DISCOVERING MEDIA COMMUNICATION ETEXT QUIZZES EXAM 1 Korpi
Who said, "One day every major city in America will have a telephone."
Alexander Graham Bell
According to Nir Eyal, what is "the hook"?
An advertising technique specifically designed to create habits in consumers.
What competitor to iPhone technology managed to balance the smartphone market?
Andriod
This theory explains why people are uncomfortable if their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors disagree.
Consistency theory
Which of the following would most likely cause narcotizing dysfunction?
Constant news information being delivered at every avenue of media interaction.
Professional norms & practices example:
Creator peer pressure
Dominating which part of the motion picture process gives one the greatest degree of control?
Distribution
a blend of documentary and dramatization.
Docudrama
According to diffusion of innovations theory, which category of adopters has the highest degree of opinion leadership?
Early adopters
It takes less effort to perceive a message that is contrary to the way you see the world or that is different than what you expect.
False
Media technologies are converging (because of computers and digital), but media jobs and media businesses are not (because they are in the analog world).
False
Most people understand quite well the role media play in our lives and the lives of others.
False
The Republic of Texas was successful largely because it took early advantage of Morse's donation of telegraph technology.
False
The term "broadband connection" refers to the broad range of information that the internet makes available to us.
False
The use of hashtags on telephones originated with Twitter.
False
Whenever we talk about "the media" causing something, we are referring to the content of the media as the cause.
False
All costs up to the point of making multiple copies.
First copy costs
Important information about a topic that we did not notice or that was not in any of the messages we received.
Gaps in the mosaic
Which of these is the most likely to measure while investigating individual uses of media?
Gratification.
Reading down each page as though it were on a steadily rolling teleprompter, giving everything the same amount of time and attention—the important and the unimportant, the interesting and the dull.
The rolldown method
What did Claude Chappe invent?
The semaphore line (early telegraph)
Simply spearing bits from what you are reading—a bit here, a bit there—without plan or system. Many people read the newspaper this way.
The spearing method of reading (spearer)
A reading style in which the individuals who enjoy relaxing and letting the waves of sound from the stereo or radio, or the visual images of the television set or movie, wash over them like the rays of the sun.
The suntan method (suntanners)
Define: a useful causal chronology
History
Abstract descriptions of a phenomenon
Models
Why is ownership control probably more of a problem today than it was forty or fifty years ago?
More media have been taken over by giant, international corporations that have financial interests in many of the issues the media report on.
In what sense is it valid to say that you cannot tell people anything they do not already know?
People cannot perceive or understand anything unless they can relate it in some way to prior experience.
Every observation, even yours, is a _______________, an interpretation of an experience—an interpretation based only in part on that experience and in part on the context of that experience and memory of other experiences. In other words, it is a fiction.
Perception
These forces control the channels of communication:
Power, influence, leadership
As they apply to Chappe's (and other's) optical signaling systems, the words telegraph and semaphore are synonymous.
True
Before the word "computer" was a machine, it was a job title.
True
Compression artifacts are "mistakes" caused by compressing digital data.
True
Even though the majority of the world's smartphones are Android, Apple makes the majority of smartphone profits.
True
Media can serve functions for you even when you do not pay close attention to the stories, entertainment, or whatever you are being exposed to.
True
Media communication scholars are NOT primarily concerned with quantifying a total or average effect of the media.
True
Much of the new value generated by internet companies can be attributed to group-forming networks.
True
One explanation for our relative ignorance or naivete regarding media's impact on us is due to how common and pervasive it is—we simply tend not to think about it.
True
The telephone infrastructure played an important role in both radio and television broadcasting.
True
The word "telephone" means "distant sound."
True
The world that you create in your head is a direct result of the actual content of the message; the medium itself is neutral.
True
There were telegraph systems throughout Europe decades before Samuel Morse patented his version of the telegraph.
True
Whether you experience fear, anger, or excitement depends on your interpretation of your physical state.
True
According to The Economist, smartphones matter because they are (3 things):
Ubiquitous, addictive, and transformative
The most interesting property of a model because it leads to new predictions that can be tested.
Uncertain analogy
Who is generally considered the first computer programmer?
Ada Lovelace
Who said, "A new, a vast, and a powerful language is developed for the future use of analysis," ?
Ada Lovelace
This theory predicts and explains the effects of the media on what issues people think about. The more attention the media give an issue, the more important most people will believe it to be.
Agenda-Setting theory
When the media provide relaxation for the tense, diversion and stimulation for the bored, and enjoyment for all of us, what general function are they serving for us?
Aiding emotional release
Which of the following is an example of ambient computing?
