DISCOVERING MEDIA COMMUNICATION ETEXT QUIZZES EXAM 1 Korpi

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Who said, "One day every major city in America will have a telephone."

Alexander Graham Bell

According to Nir Eyal, what is "the hook"?

An advertising technique specifically designed to create habits in consumers.

What competitor to iPhone technology managed to balance the smartphone market?

Andriod

This theory explains why people are uncomfortable if their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors disagree.

Consistency theory

Which of the following would most likely cause narcotizing dysfunction?

Constant news information being delivered at every avenue of media interaction.

Professional norms & practices example:

Creator peer pressure

Dominating which part of the motion picture process gives one the greatest degree of control?

Distribution

a blend of documentary and dramatization.

Docudrama

According to diffusion of innovations theory, which category of adopters has the highest degree of opinion leadership?

Early adopters

It takes less effort to perceive a message that is contrary to the way you see the world or that is different than what you expect.

False

Media technologies are converging (because of computers and digital), but media jobs and media businesses are not (because they are in the analog world).

False

Most people understand quite well the role media play in our lives and the lives of others.

False

The Republic of Texas was successful largely because it took early advantage of Morse's donation of telegraph technology.

False

The term "broadband connection" refers to the broad range of information that the internet makes available to us.

False

The use of hashtags on telephones originated with Twitter.

False

Whenever we talk about "the media" causing something, we are referring to the content of the media as the cause.

False

All costs up to the point of making multiple copies.

First copy costs

Important information about a topic that we did not notice or that was not in any of the messages we received.

Gaps in the mosaic

Which of these is the most likely to measure while investigating individual uses of media?

Gratification.

Reading down each page as though it were on a steadily rolling teleprompter, giving everything the same amount of time and attention—the important and the unimportant, the interesting and the dull.

The rolldown method

What did Claude Chappe invent?

The semaphore line (early telegraph)

Simply spearing bits from what you are reading—a bit here, a bit there—without plan or system. Many people read the newspaper this way.

The spearing method of reading (spearer)

A reading style in which the individuals who enjoy relaxing and letting the waves of sound from the stereo or radio, or the visual images of the television set or movie, wash over them like the rays of the sun.

The suntan method (suntanners)

Define: a useful causal chronology

History

Abstract descriptions of a phenomenon

Models

Why is ownership control probably more of a problem today than it was forty or fifty years ago?

More media have been taken over by giant, international corporations that have financial interests in many of the issues the media report on.

In what sense is it valid to say that you cannot tell people anything they do not already know?

People cannot perceive or understand anything unless they can relate it in some way to prior experience.

Every observation, even yours, is a _______________, an interpretation of an experience—an interpretation based only in part on that experience and in part on the context of that experience and memory of other experiences. In other words, it is a fiction.

Perception

These forces control the channels of communication:

Power, influence, leadership

As they apply to Chappe's (and other's) optical signaling systems, the words telegraph and semaphore are synonymous.

True

Before the word "computer" was a machine, it was a job title.

True

Compression artifacts are "mistakes" caused by compressing digital data.

True

Even though the majority of the world's smartphones are Android, Apple makes the majority of smartphone profits.

True

Media can serve functions for you even when you do not pay close attention to the stories, entertainment, or whatever you are being exposed to.

True

Media communication scholars are NOT primarily concerned with quantifying a total or average effect of the media.

True

Much of the new value generated by internet companies can be attributed to group-forming networks.

True

One explanation for our relative ignorance or naivete regarding media's impact on us is due to how common and pervasive it is—we simply tend not to think about it.

True

The telephone infrastructure played an important role in both radio and television broadcasting.

True

The word "telephone" means "distant sound."

True

The world that you create in your head is a direct result of the actual content of the message; the medium itself is neutral.

True

There were telegraph systems throughout Europe decades before Samuel Morse patented his version of the telegraph.

True

Whether you experience fear, anger, or excitement depends on your interpretation of your physical state.

True

According to The Economist, smartphones matter because they are (3 things):

Ubiquitous, addictive, and transformative

The most interesting property of a model because it leads to new predictions that can be tested.

Uncertain analogy

Who is generally considered the first computer programmer?

Ada Lovelace

Who said, "A new, a vast, and a powerful language is developed for the future use of analysis," ?

Ada Lovelace

This theory predicts and explains the effects of the media on what issues people think about. The more attention the media give an issue, the more important most people will believe it to be.

Agenda-Setting theory

When the media provide relaxation for the tense, diversion and stimulation for the bored, and enjoyment for all of us, what general function are they serving for us?

Aiding emotional release

Which of the following is an example of ambient computing?

