Y chromosome
When an action potential moves down an axon, all of the following occur except
a chemical message is taken along the axon
During the process of synaptic communication,
a chemical messages is sent across the synapse
Which of the following proved to be difficult to explain in purely behavioral terms?
a chimpanzee using a pile of boxes and a stick to obtain food hung high in its cage
For Pavlov, a tone is to food as
a conditioned stimulus (CS) is to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
If people tend to wear more layers of clothing as the weather gets colder, we would expect _____ between the variables of temperature and amount of clothing.
a negative correlation
What is correct order in which information should be presented in an academic psychological article?
abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references
Emily Rosa discovered that therapeutic touch (TT) practitioners
accurately predicted which hand she held out less than half the time
Disturbances of the neurotransmitter ____ can produce memory problems
acetylcholine
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus is known as
acquisition
The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves
adding a stimulus
Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events (such as rewards and punishments) that occur
after the behavior
As discrimination tasks with unpleasant stimuli because increasingly more difficult we can expect
agitation due to experiment neurosis
A dog rattles a chain by the door to indicate that he wants to go out, his owner is thrilled and thinks that her dog is brilliant. The dog however has not yet proven learning because
all of the above
A math problem calls for finding the area of a triangle. You know the formula, so you multiply 1/2 the base times the height. You have used
an algorithm
A dictionary definition would be an example of
an artificial concept
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Down syndrome
an missing chromosome in the 21st pair
Which one of the following would represent a concept hierarchy?
animal, mammal, dog, cocker spaniel
The finding of Wolfgang Kohler oppose the statements of behaviorists, because
animals are going beyond simple reward / punishment behaviors
The operant chamber which has come to be down as a Skinner box was designed so that
animals could press a lever to receive food
Afferent neurons
are specialized sensory neurons that are sensitive to external stimuli
Judy had cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now resets food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ____, the food is now acting as ____
aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus
Why did Yumi and Maria chose a survey to collect their research of body image differences between Japanese and American teenagers
because they were getting the teenagers opinions about themselves
The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior and mental process
biopsychology
The mechanism of genetic variation produces
both beneficial and maladaptive traits at random
The central nervous system is comprised of all the neurons in the
brain; spinal cord
You are trying to eat fewer sweets, your friends taunt you with their candy and even though you are not eating any candy, when you see them eat your favorite treat "lemon heads" you find yourself salivating . Your reaction could be labeled a
conditioned response
After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ____ now has the ability to elicit a response the resembles the UCR
conditioned stimulus
In John Garcia's study on taste aversion towards coyotes, the gain was to create a situation in which sheep became the ____ so the coyotes would not attack them.
conditioned stimulus
After having some bad barbecue pork in the cafeteria, your stomach gets a bit woozy each time you enter. The cafeteria is the ____ and your stomach feeling woozy is the
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
Handel and Hawkins argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" - one involving simple motor responses and the other involving
conscious processing
In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of
consequences
Professors who offer only a final exam grade for the entire semester grade are forgetting the operant conditioning principle that
contingencies of reinforcement must occur with more frequency to motivate behavior
The best strategy to teach an organism a new response is to use
continuous reinforcement
I want my dog Fuzzy to fetch the pair for me in the morning. When first teaching Fuzzy how to fetch the paper I should reward her ____. After she has learned the behavior, I should change to a ____ schedule of reinforcement, if I wanted to continue to fetch the paper
continuous; various-ratio
A key aspect of an experiment is the requirement that researchers
control and manipulate all the conditions
All of the following are measures of central tendency except
correlational coefficient
If you had an intense fear of high species and were asked to climb to the top of a high tower. As you ascended you therapist told you to relax and gave you positive feedback on how you were doing, eventually you made it to the top. This therapeutic technique is known as
counterconditioning
Cognitive psychologist Robert Rescorla has reinterpreted the process of classical conditioning. In his view, the conditioned stimulus serves as a
cue that signals the onset of the UCS
An implicit memory mat be activated by priming and an explicit memory may be activated by a recognizable stimulus. In either case, a psychologist would say that these memories are being
cued
A punisher ____ the probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ____ the probability of a response
decreases; increases
Neural signals travel along a neuron in what order
dendrite, soma, axon, terminal button
A key goal if the Human Genome Project is to
determine the complete human genetic code
Schizophrenia is thought to occur when a person has a higher-than-normal level of
dopamine
During synaptic transmission, the ____ in the axon is covered into a(n) ____ that can traverse the synaptic gap
electrical impulse; chemical message
When you get a new cat, you will note here with her unique markings, so that you can form a memory of what she looks like in comparison with other cats in the neighborhood. What would a cognitive psychologist call this process of identifying the distinctive features of your cat?