Alexa
Many people believe that our urbanized, techno logical, competitive society creates _____________ —a feeling of isolation or hostility toward other people
Alienation
Building consensus or an informed public opinion on some issue of importance in our society is an example of which of the functions political scientist Harold Lasswell wrote about?
Correlation of the response of the society to the environment
Monopolies increase _________, that is, a monopoly makes it harder for potential competitors to get started
Barriers to entry
When people are made aware of the fact they are not behaving in a way that their knowledge and attitudes indicate they should, internal pressure is aroused to change either that behavior, that knowledge, or that attitude. This is the basic assumption of what theory?
Consistency theory
What company did the Bell System eventually become?
AT&T
When thinking about the impact or effects of media, it is reasonable to assume a simple, direct, stimulus-response relationship between the media and its audience.
False
Whether or not we believe that we understand our world reasonably well has very little to nothing to do with our emotional state.
False
With the appropriate knowledge you can easily control media's uses and their effects on society as easily as you can your personal uses and their effects.
False
You must have complete information in order to have a complete idea about something.
False
Your understanding of war has a one-to-one relationship with all of the bits of information about war you have encountered in your lifetime, since these are the bits that make up your fourth world.
False
The earliest recognized device for computing was the astrolabe.
False (it was the abacus)
After writing hundreds of programs for a computer that was never built and enjoying great notoriety as a visionary mathematician, Ada Lovelace died when she was 79.
False (she died in her late 30's)
Responses or reactions to the sources' messages, which can cause the sources, consciously or unconsciously, to alter their communicative behavior
Feedback
Now that a data center company owns it, the network of pneumatic tubes in the Western Union building (New York City) has proven useful for:
Fiber optic cables
Every bit of information there is to know—for all time and throughout the entire universe
First world
Which one of the following worlds varies the most from one person to another?
Fourth World
The world in your head
Fourth world
What is the radio frequency technology that could not be tracked or jammed, which was invented by a Hollywood star in World War 2?
Frequency hopping
According to the SciShow video clips, which of the following was the first site to mix users and creators in a completely new way of using the internet? (In other words, which of the following is the progenitor of all the social networking apps we use?)
GeoCities
Which of the following did NOT begin in the 2000s?
GeoCities
The most important function of feedback is to:
Help sources adjust their communication to their audience.
Story of how media got to be what they are:
History
Whose technology was the basis for the Tabulating Machine Company, which became International Business Machines (IBM)?
Hollerith
In Morse code, the number of signals composing a letter was chosen by what factor?
How frequently a letter appears in most books.
The purposes for which we and our society use the media
functions of the media
The digital media we watch and listen to typically involve ALL of the following EXCEPT:
perfect reproduction of the original
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Colossus?
the first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing
The degree to which a symbol is similar to that which it represents.
Iconicity
What are we constantly doing while viewing people in various situations portrayed on the media?
Identifying with them and applying what we learn from their predicament to real life
The bits of information you remember best and that have most influence on your attitudes and meaning constructions are those you receive FIRST
The primacy effect
The bits of information you remember best and that have most influence on your attitudes and meaning constructions are those you receive LAST
The recency effect
The semaphore system had what distinct drawback?
The system could be disrupted by visual obstruction.
Define: a set of related explanatory statements
Theory
An entrepreneur watches an instructional video on YouTube to learn how to start an online business. In what capacity are they most likely using this media?
They are using it for professional guidance
What does research evidence show that people typically do when they anticipate being involved in a political discussion?
They become more receptive to political information
Which factors can affect the impact of the media on us?
the way we and our institutions use the media prior knowledge our habits our interests our attitudes the social-cultural milieu
A modern society is impossible without the media, and the media cannot fully operate except in a modern society, so the authors of your text argue that which of the following is most important?
understanding the functions each serves for the other
According to the Spiral of Silence theory, when most of the mass media take a consistent position on an issue, most people will not argue with it because:
They believe the media represent the views of the majority of the public and they fear being isolated from other people
If people are watching a television news story, set or expectation tends to have the greatest effect on their perception when:
They have a well-established script or schema for that type of situation.
According to Mossberg, how were computers viewed by the public in their early stages?
They were seen as hard-to-access, specialist tools that few could learn.
As the telegraph messaging business declined, Western Union transitioned from its focus on sending messages to sending money.
True
By a combination of circumstance and choice, you are exposed to a highly selective sample of the bits of information about any particular topic.
True
Charles Babbage is considered to be the "father of computing."
True
Children can be affected by a television character with whom they identify.
True
Computers have transformed nearly every aspect of our lives.
True
Cultivation theory argues that people who watch a great deal of television will tend to develop a distorted view of the world, one that more closely approximates that of television than of the "real" world.