Alexa

Many people believe that our urbanized, techno logical, competitive society creates _____________ —a feeling of isolation or hostility toward other people

Alienation

Building consensus or an informed public opinion on some issue of importance in our society is an example of which of the functions political scientist Harold Lasswell wrote about?

Correlation of the response of the society to the environment

Monopolies increase _________, that is, a monopoly makes it harder for potential competitors to get started

Barriers to entry

When people are made aware of the fact they are not behaving in a way that their knowledge and attitudes indicate they should, internal pressure is aroused to change either that behavior, that knowledge, or that attitude. This is the basic assumption of what theory?

Consistency theory

What company did the Bell System eventually become?

AT&T

When thinking about the impact or effects of media, it is reasonable to assume a simple, direct, stimulus-response relationship between the media and its audience.

False

Whether or not we believe that we understand our world reasonably well has very little to nothing to do with our emotional state.

False

With the appropriate knowledge you can easily control media's uses and their effects on society as easily as you can your personal uses and their effects.

False

You must have complete information in order to have a complete idea about something.

False

Your understanding of war has a one-to-one relationship with all of the bits of information about war you have encountered in your lifetime, since these are the bits that make up your fourth world.

False

The earliest recognized device for computing was the astrolabe.

False (it was the abacus)

After writing hundreds of programs for a computer that was never built and enjoying great notoriety as a visionary mathematician, Ada Lovelace died when she was 79.

False (she died in her late 30's)

Responses or reactions to the sources' messages, which can cause the sources, consciously or unconsciously, to alter their communicative behavior

Feedback

Now that a data center company owns it, the network of pneumatic tubes in the Western Union building (New York City) has proven useful for:

Fiber optic cables

Every bit of information there is to know—for all time and throughout the entire universe

First world

Which one of the following worlds varies the most from one person to another?

Fourth World

The world in your head

Fourth world

What is the radio frequency technology that could not be tracked or jammed, which was invented by a Hollywood star in World War 2?

Frequency hopping

According to the SciShow video clips, which of the following was the first site to mix users and creators in a completely new way of using the internet? (In other words, which of the following is the progenitor of all the social networking apps we use?)

GeoCities

Which of the following did NOT begin in the 2000s?

GeoCities

The most important function of feedback is to:

Help sources adjust their communication to their audience.

Story of how media got to be what they are:

History

Whose technology was the basis for the Tabulating Machine Company, which became International Business Machines (IBM)?

Hollerith

In Morse code, the number of signals composing a letter was chosen by what factor?

How frequently a letter appears in most books.

The purposes for which we and our society use the media

functions of the media

The digital media we watch and listen to typically involve ALL of the following EXCEPT:

perfect reproduction of the original

Which of the following is the most accurate description of Colossus?

the first large-scale use of vacuum tubes for computing

The degree to which a symbol is similar to that which it represents.

Iconicity

What are we constantly doing while viewing people in various situations portrayed on the media?

Identifying with them and applying what we learn from their predicament to real life

The bits of information you remember best and that have most influence on your attitudes and meaning constructions are those you receive FIRST

The primacy effect

The bits of information you remember best and that have most influence on your attitudes and meaning constructions are those you receive LAST

The recency effect

The semaphore system had what distinct drawback?

The system could be disrupted by visual obstruction.

Define: a set of related explanatory statements

Theory

An entrepreneur watches an instructional video on YouTube to learn how to start an online business. In what capacity are they most likely using this media?

They are using it for professional guidance

What does research evidence show that people typically do when they anticipate being involved in a political discussion?

They become more receptive to political information

Which factors can affect the impact of the media on us?

the way we and our institutions use the media prior knowledge our habits our interests our attitudes the social-cultural milieu

A modern society is impossible without the media, and the media cannot fully operate except in a modern society, so the authors of your text argue that which of the following is most important?

understanding the functions each serves for the other

According to the Spiral of Silence theory, when most of the mass media take a consistent position on an issue, most people will not argue with it because:

They believe the media represent the views of the majority of the public and they fear being isolated from other people

If people are watching a television news story, set or expectation tends to have the greatest effect on their perception when:

They have a well-established script or schema for that type of situation.

According to Mossberg, how were computers viewed by the public in their early stages?

They were seen as hard-to-access, specialist tools that few could learn.

As the telegraph messaging business declined, Western Union transitioned from its focus on sending messages to sending money.

True

By a combination of circumstance and choice, you are exposed to a highly selective sample of the bits of information about any particular topic.

True

Charles Babbage is considered to be the "father of computing."

True

Children can be affected by a television character with whom they identify.

True

Computers have transformed nearly every aspect of our lives.

