ALL APUSH TERMS
12th Amendment
o 1804, This amendment states that if no presidential candidate gets a majority of the electoral votes then the House of Representatives decides among the top three.
Fletcher v. Peck
o 1810 o Situation: Land speculators bribed legislators to approve a land, the public wanted land back, and (although the deal was tainted) there was a contract. o Constitutional Issue: Can a state void a legal contract? o Finding of the Court: States cannot void a legal contract o Impact of the Decision: Further protects property rights; the Supreme Court can invalidate a state action that conflicts with the Constitution
Second Bank of the U.S.
o 1816 o It was essentially the same institution Hamilton had founded in 1791 except that it had more capital than its predecessor o It could not forbid states from issuing currency, but its size and power enabled it to dominate the state banks
Era of Good Feelings
o 1816-1824; Period in the US political history in which partisan bitterness abated; took place during James Monroe's presidency.
McCulloch v. Maryland
o 1819 o Situation: Maryland wanted to tax bank notes, which could destroy a branch of the national bank o Constitutional Issue: Can a state oppose a national bank? o Finding of the Court: The state must follow the federal government, and the state cannot tax a national bank o Impact of the Decision: Enlarges federal power (at the expense of the states)
Dartmouth College v. Woodard
o 1819 o Situation: New Hampshire wanted to make the private Dartmouth College a state university o Constitutional Issue: Do states have the right to nullify the obligations of a contract? o Finding of the Court: Unconstitutional - the state cannot take over and void a private contract o Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the state does not have the power to become involved in private business matters and contracts; reasserted federal control over some actions of the state
Missouri Compromise
o 1820 o The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. o The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30')saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.
Cohens v. Virginia
o 1821 o Situation: Cohens was found guilty by the state court of VA of selling lottery tickets illegally o Constitutional Issue: Which court holds precedence? o Finding of the Court: The conviction was upheld o Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the Supreme Court is stronger than the state courts
Monroe Doctrine
o 1823 o A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Johnson v. McIntosh
o 1823 o Government proceeded to grant homestead rights to new white settlers on the land claimed by Johnson o The Tribes had a basic right to their tribal lands that preceded all other American law. o Individual American citizens could not buy or take land from the tribes only the federal government could do that
Gibbons v. Ogden
o 1824 o Situation: NY wanted to issue a steamboat license to allow Ogden to go between NY and NJ (giving NY a monopoly on the area), and Gibbons had been doing so without a license. o Constitutional Issue: Does navigation count as "commerce," and can Congress therefore regulate it? Do both the federal and state government have power? o Finding of the Court: The "commerce" encompasses 'navigation;' Only Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce o Impact of the Decision: Broadened the meaning of "commerce;" Officially asserted/gave Congress the power to regulate commerce; reasserted federal power over state power
"Corrupt Bargain"
o A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.
Daniel Webster
o A senator from Massachusetts, who attacked Hayne, and through him Calhoun, for what he considered their challenge to the integrity of the Union. He challenged Hayne to a debate, not on public lands and the tariff, but on the issue of states' rights versus national power
Spoils System
o A system already entrenched in a number of states o The Jackson administration helped make the right of the elected officials to appoint their own followers to public office an established feature of American politics o The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government
Astoria
o A trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon. John Jacobs sold his interests to the Northwestern Fur Company at the beginning of the War of 1812
Jedediah Smith
o A trapper, who became an Ashley partner, led a series of forays deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves and other tribes. o He set out for New Mexico and was killed by Comanches who took his weapons and sold them to Mexican settlers.
Robert Hayne
o A young senator from South Carolina who responded to someone suggesting that all land sales and surveys be temporarily discontinued by charging that slowing down the growth of the west was a way for the east to restrain its political and economic power. o He hoped his stance would attract support from westerners in Congress for South Carolina's drive to lower tariff. He argued that both the south and the west were victims of tyranny of the northeast. He hinted that the two regions might combine to defend themselves.