True
Determining media effects is a complex matter because so many other variables are involved.
True
Development and diffusion of the telegraph was spurred by many tech-savvy youth that today we might call "geeks."
True
Each medium has unique traits (they are after all "different" media), but the media also share many important characteristics.
True
Elisha Gray was the main competitor to Alexander Graham Bell in the invention of the telephone.
True
Even though it is quite clear who actually got credit for inventing the telephone, it is not clear who deserves the credit.
True
Except in extremely unusual cases, any one bit of information about a topic has only an imperceptible effect on the world in your head.
True
Expectations generally help you process, comprehend, and remember the bits of information you sense from your communication mosaic.
True
Few, if any, of your meanings were constructed on the basis of information from a single message in isolation.
True
For most of the 1980s consumers did not have access to the internet, only to standalone private networks like Compuserve.
True
Hedy Lamarr was known to the world as a beautiful actress and the inspiration for Catwoman, not as a brilliant inventor.
True
Human perception has always had to deal with "information overload," it is NOT a new phenomenon caused by so many new forms of media communication.
True
Human perception is analog, and therefore a digital message requires conversion before we can perceive it.
True
If you are not sure for whom you vote and you study information about each candidate that is published in your local newspaper, that paper is serving a manifest function for you.
True
In 1989, there weren't any websites.
True
In a very real sense the British Empire was held together by submarine telegraph cables.
True
In spite of the incomplete information we sense from our communication mosaics, the worlds we create in our heads are whole.
True
In the early days of the telephone, farmers and ranchers often got together, and used the barbed wire of their fences, or copper wires strung on poles, to connect their homes by telephone.
True
It is useful to think of communication connections as having "option value."
True
It took a long time for the internet to become publicly accessible in the U.S.
True
Local media help integrate new residents into a community by providing information about the community and by describing features of the community that are a source of pride.
True
Many inventors worked on various methods of using electricity as the basis of a telegraph system, but it was Samuel F. B. Morse's system that ultimately adopted worldwide.
True
Many scholars believe they can get a more valid understanding of a society's beliefs and values by examining its popular entertainments (such as television, movies, and popular music) than by taking public opinion polls.
True
Media research presents a convincing case that most of us are probably wrong in our estimates of how media affect other people and ourselves.
True
Memory is an important factor in helping us fill gaps in the information we grasp from our communication mosaics.
True
Most of the effects of the mass media are indirect, not direct.
True
Most of us are convinced the mass media have tremendous impact on people, but when it comes to ourselves as individuals, we believe that we make free rational choices based on facts (and the media do not have much of an effect on us).
True
No two people go through their environments in precisely the same way; therefore, no two people encounter or attend to all of the same bits of information.
True
On almost any important issue, as time goes on you are exposed to a steadily increasing number and variety of bits of information, as well as encountering some of the same bits many times.
True
One function of the mass media is to help keep workers satisfied with their lives by juxtaposing local, ideal conditions with foreign, undesirable conditions.
True
One of the greatest changes caused by widespread adoption of the telegraph was that it afforded effective management of much larger numbers of people, corporations, and other organizations.
True
One reason digital is so pervasive in communication technology is that computers are good at digital.
True
Our media technologies and environment are constantly changing.
True
People tend to process or perceive the information they encounter in a way that is relevant to the needs they feel most strongly at that moment.
True
Political-economy theory can explain why newspapers and broadcasting stations devote so much space and time to sports.
True
Rituals in media usage can provide continuity and structure in our lives.
True
Sarnoff's Law describes a linear relationship between users and value for the big twentieth century analogue broadcast networks. Understanding how these networks were valued helps us better understand how new digital networks are valued.
True
Sometimes we unconsciously seek information in the media.
True
Telegraph provided a means to transmit messages faster than the trains moved.
True
The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication grossly distorts the great differences among individuals in patterns of exposure and ways of processing the information they receive.
True
The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication suggests that a source sends a message through some channel to a receiver who absorbs it in just the way in which it was sent. In other words, the source or sender is in control of what the receiver learns.
True
The Web and the Internet are NOT the same thing.
True
The Westley-MacLean model points up the fact that, in any form of mass communication, information goes through a series of gatekeepers
True
The author of the "time with social media" study argues that social media screen time is probably not a useful variable for explaining teens' levels of wellbeing.
True
The basic idea behind Hedy Lamarr's invention is to constantly change the amplitude of a communication signal to prevent the signal from being tracked or jammed.
True
The best use of money as a motivator is to pay people enough to take the issue of money off the table, so they're not thinking about money, they're thinking about the work.
True
The changes that occur in public events when radio microphones or television cameras are introduced can be explained by Systems theory.