True

Cultivation theory argues that people who watch a great deal of television will tend to develop a distorted view of the world, one that more closely approximates that of television than of the "real" world.

True

Determining media effects is a complex matter because so many other variables are involved.

True

Development and diffusion of the telegraph was spurred by many tech-savvy youth that today we might call "geeks."

True

Each medium has unique traits (they are after all "different" media), but the media also share many important characteristics.

True

Elisha Gray was the main competitor to Alexander Graham Bell in the invention of the telephone.

True

Even though it is quite clear who actually got credit for inventing the telephone, it is not clear who deserves the credit.

True

Except in extremely unusual cases, any one bit of information about a topic has only an imperceptible effect on the world in your head.

True

Expectations generally help you process, comprehend, and remember the bits of information you sense from your communication mosaic.

True

Few, if any, of your meanings were constructed on the basis of information from a single message in isolation.

True

For most of the 1980s consumers did not have access to the internet, only to standalone private networks like Compuserve.

True

Hedy Lamarr was known to the world as a beautiful actress and the inspiration for Catwoman, not as a brilliant inventor.

True

Human perception has always had to deal with "information overload," it is NOT a new phenomenon caused by so many new forms of media communication.

True

Human perception is analog, and therefore a digital message requires conversion before we can perceive it.

True

If you are not sure for whom you vote and you study information about each candidate that is published in your local newspaper, that paper is serving a manifest function for you.

True

In 1989, there weren't any websites.

True

In a very real sense the British Empire was held together by submarine telegraph cables.

True

In spite of the incomplete information we sense from our communication mosaics, the worlds we create in our heads are whole.

True

In the early days of the telephone, farmers and ranchers often got together, and used the barbed wire of their fences, or copper wires strung on poles, to connect their homes by telephone.

True

It is useful to think of communication connections as having "option value."

True

It took a long time for the internet to become publicly accessible in the U.S.

True

Local media help integrate new residents into a community by providing information about the community and by describing features of the community that are a source of pride.

True

Many inventors worked on various methods of using electricity as the basis of a telegraph system, but it was Samuel F. B. Morse's system that ultimately adopted worldwide.

True

Many scholars believe they can get a more valid understanding of a society's beliefs and values by examining its popular entertainments (such as television, movies, and popular music) than by taking public opinion polls.

True

Media research presents a convincing case that most of us are probably wrong in our estimates of how media affect other people and ourselves.

True

Memory is an important factor in helping us fill gaps in the information we grasp from our communication mosaics.

True

Most of the effects of the mass media are indirect, not direct.

True

Most of us are convinced the mass media have tremendous impact on people, but when it comes to ourselves as individuals, we believe that we make free rational choices based on facts (and the media do not have much of an effect on us).

True

No two people go through their environments in precisely the same way; therefore, no two people encounter or attend to all of the same bits of information.

True

On almost any important issue, as time goes on you are exposed to a steadily increasing number and variety of bits of information, as well as encountering some of the same bits many times.

True

One function of the mass media is to help keep workers satisfied with their lives by juxtaposing local, ideal conditions with foreign, undesirable conditions.

True

One of the greatest changes caused by widespread adoption of the telegraph was that it afforded effective management of much larger numbers of people, corporations, and other organizations.

True

One reason digital is so pervasive in communication technology is that computers are good at digital.

True

Our media technologies and environment are constantly changing.

True

People tend to process or perceive the information they encounter in a way that is relevant to the needs they feel most strongly at that moment.

True

Political-economy theory can explain why newspapers and broadcasting stations devote so much space and time to sports.

True

Rituals in media usage can provide continuity and structure in our lives.

True

Sarnoff's Law describes a linear relationship between users and value for the big twentieth century analogue broadcast networks. Understanding how these networks were valued helps us better understand how new digital networks are valued.

True

Sometimes we unconsciously seek information in the media.

True

Telegraph provided a means to transmit messages faster than the trains moved.

True

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication grossly distorts the great differences among individuals in patterns of exposure and ways of processing the information they receive.

True

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication suggests that a source sends a message through some channel to a receiver who absorbs it in just the way in which it was sent. In other words, the source or sender is in control of what the receiver learns.

True

The Web and the Internet are NOT the same thing.

True

The Westley-MacLean model points up the fact that, in any form of mass communication, information goes through a series of gatekeepers

True

The author of the "time with social media" study argues that social media screen time is probably not a useful variable for explaining teens' levels of wellbeing.

True

The basic idea behind Hedy Lamarr's invention is to constantly change the amplitude of a communication signal to prevent the signal from being tracked or jammed.

True

The best use of money as a motivator is to pay people enough to take the issue of money off the table, so they're not thinking about money, they're thinking about the work.