Santa Fe Trail
o An important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico used from about 1821 to 1880
John Quincy Adams
o Before becoming secretary of state during Monroe's presidency, he had become one of the great diplomats and he was a committed nationalist and he considered his most important task to be the promotion of American expansion o In 1817, he began negotiations with the Spanish minister in hopes of resolving the dispute and gaining the entire territory for the US
Panic of 1819
o Beginning in 1819, new management at the national bank began tightening credit, calling in loans, and foreclosing mortgages. o This precipitated a series of failures by state banks, and the result was a financial panic. o Six years of depression followed. This caused widespread panic and distress that followed as a warning that rapid economic growth and territorial expansion would destabilize the nation (Boom and Bust)
Nullification
o Calhoun argued that the federal government was a creation of the states, so the states were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws o If a state concluded that a law was unconstitutional then it could hold a special convention and declare the federal law null and void within the state
Andrew Jackson
o Commander of the American troops along the Florida frontier o He seized the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, and ordered the hanging of 2 British subjects on the charge of supplying and inciting the Indians (Seminole War)
Whigs
o During era of Jacksonian democracy o Opposed Jackson o Pro national bank o Pro high tariffs o Pro federal funding for internal improvements o Pro political action for social reform o Divided on terms of slavery to conscience and cotton Whigs
Martin Van Buren
o From New York o He led a dissident political faction known as the Bucktails or Albany Regency. o After the War of 1812, they began to challenge the established political leadership that had dominated New York for years o They argued that only an institutionalized party, based in the populace at large, could ensure genuine democracy. Ideological commitments would be less important than loyalty to the party itself
"Factor" System
o Government agents supplied the Native American tribes with goods at cost o It not only drove Canadian traders out of the region, it also helped create a situation of dependency that made the Native Americans easier to control.
John C. Calhoun
o He had been an outspoken protectionist and had strongly supported the Tariff of 1816 but by the late 1820s many South Carolinians believed that tariff was responsible for the stagnation of their state's economy (the stagnation was largely due to the exhaustion of the farmland) and some South Carolinians were ready to secede. o He came up with a theory for nullification which he believed offered a more moderate alternative to secession
John C. Calhoun
o He was Secretary of War during the Monroe presidency. o He ordered Andrew Jackson to adopt necessary measures to stop continuing raids on American territory by Seminole Indians south of the border.
Tariff of 1816
o In 1816, congress won passage of a tax law that effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, especially cotton cloth. o This tax was put in place because the British were selling manufactured goods cheaper to Americans than what the Americans were selling it for. The tax fought against these tactics, so that American manufacturers could grow to withstand foreign competition.
Worcester v. Georgia
o In 1832, when the court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee counrty. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. o He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.
Indian Removal Act
o It appropriated money to finance the federal negotiations with the southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the West o The southern tribes faced a combination of pressures from both the state and federal governments o 1830 Congress passed it with Jackson's approval
Conventions
o Jackson and his supporters had long resented the congressional caucus, a process they believed worked to restrict access to the office of those favored by entrenched elites o In 1832, the president's followers staged a national party convention to re-nominate him for the presidency o In later generations, some would see the party convention as a source or corruption and political exclusivity
Adams-Onis Treaty
o Made in 1819, where Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up its claim to Texas.
Mountain Men
o Men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other regions of the US. Later became trailblazers and guides.
Democrats
o Much less than Jefferson's Republicans, they embraced no clear or uniform ideological position. o Much less than Jefferson's Republicans, they embraced no clear or uniform ideological position. o anti privilege/social distinction o anti national bank & economic regulation o anti federal funding for internal improvements o anti protective tariffs o pro expansion o pro universal male suffrage for whites o divided on terms of slavery to barnburners (against slavery) and fire-eaters (pro slavery)
Vetoing Internal Improvements
o President Madison vetoed Calhoun's bill o He believed that Congress lacked authority to fund the improvements without a constitutional amendment. And so the issues remained for state governments and private enterprise to fix
Dorr Rebellion
o Rebellion beginning in 1842 in Rhode Island, led by Thomas Dorr. o Dorr and his followers, the Dorrites, were upset over the voting requirements in Rhode Island that allowed only landholders to vote. They held a "People's Party" where they wrote up a revised constitution and set up a new government with Dorr as the governor. o Dorr's government won popular vote in an election. The old state government still claimed to be in power and began arresting Dorrites, calling them rebels. o The Dorrites attempted and failed a raid on the state arsenal. o Eventually, President John Tyler threatened to intervene on the old government's behalf, stifling the rebellion. Though the old government did come back into power, the rebellion brought to the forefront the need for Rhode Island's voting police to change. A new constitution was drafted with expanded suffrage.