True
The discomfort you feel when your actions are inconsistent with your attitudes or beliefs is explained by dissonance theory.
True
The first telegraph systems in Texas often facilitated connections between cities using wires hung from trees.
True
The impact of the media does NOT depend solely on what media gatekeepers send through the pipeline.
True
The inventor of "frequency hopping" didn't make a dime from this incredibly important invention.
True
The mass media have a strong effect on our political behaviors.
True
The mosaic model can be seen as representing our second world, that is, our entire communication environment.
True
Through the media we explore possible roles we might play in life, compare and contrast ourselves with media characters, and get information and ideas for use in our work.
True
Until the 1960s dials used almost exclusively the rotary technology, which was replaced by dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) with pushbutton telephones (A4).
True
Watching a couple argue in a movie or show contributes to the construction of our ideas about how relationships work.
True
We have a great deal of control over our exposure to bits of information, but we cannot control all of it.
True
We routinely fill information gaps without even being aware that we are doing so.
True
What you perceive depends in part on your psychological needs.
True
It is helpful to think of each of us, or each of our societies, as a type of system because we can then try to:
Understand how the system maintains itself and/or how it maintains its equilibrium.
Watching television instead of studying for an examination is most likely an example of television serving what kind of function from the program producer's point of view?
Unintended function
In the 1940s what technology was the enabler for practical all-electronic computers?
Vacuum tubes
According to Nir Eyal, which of the following is the common factor linking gambling addiction to being "hooked" by apps like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat?
Variable rewards
This theory explains why some people seek new kinds of information.
Variety theory
The first "killer app" for personal computers was:
Visicalc
Which of the following is NOT a way that the development of Morse's telegraph in the 1840s-50s is similar to the development of the Internet in the 1990s?
Was a threat to already established mass media
In what sense are our perception processes like the processes of a scientist?
We constantly test the validity of our perceptions, like a scientist testing hypotheses, and then adjust them when they are not confirmed.
Assuming you read with equal care, you are most likely to spot typographical errors when:
You have no expectations about the material.
Becker and Roberts describe four worlds in which each of us lives. Which of the following is NOT one of those worlds?
Your social world, the world made up of what the people with whom you associate know and believe
Which of the following is NOT one of Lazarsfeld and Merton's three media functions?
agenda setting
This theory argues that media materials from the developed countries tend to dominate the media of poor countries and affect those people's beliefs, values, and customs.
Cultural imperialism theory
Define: what we know about ourselves and our world
Culture
Term that says that your beliefs about the world are based on bits of information and experiences that you accumulated over time. Thus, your meanings for most of the important events, people, and ideas in the world are not static, they evolve as you experience or accumulate bits of relevant information.
Cumulative meanings
What is the modern world's currently most valuable resource?
Data
Which of the following does NOT apply to Hedy Lamarr?
Developed her scientific skills at the University of Vienna
An explanation of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread is provided by:
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
How, why, and at what rate new ideas/tech spread:
Diffusion of innovations
The theory is that each of us has some internal pressure to make our attitudes, beliefs, and actions consistent. When they are dissonant, or inconsistent, we try—consciously or, more generally, unconsciously—to make them consistent.
Dissonance theory
The degree to which people are unable to perceive or evaluate information independent of their prior attitudes, beliefs, and needs is labelled by communication scholars as:
Dogmatism
What does DNS stand for?
Domain Name System
In what sense do the sources to which you are exposed in your communication mosaic interact?
Each affects your interpretation of information from the others
The notion that money is a dominant socio-cultural force is called: ("Show me the money")
Economic determinism
The theory that the economic system of a country is the dominant influence on almost everything, including all of the content of the mass media.
Economic determinism
For the Political-Economy theorist, the most important forces underlying mass communication processes are:
Economic interests
The more copies made/sold, the lower the cost per copy
Economies of scale
The filled in squares in the mosaic model represent:
Either our third or fourth world
What type of computing machine allowed the 1890 U.S. census to be completed in record time?
Electro-mechanical
What kind of communication mechanism was used on a semaphore line?
Elevated, metal arms or shapes that could be posed in different positions to symbolize different letters.
Inventions/innovations that make it possible:
Enabling technologies
The media function in three ways to help us develop our self-concepts:
Exploring reality, Aiding our comparisons and contrasts, Helping us professionally
A model can describe everything about communication.
False
According to Lazarsfeld and Merton, status conferral is primarily an interpersonal communication function and not an important function of the media.
False
According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or device that has been patented.
False
According to technological determinism, society guides the media and its development.
False
Apple became successful by mimicking IBM's open architecture approach.