True

The changes that occur in public events when radio microphones or television cameras are introduced can be explained by Systems theory.

True

The discomfort you feel when your actions are inconsistent with your attitudes or beliefs is explained by dissonance theory.

True

The first telegraph systems in Texas often facilitated connections between cities using wires hung from trees.

True

The impact of the media does NOT depend solely on what media gatekeepers send through the pipeline.

True

The inventor of "frequency hopping" didn't make a dime from this incredibly important invention.

True

The mass media have a strong effect on our political behaviors.

True

The mosaic model can be seen as representing our second world, that is, our entire communication environment.

True

Through the media we explore possible roles we might play in life, compare and contrast ourselves with media characters, and get information and ideas for use in our work.

True

Until the 1960s dials used almost exclusively the rotary technology, which was replaced by dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) with pushbutton telephones (A4).

True

Watching a couple argue in a movie or show contributes to the construction of our ideas about how relationships work.

True

We have a great deal of control over our exposure to bits of information, but we cannot control all of it.

True

We routinely fill information gaps without even being aware that we are doing so.

True

What you perceive depends in part on your psychological needs.

True

It is helpful to think of each of us, or each of our societies, as a type of system because we can then try to:

Understand how the system maintains itself and/or how it maintains its equilibrium.

Watching television instead of studying for an examination is most likely an example of television serving what kind of function from the program producer's point of view?

Unintended function

In the 1940s what technology was the enabler for practical all-electronic computers?

Vacuum tubes

According to Nir Eyal, which of the following is the common factor linking gambling addiction to being "hooked" by apps like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat?

Variable rewards

This theory explains why some people seek new kinds of information.

Variety theory

The first "killer app" for personal computers was:

Visicalc

Which of the following is NOT a way that the development of Morse's telegraph in the 1840s-50s is similar to the development of the Internet in the 1990s?

Was a threat to already established mass media

In what sense are our perception processes like the processes of a scientist?

We constantly test the validity of our perceptions, like a scientist testing hypotheses, and then adjust them when they are not confirmed.

Assuming you read with equal care, you are most likely to spot typographical errors when:

You have no expectations about the material.

Becker and Roberts describe four worlds in which each of us lives. Which of the following is NOT one of those worlds?

Your social world, the world made up of what the people with whom you associate know and believe

Which of the following is NOT one of Lazarsfeld and Merton's three media functions?

agenda setting

This theory argues that media materials from the developed countries tend to dominate the media of poor countries and affect those people's beliefs, values, and customs.

Cultural imperialism theory

Define: what we know about ourselves and our world

Culture

Term that says that your beliefs about the world are based on bits of information and experiences that you accumulated over time. Thus, your meanings for most of the important events, people, and ideas in the world are not static, they evolve as you experience or accumulate bits of relevant information.

Cumulative meanings

What is the modern world's currently most valuable resource?

Data

Which of the following does NOT apply to Hedy Lamarr?

Developed her scientific skills at the University of Vienna

An explanation of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread is provided by:

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

How, why, and at what rate new ideas/tech spread:

Diffusion of innovations

The theory is that each of us has some internal pressure to make our attitudes, beliefs, and actions consistent. When they are dissonant, or inconsistent, we try—consciously or, more generally, unconsciously—to make them consistent.

Dissonance theory

The degree to which people are unable to perceive or evaluate information independent of their prior attitudes, beliefs, and needs is labelled by communication scholars as:

Dogmatism

What does DNS stand for?

Domain Name System

In what sense do the sources to which you are exposed in your communication mosaic interact?

Each affects your interpretation of information from the others

The notion that money is a dominant socio-cultural force is called: ("Show me the money")

Economic determinism

The theory that the economic system of a country is the dominant influence on almost everything, including all of the content of the mass media.

Economic determinism

For the Political-Economy theorist, the most important forces underlying mass communication processes are:

Economic interests

The more copies made/sold, the lower the cost per copy

Economies of scale

The filled in squares in the mosaic model represent:

Either our third or fourth world

What type of computing machine allowed the 1890 U.S. census to be completed in record time?

Electro-mechanical

What kind of communication mechanism was used on a semaphore line?

Elevated, metal arms or shapes that could be posed in different positions to symbolize different letters.

Inventions/innovations that make it possible:

Enabling technologies

The media function in three ways to help us develop our self-concepts:

Exploring reality, Aiding our comparisons and contrasts, Helping us professionally

A model can describe everything about communication.

False

According to Lazarsfeld and Merton, status conferral is primarily an interpersonal communication function and not an important function of the media.

False

According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or device that has been patented.

False

According to technological determinism, society guides the media and its development.

False

Apple became successful by mimicking IBM's open architecture approach.