National Road
o Road from the Potomac River to the Ohio River o Funded by Congress o Construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland and by 1818 this highway (with a crushed stone surface and massive stone bridges) ran as far as Wheeling, Virginia on the Ohio River. o It made it easier to travel and made transportation costs across the mountains lower than ever
John Marshall
o Served as chief justice of the US for almost 35 years from 1801 to 1835. o Dominated the court more fully than anyone else before or since o He molded the development of the Constitution: strengthening the judicial branch at the expense of the executive and legislative branches, increasing the power of the federal government at the expense of the states, and advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes
Worcester v. Georgia
o Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty
Tariff of Abominations
o Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional o With the nullification doctrine, the idea was to nullify this tariff
Five Civilized Tribes
o The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw who all lived in western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. o They established settled agricultural societies with successful economies
James Monroe
o The President of the United States of America during the Era of Good Feeling. o He delivered a speech to Congress named the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrines' two main points were; 1) There would be no colonization of the western hemisphere. 2) Nonintervention from the rest of the world in the western hemisphere. o Monroe showed a strong sense of nationalism, creating national pride. He also helped establish America as a world power. o He went on a goodwill tour of America o He was reelected in 1820 without opposition
Second Party System
o The Second Party System is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to name the political system existing in the United States from about 1828 to 1854. o The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by election day turnout, rallies, partisan newspapers, and a high degree of personal loyalty to party. o The major parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans. It was a distinct party system. o It formed over a 15 year period that varied by state. It was produced by leaders trying to win the presidency, with contenders building their own national coalitions. o Regional effects strongly affected developments, with the Adams forces strongest in New England, for example, and the Jacksonians in the Southwest. For the first time two-party politics was extended to the South and West (which had been one-party regions). In each region the two parties were about equal--the first and only party system showing this. Because of the regional balance it was vulnerable to region-specific issues (like slavery). o The same two parties appeared in every state, and contested both the electoral vote and state offices. o Most critical was the abrupt emergence of a two-party South in 1832-34 (mostly as a reaction against Van Buren). Methods varied somewhat but everywhere the party convention replaced the caucus. o The parties had an interest of their own, in terms of the office-seeking goals of party activists. The System brought forth a new, popular campaign style. Close elections brought out the voters (not charismatic candidates or particular issues). Party leaders formed the parties to some degree in their own image.
Robert Fulton
o U.S. engineer and inventor who is widely credited with the invention of the first commercially successful steam-powered steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807
Franchise
o Until the 1820s, few Americans were permitted to vote. Most states restricted it to white males who were property owners or taxpayers or both. o Even before Andrew Jackson's election, states like Ohio and other new western states guaranteed all white males the right to vote and gave all voters the right to hold public office
Seminole War
o When Andrew Jackson received orders from Calhoun to stop the raids on American territory by Seminole Indians, he used it as an excuse to invade Florida and seize the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, an operation, which became known as the Seminole war. o The American Government assumed responsibility for Jackson's raid, saying that they had done what was necessary to stop threats from across the borders, and demonstrated to the Spanish that the United States could easily take Florida by force, and that they might consider doing so.
Force Bill
o When Congress convened early in 1833, Jackson proposed this, which authorized the president to use the military to see that acts of Congress were obeyed. Violence seemed a real possibility.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
o When the Cherokee tried to stop Georgia from taking their lands through an appeal in the Supreme Court. o The courts ruling, much like the one in Worcestor v. Georgia, supported the tribe's contention that the state had no authority to negotiate with tribal representatives. o Jackson, however, repudiated the decisions, reportedly responding to the news of the rulings with the contemptuous statement "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." ~1831
Tariff of Abominations
raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional
Impeachment
to accuse a public official of misconduct in office. The Jeffersonians were angry about a ruling made by Chief Justice John Marshall. The House of Representatives attempted to impeach the unpopular Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Although there were enough votes in the House of Representatives, the Senate did not have enough. Since this attempt in 1804, there has been no serious attempt to impeach members of the Supreme Court.
War Hawks
~A large number of representatives of both parties were eager for war with Britain ~Some were ardent nationalists and others were impassioned in their defense of Republican values
Robert Fulton and the Steamboat
~American engineer and inventor who developed the first useful submarine and torpedo (1800) and produced the first practical steamboat (1807) ~He was responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the nation
John Marshall
~Appointed by John Adams (1801) ~Served 30 days under Federalist administration and 34 years under the Jeffersonians and their successors ~Supreme Court Justice in the early 1800s, carried on the Federalist message after the party was long gone.
Noah Webster
~Born in Connecticut. Educated at Yale. Lived 1758-1843. Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.
"Republican Mother"
~Concept that women should educate themselves in the principles of liberty, independence, and democracy so as to inculcate the coming generation with these republicans values.