False
Because most of us in America have had relatively similar experiences, we will tend to construct the same meanings from news stories we encounter in the media.
False
Because the internet was goverenment funded, in the 1970s and 80s consumers had free access to the internet.
False
Computer and software errors are called "bugs" because they are so annoying (as in "don't bug me").
False
Computers require electronics. In other words, you cannot have a computer without electronics.
False
Daniel Pink argues in the the book "Drive," that rewarding small, medium, and large achievements with corresponding small, medium, and large rewards is an absolutely vital strategy for dealing with most workers in the information workforce.
False
Digital is always better than analog.
False
Each bit of information that you sense affects your response to later information, UNLESS you have completely forgotten the related, similar, or "identical" information.
False
Each of the stories on the front page of the newspaper function independently -- that is, each stands on its own and is not affected by the others.
False
Effects of the mass media are almost totally positive.
False
Either the "functions approach" or the "effects approach" is adequate for a full understanding since they are both concerned with the same phenomenon—media communication.
False
Even though most adults in our society spend a tremendous portion of their lives watching television, they can easily reduce this consumption dramatically or eliminate it altogether.
False
For as long as electronic computers have existed, personal computers have existed.
False
For retention and persuasion, the primacy effect is consistently more powerful than the recency effect.
False
For the purpose of distinguishing between them, it is accurate to say that "communications" is a process that characterizes much of human interaction, and that "communication" is things, messages.
False
Having a complete idea requires complete information.
False
Huawei is the manufacturer primarily responsible for the proliferation of Android smartphones.
False
If you reward something, you get more of the behavior you want and if you punish something you get less of it.
False
In assessing scientific models, we are primarily concerned with simplicity.
False
In computing, the "state" of a transistor represents a digit from zero to nine.
False
In fifty years, the Internet's grown from four computers to about 850 million.
False
In order for it to be digital, data must be represented in ones and zeroes.
False
In order to control the impact of the media on us, we can ignore the media themselves and just focus on rhetorical strategies.
False
In recent years total daily media use has been decreasing slightly.
False
In the 1930s and 40s computer scientists tried to apply Lee DeForest's triode technology to computing, but it failed.
False
In the mosaic model, each row represents a bit of information.
False
Information is a resource just like coal, oil, iron ore, timber, and hydro-electric power are resources.
False
It is nearly impossible for creators of media to distinguish between what is supposed to be interpreted as symbolic and what should be interpreted as natural. This is completely subject to the "eye of the beholder."
False
Moore's Law successfully predicted advances in microchips from 1970 through 2010, but Moore's Law is now officially "dead."
False
Needle telegraph systems were characterized by a high signaling rate.
False
Once you have constructed a meaning for something, it would be highly unusual for you to change it.
False
One important effect of time is its tendency to make our perceptions of issues, events, and people simpler and clearer.
False
One of Lasswell's weaknesses is that he focuses on the functions of media in society and ignores the possible negative effects.
False
Our interpretations of information are primarily topic dependent. That is, the meaning we construct for one topic is independent of our interpretations of other topics.
False
Repetition is important, but you must also include persuasion if you want to change attitudes.
False
Research shows that too much exposure to a commercial has a boomerang effect, that is, people are less likely to buy the product.
False
Scripts or schemata are the structures of the newspaper stories, television programs, or other media products to which you are exposed.
False
Since there were few apparent similarities to previous communication media, it took a considerable amount of time to develop useful applications for the transmission and reception of radio frequencies.
False
Since your fourth world is your mental representation of the real world, you build it almost exclusively from facts.
False
Societal functions are simply the sum of the functions that the media serve for individuals.
False
Telegraph is still the standard communication link for timetable and train order operation.
False
Telegraphy was a career path dominated by women.
False
The Pony Express and telegraph coexisted and competed for many years before the telegraph finally won out.
False
The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model and the Westley-MacLean model are essentially the same
False
The creators of media messages—like journalists, producers, and advertisers—have far more control than you do over the information and meanings that you get from the media
False
The differences between entertainment content in the media and news or information content is not nearly as important as most people believe in explaining how and why people construct the worlds in their heads.
False
The docudrama is a unique phenomenon in television; it is the only time we get a mix of fact and fiction in one program.
False
The effect of the news media on the way a person votes is a "societal effect" because every individual's vote is important to the society.
False
The first commercially successful personal computer was the Apple II.
False
The infrastructures for the telegraph, telephone, and especially the internet are dramatically different.
False
The mass media often operate relatively independently of each other, and therefore your use of them and their influence on you operate independently as well.
False
The media industries do nothing without reason. Therefore, it is unlikely that you will find unintended bits of information in your communication mosaic.