False

Because most of us in America have had relatively similar experiences, we will tend to construct the same meanings from news stories we encounter in the media.

False

Because the internet was goverenment funded, in the 1970s and 80s consumers had free access to the internet.

False

Computer and software errors are called "bugs" because they are so annoying (as in "don't bug me").

False

Computers require electronics. In other words, you cannot have a computer without electronics.

False

Daniel Pink argues in the the book "Drive," that rewarding small, medium, and large achievements with corresponding small, medium, and large rewards is an absolutely vital strategy for dealing with most workers in the information workforce.

False

Digital is always better than analog.

False

Each bit of information that you sense affects your response to later information, UNLESS you have completely forgotten the related, similar, or "identical" information.

False

Each of the stories on the front page of the newspaper function independently -- that is, each stands on its own and is not affected by the others.

False

Effects of the mass media are almost totally positive.

False

Either the "functions approach" or the "effects approach" is adequate for a full understanding since they are both concerned with the same phenomenon—media communication.

False

Even though most adults in our society spend a tremendous portion of their lives watching television, they can easily reduce this consumption dramatically or eliminate it altogether.

False

For as long as electronic computers have existed, personal computers have existed.

False

For retention and persuasion, the primacy effect is consistently more powerful than the recency effect.

False

For the purpose of distinguishing between them, it is accurate to say that "communications" is a process that characterizes much of human interaction, and that "communication" is things, messages.

False

Having a complete idea requires complete information.

False

Huawei is the manufacturer primarily responsible for the proliferation of Android smartphones.

False

If you reward something, you get more of the behavior you want and if you punish something you get less of it.

False

In assessing scientific models, we are primarily concerned with simplicity.

False

In computing, the "state" of a transistor represents a digit from zero to nine.

False

In fifty years, the Internet's grown from four computers to about 850 million.

False

In order for it to be digital, data must be represented in ones and zeroes.

False

In order to control the impact of the media on us, we can ignore the media themselves and just focus on rhetorical strategies.

False

In recent years total daily media use has been decreasing slightly.

False

In the 1930s and 40s computer scientists tried to apply Lee DeForest's triode technology to computing, but it failed.

False

In the mosaic model, each row represents a bit of information.

False

Information is a resource just like coal, oil, iron ore, timber, and hydro-electric power are resources.

False

It is nearly impossible for creators of media to distinguish between what is supposed to be interpreted as symbolic and what should be interpreted as natural. This is completely subject to the "eye of the beholder."

False

Moore's Law successfully predicted advances in microchips from 1970 through 2010, but Moore's Law is now officially "dead."

False

Needle telegraph systems were characterized by a high signaling rate.

False

Once you have constructed a meaning for something, it would be highly unusual for you to change it.

False

One important effect of time is its tendency to make our perceptions of issues, events, and people simpler and clearer.

False

One of Lasswell's weaknesses is that he focuses on the functions of media in society and ignores the possible negative effects.

False

Our interpretations of information are primarily topic dependent. That is, the meaning we construct for one topic is independent of our interpretations of other topics.

False

Repetition is important, but you must also include persuasion if you want to change attitudes.

False

Research shows that too much exposure to a commercial has a boomerang effect, that is, people are less likely to buy the product.

False

Scripts or schemata are the structures of the newspaper stories, television programs, or other media products to which you are exposed.

False

Since there were few apparent similarities to previous communication media, it took a considerable amount of time to develop useful applications for the transmission and reception of radio frequencies.

False

Since your fourth world is your mental representation of the real world, you build it almost exclusively from facts.

False

Societal functions are simply the sum of the functions that the media serve for individuals.

False

Telegraph is still the standard communication link for timetable and train order operation.

False

Telegraphy was a career path dominated by women.

False

The Pony Express and telegraph coexisted and competed for many years before the telegraph finally won out.

False

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model and the Westley-MacLean model are essentially the same

False

The creators of media messages—like journalists, producers, and advertisers—have far more control than you do over the information and meanings that you get from the media

False

The differences between entertainment content in the media and news or information content is not nearly as important as most people believe in explaining how and why people construct the worlds in their heads.

False

The docudrama is a unique phenomenon in television; it is the only time we get a mix of fact and fiction in one program.

False

The effect of the news media on the way a person votes is a "societal effect" because every individual's vote is important to the society.

False

The first commercially successful personal computer was the Apple II.

False

The infrastructures for the telegraph, telephone, and especially the internet are dramatically different.

False

The mass media often operate relatively independently of each other, and therefore your use of them and their influence on you operate independently as well.

False

The media industries do nothing without reason. Therefore, it is unlikely that you will find unintended bits of information in your communication mosaic.