encoding
At a high-school reunion you are likely to experience a flood of memories that would be unlikely to come to mind under other circumstances. What memory process explains this?
encoding specificity
Individuals who abuse Opiate such as heroin or morphine are artificially increasing levels or
endorphins
Which part of long-term memory stores autobiographical memory?
episodic memory
____ theory argues that organisms adapt over time to their unique environments
evolution
Learning always occurs as a result of
experience
Heuristic strategies show that our thinking is often based on
experience rather than logic
One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ____ in a process known as ____, first described by Mary Cover Jones
extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is consistently found among highly creative people
extremely high intelligence
A television producer who receives a monthly check is working according to a _____ schedule reinforcement
fixed interval
The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ____ a response
follows and strengthens
Which of the following would be most likely to be the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) involved in classical conditioning?
food
The American Psychological Society (APS) was formed to
give a stronger voice to the concerns of academic psychologists
Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
going to the dentist to have a toothache relieved
If you were going to use Bandura's findings in developing a program to prevent violence among middle school children, you might
have children watch videos of aggressive children who are not being reinforced for their aggressive behavior
Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde, However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of
habituation
Punishment must be administered ____ in order to be effective
immediately and consistently
Operant behaviors are different from those in Classical Conditioning, because in classical conditioning the behaviors are
involuntary
The capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment
involves the hippocampus
The independent variable _____, while the dependent variable _____.
is controlled by the researcher; is the measured outcome of the study
Negative reinforcement works best when the aversive stimulus
is imposed by natural or impersonal conditions
The Independent Variable
is the condition that the researcher manipulates
If a study is conducted through empirical investigation, this means
it is based on careful measurements and direct experiences
The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that
it prevents the extinction of the desired response
According to the Rescorla, we are more likely to pay attention to information that precedes the UCS only if
it provides unique information about the UCS
As a result of Thorndike's work, we would expect that if Rebecca has learned calculus,
it will have little effect on her ability to succeed in German history
While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because
jumping is merely a reflex
Studies of observational learning demonstrate that
learning can occur in the absence of personal experience
Damage to the neurons within the ____ that use the transmitter ____ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward
limbic system; dopamine
The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with
long-term potentiation
As the information in this book passes from one stage of your memory to the next, the information becomes more
meaningful
Which one of the following is a conditioned reinforcer for most people?
money
Schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder, is thought to involve
more than one chromosome
Research regarding the learning styles have found that
most people cannot be easily categorized into a single category
Scientists now believe that glial cells play
motor skills
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves the degeneration of the
myelin sheath
Darwin's theory of ____ argues that evolution favors those organisms that are best adapted to their enviroment
natural selection
An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that
naturally elicits a reflexive behavior
When your alarm clock rings loudly until you turn it off, it is acting as a
negarive reinforcement
Every one of your actions arises from
neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles
The ____ is the basis building block of the nervous system
neuron
A person whose brain has an imbalance of serotonin would likely suffer from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
You and your brother have the same parents but look very different. The difference in your looks is an expression of your different
phenotypes
A four-year-old boy was accidentally shot in the head
plasticity
Peter suffers damage to his left frontal love and loses the ability to speak, although he cab still understand speech
plasticity
The charge in the resting neuron is
primarily a negative charge
Food, sex and water are considered examples of
primary reinforcers
What kind of forgetting is involved when the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today?
proactive interference
Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement
produces resistance to extinction
Meredith is an expert of wine. In a fine restaurant she orders a glass of Santa Margarita pinot grigio, when the wine comes out she tastes it and claims that she received Mezzacorona pinot grigio instead. Meredith is demonstrating
stimulus discrimination
A person experiencing the TOT phenomenon is unable to ____ a specific word
recall
Remembering names is usually harder than remembering faces because names require ____, while faces require ____
recall;recognition
Simply put, the difference between people in the experimental group and those in the control group is whether they
receive the special treatment
Operant Conditioning explains how new behaviors can be learned while Classical Conditioning refers only to ____ behaviors
reflexive
The key difference between ratio and a interval schedule of reinforcement is whether
reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses
The value of a coefficient reflects the
relationship between two variables
What is the term for the controversial notion that memories can be blocked off in the unconscious, where they can cause physical and mental problems?