False
The negative effects of advertising are well-documented and have been scientifically quantified.
False
The particular path you take through the mosaic is related to which bits of information you encounter, but it has little to nothing to do with the context for these bits.
False
The scientific study of communication is alone in its dependence on models.
False
Throughout its entire history the primary function of the telephone has been voice calls.
False
Unlike in radio (and besides the use of telephones for their offices), television networks made little use of the telephone infrastructure because it lacked the necessary bandwidth for video.
False
When Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton speak about the media and "status conferral," they are referring to the way the status of the mass media in our society has grown steadily since the invention of the printing press.
False
Economic determinists would take the position that:
Newspapers are organized the way they are because that form has been found to be most profitable.
Bits of information from a source with which we construct a message not intended by the source.
unintended bits of information in the mosaic
What part of www.baylor.edu/fdm is the top-level domain?
.edu
In which decade did the Internet originate?
1960's
In which decade was the first World Wide Web site available to the public?
1990s
How many dimensions are there in the mosaic model?
4
Variety-seeking and conflict-avoidance behaviors can interact. Considering high vs. low variety-seeking and high vs. low conflict-avoidance results in how many possible categories of behavior?
4
On average, about what percentage of their leisure time do Americans spend with the mass media?
>50%
What is a coaxial cable?
A cable that can transfer both audio and video signals.
What kind of effect were experts worried about with the portrayal of suicide in the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why?"
A contagion effect
The term for when we are highly interested in an issue, when we have a strong need to know or understand the order in which information is received makes little difference.
A high need for cognition
Time is an important dimension in the communication mosaic because:
Both you and the mosaic are constantly changing
Which of the following network types increase in value in direct proportion to the number of communication connections?
Broadcast
How do the mass media enforce social norms, according to Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton?
By publicizing deviations from those norms, so the community can no longer ignore them.
Arousal theory suggests that emotional arousal:
Can increase learning
Ada Lovelace often corresponded with her friend _____, who invented the difference engine.
Charles Babbage
The size of the information bits or the number of information bits you attend to at a time when reading or viewing.
Chunking style
We began to associate the pleasure we got from the content with the medium, so that the use of the medium itself, independent of content, became enjoyable. Psychologists would label this ____________________ because the control of the response we made to the content was transferred to the medium.
Classical conditioning
the process of creating shared meaning
Communication
Define: these employ mechanical, chemical, or electronic channels
Communication Media
Define: are things, messages, like articles, books, movies, and so on
Communications
Many companies vying for business (often referred to as a "free market,")
Competitive market
According to The Economist, the transformative power of smartphones comes from their size and __________.
Connectivity
This theory is based on the generalization that we human beings tend to feel uncomfortable if any of our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are inconsistent with each other. This discomfort, in turn, creates pressure within us to make our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors consistent-that is, to change some of them so all are in line.
Consistency Theory
Systems theory is most closely related to:
Consistency theory
According to the author of the "time with social media" study, increased screen time has what effect on society as a whole?
Increased screen time and social media usage are directly connected to a spike in mental illness
For which of the following functions is the content of the medium least important?
Individual functions, as opposed to societal functions.
What do we mean when we say that meanings are not in words or pictures, that meanings are in people?
Individuals do not receive meanings, they construct them.
The constant exposure to more information than individuals can process
Information overload
Sources affect each other; the meaning you construct from a visual image will be different when it is accompanied by different sounds, just as your interpretation of different sounds will be different when accompanied by different visual images.
Interaction
Which of the following did NOT originate in the 1990s?
Internet
According to this theory, people's beliefs about the world are shaped in part by comparing them to the beliefs of other people.
Intersubjective reality
Having a wide variety of role models, in real life as well as in the media:
Is healthy for children
What function does the development of basic common knowledge serve in a society?
It facilitates a sense of commonality between individual citizens and reduces the chances of conflict.
Harold Lasswell identified three major types of functions of communication in society. Which of the following is not one of them?
News and informational transmission
According to Mossberg, what is the significance of the present lack of fresh and innovative consumer electronics?
It means tech development is looking for the next truly innovative technology to chase after.
Morse's telegraph was less expensive and easier to operate than needle telegraph systems (which accounts for its success), but it was also slower.
It was a system that used five needles to pick letters out of a diamond shaped grid and required five wires between stations as a result.
The mass media was feared by governments in the earliest days of the press because of what main factor?
Its ability to transfer huge amounts of information at rapidly increasing rates
Surveillance provides a window into both the external and internal happenings of a society is a definition of what?
Lasswell's concept of the function of surveillance
The hidden or subconscious functions few of us think about, especially when the media are serving those functions for us.