False

The negative effects of advertising are well-documented and have been scientifically quantified.

False

The particular path you take through the mosaic is related to which bits of information you encounter, but it has little to nothing to do with the context for these bits.

False

The scientific study of communication is alone in its dependence on models.

False

Throughout its entire history the primary function of the telephone has been voice calls.

False

Unlike in radio (and besides the use of telephones for their offices), television networks made little use of the telephone infrastructure because it lacked the necessary bandwidth for video.

False

When Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton speak about the media and "status conferral," they are referring to the way the status of the mass media in our society has grown steadily since the invention of the printing press.

False

Economic determinists would take the position that:

Newspapers are organized the way they are because that form has been found to be most profitable.

Bits of information from a source with which we construct a message not intended by the source.

unintended bits of information in the mosaic

What part of www.baylor.edu/fdm is the top-level domain?

.edu

In which decade did the Internet originate?

1960's

In which decade was the first World Wide Web site available to the public?

1990s

How many dimensions are there in the mosaic model?

4

Variety-seeking and conflict-avoidance behaviors can interact. Considering high vs. low variety-seeking and high vs. low conflict-avoidance results in how many possible categories of behavior?

4

On average, about what percentage of their leisure time do Americans spend with the mass media?

>50%

What is a coaxial cable?

A cable that can transfer both audio and video signals.

What kind of effect were experts worried about with the portrayal of suicide in the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why?"

A contagion effect

The term for when we are highly interested in an issue, when we have a strong need to know or understand the order in which information is received makes little difference.

A high need for cognition

Time is an important dimension in the communication mosaic because:

Both you and the mosaic are constantly changing

Which of the following network types increase in value in direct proportion to the number of communication connections?

Broadcast

How do the mass media enforce social norms, according to Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton?

By publicizing deviations from those norms, so the community can no longer ignore them.

Arousal theory suggests that emotional arousal:

Can increase learning

Ada Lovelace often corresponded with her friend _____, who invented the difference engine.

Charles Babbage

The size of the information bits or the number of information bits you attend to at a time when reading or viewing.

Chunking style

We began to associate the pleasure we got from the content with the medium, so that the use of the medium itself, independent of content, became enjoyable. Psychologists would label this ____________________ because the control of the response we made to the content was transferred to the medium.

Classical conditioning

the process of creating shared meaning

Communication

Define: these employ mechanical, chemical, or electronic channels

Communication Media

Define: are things, messages, like articles, books, movies, and so on

Communications

Many companies vying for business (often referred to as a "free market,")

Competitive market

According to The Economist, the transformative power of smartphones comes from their size and __________.

Connectivity

This theory is based on the generalization that we human beings tend to feel uncomfortable if any of our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are inconsistent with each other. This discomfort, in turn, creates pressure within us to make our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors consistent-that is, to change some of them so all are in line.

Consistency Theory

Systems theory is most closely related to:

Consistency theory

According to the author of the "time with social media" study, increased screen time has what effect on society as a whole?

Increased screen time and social media usage are directly connected to a spike in mental illness

For which of the following functions is the content of the medium least important?

Individual functions, as opposed to societal functions.

What do we mean when we say that meanings are not in words or pictures, that meanings are in people?

Individuals do not receive meanings, they construct them.

The constant exposure to more information than individuals can process

Information overload

Sources affect each other; the meaning you construct from a visual image will be different when it is accompanied by different sounds, just as your interpretation of different sounds will be different when accompanied by different visual images.

Interaction

Which of the following did NOT originate in the 1990s?

Internet

According to this theory, people's beliefs about the world are shaped in part by comparing them to the beliefs of other people.

Intersubjective reality

Having a wide variety of role models, in real life as well as in the media:

Is healthy for children

What function does the development of basic common knowledge serve in a society?

It facilitates a sense of commonality between individual citizens and reduces the chances of conflict.

Harold Lasswell identified three major types of functions of communication in society. Which of the following is not one of them?

News and informational transmission

According to Mossberg, what is the significance of the present lack of fresh and innovative consumer electronics?

It means tech development is looking for the next truly innovative technology to chase after.

Morse's telegraph was less expensive and easier to operate than needle telegraph systems (which accounts for its success), but it was also slower.

It was a system that used five needles to pick letters out of a diamond shaped grid and required five wires between stations as a result.

The mass media was feared by governments in the earliest days of the press because of what main factor?

Its ability to transfer huge amounts of information at rapidly increasing rates

Surveillance provides a window into both the external and internal happenings of a society is a definition of what?

Lasswell's concept of the function of surveillance

The hidden or subconscious functions few of us think about, especially when the media are serving those functions for us.