repression
Thorndyke's law of effect said that an organism will learn to perform responses that are
rewarded
Robert's dog, Fuzzy, runs to Robert when we says, "Come." If one day, Fuzzy comes running when Robert says. "Dumb," we might say that Fuzzy has demonstrated
stimulus generalization
If you use money to buy ham the money is a ____, while the food is a ____
secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
Place the following types of neurons in the correct order from a messages inception through a physical response
sensory, inter-, motor
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD (lysergic acid diethyl amide), produce their effects via an action on the neurotransmitter
serotonin
Individuals who suffer from Depression sometimes lack which of the following neurotransmitters
serotonin
As a marine biologist, you are trying to teach a dolphin to jump over a bar. At first, you reward the dolphin every time it swims near the bar. Then you only reward her when she emerges from the water near the bar. Eventually you reward the dolphin each time she jumps out of the water. Then, you only reward the dolphin when she jumps over the bar. This technique is an example of
shaping
All of the following are examples of descriptive Statistic except for
statistical significance
You see your brother come home after curfew and get grounded by your parents, in the future you come home on time. This type of learning is best explained by
social learning
Yum and Maria who conducted research on whether or not there were differences in body image between Japanese and American teenagers were using what theory discussed in chapter one as the inspiration for their research?
sociocultural view
This is the area in a neuron that determines whether or not a given neuron will "fire"
soma
Amy has an itch on her nose and would like to scratch it
somatic nervous system
Some research questions cannot be answered using human experiments because
some studies would be impractical or unethical.
B.F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to
speculate about what happens inside an organism
Actor Christopher Reeve was paralyzed from the neck down because of accidental damage to his
spinal cord
If Pavlov's dogs had been adopted by a nice family after the experiments ended and they eventually stopped salivating to a bell, but then suddenly when the door bell rang they began salivating again they would be demonstrating
spontaneous recovery
One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as
spontaneous recovery
Which one of the seven "sins" of memory is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can, in many cases, be recovered during adulthood
suggestibility
If a researcher wanted to find out college students political opinions, which of the following methods f research would be most appropriate to gather this information?
survey
A serious problem with Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert is the danger that
the heart response may generalize to other stimuli
This holds the neurotransmitters and eventually releases then into the synapse for transmittal to the next neuron
terminal buttons
All of the following are important messengers within the endocrine system except
thalamus
The parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of
the autonomic nervous system
What does the standard deviation represent in a set of data?
the average distance of a set of scores from the mean
If you learned to fear electrical outlets after getting a painful shock, what would be the CS?
the electrical outlet
Insight learning involves
the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships
Negative reinforcement involves
the removal of an aversive stimulus
If a researcher find that their results are significantly significant, this means that
the results are likely the result of manipulation by the independent variable
If a set of data has relatively low variability, this means that
the scores in the data set a closely clustered around the mena
In deciding whether there is a fire in your classroom building, which of the following provides the best early information as to whether there is a fire?
the smell of the smoke
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of
the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system
Fight or flight behavior is associated with
the sympathetic division
A child's acquisition of grammar first becomes apparent at
the two-word stage
A(n) ____ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
In the "Little Albert" experiment the rat when presented with the loud noise was the ____ and the noise was the ____
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
To avoid conditioned taste aversions, caner patients are now given ____ during chemotherapy
unusually flavored candies or ice cream
Your family goes on a fishing trip for vacation. While you are fishing you are working a ____ schedule of reinforcement
variable interval
A telemarketer who tries to sell as many magazine subscriptions as possible is working according to a ____ schedule of reinforcement
variable ratio
Researchers design good experiments to determine
whether the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable
A punisher is an aversive consequence that
weakens the behavior it follows
In Bandura's classic BoBo doll experiment, those children's that saw aggressive models
were most likely to behave violently towards the bobo doll
In operant conditioning, extinction involves
withholding reinforcement
In order to get material into permanent storage, it must be made meaningful while it is in
working memory
Which part of memory has the smallest capacity? (That is, which part of memory is considered the "bottleneck" in the memory system.)
working memory
Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if
you can control the environment all of the time
Which of the following is a characteristic that might be a part of your phenotype?
your height and eye color