Latent functions
Which famous romantic poet was Ada Lovelace's father?
Lord Byron
Morse Code's clever coding method is a form of compression. Is it "lossy" or "lossless?"
Lossless
People have "scripts" or "schemas" in their heads that generally:
Make it easier for them to interpret media messages
The obvious or surface functions of the media, those we are well aware of when we use them
Manifest functions
The cost for making each additional copy.
Marginal cost
Define: employs technology to produce and distribute symbols to large numbers of people; to whom it may concern
Mass communication
Economies of scale:
Mass production
An emotional criticism against a new medium or media technology
Media panic
Which company narrowly avoided being broken up after violating antitrust laws in the 1990s and early 2000s?
Microsoft
Which of the following is NOT considered by the authors of your textbook to be one of the four dominant institutions influencing people's lives?
Military
The media help little girls learn how girls and women are supposed to act in our culture and help little boys learn how boys and men are supposed to act. One of the theories that helps to explain this phenomenon is:
Modeling theory
Which pair of theoretical ideas below are most closely related?
Modeling theory and Identification
The mass media has developed rapidly and hand-in-hand with what?
Modern science
One company clearly dominant in the industry
Monopoly
Where does the term "spam", referring to junk email, come from?
Monty Python's Flying Circus
According to BJ Fogg, in order for any behavior to occur we need _______, ability, and a trigger.
Motivation
High division of labor example:
Movie credits
Who was the first to make extensive use of a telegraph network for military advantage?
Napoleon
The creation of apathy by the mass media.
Narcotizing dysfunction
Morse code and radiotelegraphy lasted the longest in what kind of operations?
Naval operations.
A few companies controlling the industry
Oligopoly
What was the original concept for the transmission of information in Morse code?
Originally, Morse had intended to send encoded numbers that referred to words in a codebook.
What is a system where multiple computers send messages along the same connection lines.
Packet switching
Every day, you listen to a podcast by a particular author and begin to develop the feelings usually associated with friendship, even though the relationship only goes one way. How might this phenomenon best be described?
Parasocial interaction
If one accepts the validity of the mosaic model of communication, which of the following best describes the role in the communication process of people who read newspapers, watch television, listen to the radio, and so forth?
Participants
This theory explains most of what happens in the media in terms of economic and government forces and the symbiotic relationship between the two.
Political-Economy theory
This is the theory that people perceive things in the simplest or easiest way they can, and it is easiest to perceive them in ways consistent with their prior expectations, attitudes, or beliefs.
Principle of least effort
According to The Economist, what is the biggest concern we have today regarding smartphones?
Privacy
The knowledgeable views of the bulk of the people on important issues in the society.
Public opinion
The groups of individuals with whom we identify and to whom we look for guidance or reinforcement.
Reference groups
What was the initial purpose of the internet?
Research
The civil rights and feminist movements of the 1960s and early 1970s stimulated:
Research on media stereotyping of women and minorities
The frequent repetition of an act in precisely the same way
Ritual
These things are stereotyped sequences of events in memory that are activated by observations or experiences in the present.
Scripts/Schemata
According to Nir Eyal, what is a good example of a reward of the hunt?
Scrolling through tweets until you see something you like.
Everything around that you could see, hear, or otherwise experience if you chose to do so
Second world
The tendency to interpret or perceive information in a way that makes it consistent with one's prior knowledge, attitudes, and behavior is called:
Selective perception
By showing, in television programs, movies, and in comic strips, the kinds of things an American is supposed to have, the media are serving what societal functions?
Servicing the economic system
When our tax laws are revised, most of us learn from the mass media about how those changes will affect us and what, if anything, we need to do differently. This is an example of the media:
Servicing the political system
What we call "bandwidth," would likely be called ______ by a telegraph engineer in the 1800s.
Signal rate
Our beliefs and interpretations of information, even our definitions of words and other symbols, are influenced by the people with whom we interact. Communication scholars refer to this phenomenon as:
Social construction of reality
Define: a large people group sharing the same geographical or social territory
Society
Today, the basic idea of Hedy Lamarr's invention is part of something called:
Spread Spectrum
Media interact and borrow from each other, example:
Star Wars comics
Who said, "I want to put a 'ding' in the universe"? From the youtube video
Steve Jobs
This theory argues that there is constant pressure in any system to keep its parts in balance, whether the system is a person, a family, a newsroom, a network, or a society. The theory explains why each new medium of communication changed our political system, why the news media change the events they cover, and how even the desire for media coverage leads people to change events.
Systems theory
What is a standardized protocol for internetworking and data transport.