Latent functions

Which famous romantic poet was Ada Lovelace's father?

Lord Byron

Morse Code's clever coding method is a form of compression. Is it "lossy" or "lossless?"

Lossless

People have "scripts" or "schemas" in their heads that generally:

Make it easier for them to interpret media messages

The obvious or surface functions of the media, those we are well aware of when we use them

Manifest functions

The cost for making each additional copy.

Marginal cost

Define: employs technology to produce and distribute symbols to large numbers of people; to whom it may concern

Mass communication

Economies of scale:

Mass production

An emotional criticism against a new medium or media technology

Media panic

Which company narrowly avoided being broken up after violating antitrust laws in the 1990s and early 2000s?

Microsoft

Which of the following is NOT considered by the authors of your textbook to be one of the four dominant institutions influencing people's lives?

Military

The media help little girls learn how girls and women are supposed to act in our culture and help little boys learn how boys and men are supposed to act. One of the theories that helps to explain this phenomenon is:

Modeling theory

Which pair of theoretical ideas below are most closely related?

Modeling theory and Identification

The mass media has developed rapidly and hand-in-hand with what?

Modern science

One company clearly dominant in the industry

Monopoly

Where does the term "spam", referring to junk email, come from?

Monty Python's Flying Circus

According to BJ Fogg, in order for any behavior to occur we need _______, ability, and a trigger.

Motivation

High division of labor example:

Movie credits

Who was the first to make extensive use of a telegraph network for military advantage?

Napoleon

The creation of apathy by the mass media.

Narcotizing dysfunction

Morse code and radiotelegraphy lasted the longest in what kind of operations?

Naval operations.

A few companies controlling the industry

Oligopoly

What was the original concept for the transmission of information in Morse code?

Originally, Morse had intended to send encoded numbers that referred to words in a codebook.

What is a system where multiple computers send messages along the same connection lines.

Packet switching

Every day, you listen to a podcast by a particular author and begin to develop the feelings usually associated with friendship, even though the relationship only goes one way. How might this phenomenon best be described?

Parasocial interaction

If one accepts the validity of the mosaic model of communication, which of the following best describes the role in the communication process of people who read newspapers, watch television, listen to the radio, and so forth?

Participants

This theory explains most of what happens in the media in terms of economic and government forces and the symbiotic relationship between the two.

Political-Economy theory

This is the theory that people perceive things in the simplest or easiest way they can, and it is easiest to perceive them in ways consistent with their prior expectations, attitudes, or beliefs.

Principle of least effort

According to The Economist, what is the biggest concern we have today regarding smartphones?

Privacy

The knowledgeable views of the bulk of the people on important issues in the society.

Public opinion

The groups of individuals with whom we identify and to whom we look for guidance or reinforcement.

Reference groups

What was the initial purpose of the internet?

Research

The civil rights and feminist movements of the 1960s and early 1970s stimulated:

Research on media stereotyping of women and minorities

The frequent repetition of an act in precisely the same way

Ritual

These things are stereotyped sequences of events in memory that are activated by observations or experiences in the present.

Scripts/Schemata

According to Nir Eyal, what is a good example of a reward of the hunt?

Scrolling through tweets until you see something you like.

Everything around that you could see, hear, or otherwise experience if you chose to do so

Second world

The tendency to interpret or perceive information in a way that makes it consistent with one's prior knowledge, attitudes, and behavior is called:

Selective perception

By showing, in television programs, movies, and in comic strips, the kinds of things an American is supposed to have, the media are serving what societal functions?

Servicing the economic system

When our tax laws are revised, most of us learn from the mass media about how those changes will affect us and what, if anything, we need to do differently. This is an example of the media:

Servicing the political system

What we call "bandwidth," would likely be called ______ by a telegraph engineer in the 1800s.

Signal rate

Our beliefs and interpretations of information, even our definitions of words and other symbols, are influenced by the people with whom we interact. Communication scholars refer to this phenomenon as:

Social construction of reality

Define: a large people group sharing the same geographical or social territory

Society

Today, the basic idea of Hedy Lamarr's invention is part of something called:

Spread Spectrum

Media interact and borrow from each other, example:

Star Wars comics

Who said, "I want to put a 'ding' in the universe"? From the youtube video

Steve Jobs

This theory argues that there is constant pressure in any system to keep its parts in balance, whether the system is a person, a family, a newsroom, a network, or a society. The theory explains why each new medium of communication changed our political system, why the news media change the events they cover, and how even the desire for media coverage leads people to change events.

Systems theory

What is a standardized protocol for internetworking and data transport.

TCP/IP

The notion that technology is a dominant socio-cultural force is called:

Technological Determinism

A ___________ is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. It converts sound into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another one of these, which reproduces the sound to the receiving user.

Telephone

Which of the following communication network types is most appropriately associated with Metcalfe?

Telephone

Which of the following is NOT true of models?

Tend to draw ones attention to specific instances

Savoring each idea or story as a gourmet savors a choice wine. If this is your style, you linger over a good story as though it were an especially tasty morsel, rolling it around in your mind so the experience will stay with you for a long time.

The aromatic or gourmet method (gourmet)

You and a friend both watched the same episode of an Amazon Prime Original and talk about it over coffee. What function is the media serving in this situation?

The facilitation of social interaction

Seeing or focusing on largely one particular theme in the news, such as recession or sexism, so that everything else becomes simply background, is similar to what perception phenomenon?

The figure-ground phenomenon

Enabling technologies are:

The inventions or innovations that make a new communication medium possible

When the authors of your text talk about the "variable effects" of the media, what are they talking about?

The media do not affect all people in the same way

Reading one word at a time, digging slowly, diligently through a story, never stepping back to consider the whole, or the way that story fits into a larger context.

The nose-to-the-ground method (rooter)

Those available sights, sounds, and other experiences that you attend to or that, somehow, strike your senses

Third world

Who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web?

Tim Berners-Lee

What is the main reason a country might research another's propaganda?

To improve their own propaganda efforts

Netflix's response to the research study discussed in this article was:

To make no changes

What is the purpose of mass data collection?

To provide corporations, both private and federal, with a God's eye view of a population's activity.

Why do large media firms produce commodities in large volumes?

To pursue economies of scale

The third dimension of the communication mosaic is:

Topics for which you have information

A "Script" or "Schema" can reasonably and usefully be thought of as a set of expectations.

True

According to Rogers, an innovation is any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual (or other unit of adoption).

True

According to the authors of your text, none of the traditional models of mass communication provides an adequate picture of the contemporary world of communication that you and others experience.

True

Ada Lovelace realized that the Analytical Engine could be used for much more than just manipulating symbols in mathematical calculations.

True

Analog is a continuously variable representation or a representation selected from a continuous range.

True

The authors of your text argue that the boundaries between fact and fiction, or news and entertainment, have broken down so that the news we get is almost always, in some sense, partly fiction, while fiction is, in some sense, partly fact, or even news. What is the most important implication of this for the world you construct in your head?

We get important bits of information for that world from the fiction and entertainment to which we are exposed, as well as from news and so-called informational media.

How do reference groups affect our processing of information?

We tend to test our interpretations of what we read, hear, and see on our family, friends, and others with whom we associated.

The first public message sent by the Morse telegraph in the United States was:

What hath God wrought?

In what sense does language "fill our lives with meaningful objects"?

Without names or labels that we can apply, objects or experiences are less likely to have meaning for us.

Who or what is most responsible for the kinds of information to which you are exposed?

You

The statement "You can't step into the same river twice," applies to communication in what way?

both you and the communication mosaic are constantly changing

The process by which communication technologies spread through society can be explained by ____.

diffusion of innovations

When most people talk about 'digital' they're often not just referring to the way in which information is encoded. What else are they likely including?

digitally encoded information transmitted on a hyper-connected peer-to-peer network

All of the of following EXCEPT _________ are capable of acting as switches (and thus appropriate for computing).

diode

In the early 1900s the increasing demand for computation led to all of the below EXCEPT:

dramatically shrinking the size of Babbage's mechanical computing mechanisms

For which category of adopters (in diffusion of innovations theory) is interpersonal communication the LEAST important?

innovaters

The authors of your textbook consider all of the following to be reasons to study media communication. Which do they argue is the most important?

media greatly influence you and your life

In the mosaic model, the mosaic represents:

one topic, and the bits of information and sources of information available for this topic

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the successful introduction of personal computing?

solid-state memory

SMCR Model

source, message, channel, receiver

Which of the following dichotomies is LEAST appropriate in terms of contradictory claims about media?

sweet || sour

The authors of your textbook argue that understanding media as a ________, and from the vantage point of a _________, will help you understand individual media in different and more useful ways than you did before.

system || receiver

The mosaic model is based on the idea that:

the communication environment is like a vast mosaic of information bits

The third function identified by Lasswell is _____________________. Parents and teachers have always served this function, but today the media are doing more and more to transmit social values. Broadcasting, newspapers, motion pictures, novels, and other forms of mass communication provide common frames of reference, which are essential for a society. They pass on the knowledge and values of past generations.

transmission of the social inheritance

Our current computer capabilities can best be described by which of the following statements?

we can turn electricity on and off really, really, really fast


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