TCP/IP
The notion that technology is a dominant socio-cultural force is called:
Technological Determinism
A ___________ is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. It converts sound into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another one of these, which reproduces the sound to the receiving user.
Telephone
Which of the following communication network types is most appropriately associated with Metcalfe?
Telephone
Which of the following is NOT true of models?
Tend to draw ones attention to specific instances
Savoring each idea or story as a gourmet savors a choice wine. If this is your style, you linger over a good story as though it were an especially tasty morsel, rolling it around in your mind so the experience will stay with you for a long time.
The aromatic or gourmet method (gourmet)
You and a friend both watched the same episode of an Amazon Prime Original and talk about it over coffee. What function is the media serving in this situation?
The facilitation of social interaction
Seeing or focusing on largely one particular theme in the news, such as recession or sexism, so that everything else becomes simply background, is similar to what perception phenomenon?
The figure-ground phenomenon
Enabling technologies are:
The inventions or innovations that make a new communication medium possible
When the authors of your text talk about the "variable effects" of the media, what are they talking about?
The media do not affect all people in the same way
Reading one word at a time, digging slowly, diligently through a story, never stepping back to consider the whole, or the way that story fits into a larger context.
The nose-to-the-ground method (rooter)
Those available sights, sounds, and other experiences that you attend to or that, somehow, strike your senses
Third world
Who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web?
Tim Berners-Lee
What is the main reason a country might research another's propaganda?
To improve their own propaganda efforts
Netflix's response to the research study discussed in this article was:
To make no changes
What is the purpose of mass data collection?
To provide corporations, both private and federal, with a God's eye view of a population's activity.
Why do large media firms produce commodities in large volumes?
To pursue economies of scale
The third dimension of the communication mosaic is:
Topics for which you have information
A "Script" or "Schema" can reasonably and usefully be thought of as a set of expectations.
True
According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual (or other unit of adoption).
True
According to the authors of your text, none of the traditional models of mass communication provides an adequate picture of the contemporary world of communication that you and others experience.
True
Ada Lovelace realized that the Analytical Engine could be used for much more than just manipulating symbols in mathematical calculations.
True
Analog is a continuously variable representation or a representation selected from a continuous range.
True
The authors of your text argue that the boundaries between fact and fiction, or news and entertainment, have broken down so that the news we get is almost always, in some sense, partly fiction, while fiction is, in some sense, partly fact, or even news. What is the most important implication of this for the world you construct in your head?
We get important bits of information for that world from the fiction and entertainment to which we are exposed, as well as from news and so-called informational media.
How do reference groups affect our processing of information?
We tend to test our interpretations of what we read, hear, and see on our family, friends, and others with whom we associated.
The first public message sent by the Morse telegraph in the United States was:
What hath God wrought?
In what sense does language "fill our lives with meaningful objects"?
Without names or labels that we can apply, objects or experiences are less likely to have meaning for us.
Who or what is most responsible for the kinds of information to which you are exposed?
You
The statement "You can't step into the same river twice," applies to communication in what way?
both you and the communication mosaic are constantly changing
The process by which communication technologies spread through society can be explained by ____.
diffusion of innovations
When most people talk about 'digital' they're often not just referring to the way in which information is encoded. What else are they likely including?
digitally encoded information transmitted on a hyper-connected peer-to-peer network
All of the of following EXCEPT _________ are capable of acting as switches (and thus appropriate for computing).
diode
In the early 1900s the increasing demand for computation led to all of the below EXCEPT:
dramatically shrinking the size of Babbage's mechanical computing mechanisms
For which category of adopters (in diffusion of innovations theory) is interpersonal communication the LEAST important?
innovaters
The authors of your textbook consider all of the following to be reasons to study media communication. Which do they argue is the most important?
media greatly influence you and your life
In the mosaic model, the mosaic represents:
one topic, and the bits of information and sources of information available for this topic
Which of the following was NOT a factor in the successful introduction of personal computing?
solid-state memory
SMCR Model
source, message, channel, receiver
Which of the following dichotomies is LEAST appropriate in terms of contradictory claims about media?
sweet || sour
The authors of your textbook argue that understanding media as a ________, and from the vantage point of a _________, will help you understand individual media in different and more useful ways than you did before.
system || receiver
The mosaic model is based on the idea that:
the communication environment is like a vast mosaic of information bits
The third function identified by Lasswell is _____________________. Parents and teachers have always served this function, but today the media are doing more and more to transmit social values. Broadcasting, newspapers, motion pictures, novels, and other forms of mass communication provide common frames of reference, which are essential for a society. They pass on the knowledge and values of past generations.
transmission of the social inheritance
Our current computer capabilities can best be described by which of the following statements?
we can turn electricity on and off really, really, really fast