Hartford Convention
~December 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut there was a convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and the War of 1812 ~Proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. ~This turned public sentiment against Federalists, which led to the demise of the party
Turnpikes
~During the year of 1794 ~A corporation constructed a toll road running the 60 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with a hard packed surface of crushed stone, which provided a good, well drained surface good for transportation. (way to fund internal improvements
Aaron Burr
~Federalists in New York turned to him to be their candidate for governor of New York in 1804 and there were rumors that he supported their plan for secession ~Accused by Hamilton of plotting treason and of having a despicable character ~He challenged Hamilton to a duel after he lost the election, and he killed Hamilton ~Took armed followers down the Ohio River in 1806 to attack New Orleans. He and his men were arrested as traitors
William Clark
~He was an experienced frontiersman and Indian fighter
Battle of Tippecanoe
~In 1811 Tecumseh left to recruit more tribes into his alliance, Governor Harrison, who saw this as a moment to destroy the growing influence of the two Indian leaders. ~With 1,000 soldiers he camped near Prophetstown and provoked an armed conflict in which he drove off the Indians and burned the town. ~The battle caused division in Tecumseh's confederacy, but many warriors were still eager for combat, and during the spring of 1812, they were active along the frontier, raiding white settlements and terrifying settlers
Cotton Gin
~Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 ~It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. ~As a result more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields
Battle of New Orleans
~January 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. ~Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. ~About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. ~Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism
Zebulon Pike
~Led an expedition in the fall of 1805 from St. Louis into the upper Mississippi Valley. ~In the summer of 1806, he set out again up the valley of the Arkansas River and into what later became Colorado
Peter Cartwright
~Methodist preacher during the Second Great Awakening. He was a traveling Preacher. ~He inspired a new generation to get religious. ~He was often unprepared for the results of his efforts- a religious frenzy that at times produced convulsions, fits, rolling in the dirt, and the twitching "holy jerks"
John C. Calhoun
~One of the men of great intellect, magnetism and ambition ~He was a supporter of war with Great Britain, along with Clay, who appointed him to the Committee of Foreign affairs ~He helped influence Madison to back down and declare war with Britain
Deism
~Originated among Enlightenment philosophers in France ~Accepted the existence of God, but considered Him a remote being who after having created the universe, had withdrawn from direct involvement with the human race and its sins
Freethinkers
~People who did not accept the teachings of the Second Great Awakening ~Their skeptical philosophies had done so much to produce the revivals were in many ways victims of the new religious fervor. ~They did not disappear after 1800 but their influence rapidly declined and for many years they remained a small and defensive minority within American Christianity
Old Northwest
~Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. ~The long process of expelling the woodland Indians culminated in a last battle in 1831-1832 between white settlers in Illinois and an alliance of Sac and Fox Indians
Washington Irving
~Resident of New York who won wide acclaim for his satirical histories of early American life and his powerful fables of society in the New World. ~Resident of New York who won wide acclaim for his satirical histories of early American life and his powerful fables of society in the New World.
Marbury v. Madison
~Supreme Court Case ruled by John Marshall ~William Marbury sued for his commission as a judge because he had been promised a job by Adams but refused by Jefferson ~Ruling: Marshall claims that Supreme Court cannot rule on the case and ruled earlier Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional ~Established judicial review
Impressment
~The British navy was known as a floating hell to its sailors, so few volunteered. Most were impressed (forced) into service ~By 1807 many of the deserters had joined the American merchant marine or the American navy ~the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over four hundred years. At this time the London authorities claimed the right to impress only British subjects on their own soil, harbor, or merchant ships. However, many Americans were mistaken for Englishmen and between 1808 and 1811 alone some six thousand United States citizens were impressed by the "piratical man-stealers" of England. This was one of the major causes of the war of 1812.
Gabriel Posser
~The first armed rebellion was organized by this man and 50 other slaves living near Richmond, VA. ~Hundreds of slaves heard about the plan, and 2 of them told the white authorities. ~Governor James Monroe called out the militia and Prosser and 25 of his followers were executed and their owners received compensation. ~Black resistance to enslavement played an important role in fashioning a compromise to the sectional controversy of 1850.
District of Columbia
~The newly founded capital is the city of Washington ~The French architect Pierre L'Enfant had designed the capital on a grand scale with broad avenues radiating out from the uncompleted Capitol building set on one of the area's highest hills ~Throughout Jefferson's presidency and during most of the 1800s it remained a straggling village.
Andrew Jackson
~The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. ~ On March 4, 1829, he was inaugurated ~Some people said that he was the people's president, but to others he was the King of the Mob
Nullification Crisis
o In 1832, this broke out when South Carolinians responded angrily to a congressional tariff bill that offered them no relief form the 1828 "tariff of abominations." o The legislature summoned an immediate state convention, which voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and to forbid the collection of duties within a state.
Revival
~an awakening, in a church or community, of interest in and care for matters relating to personal religion.
Judicial Review
~the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional
John Jacob Astor
American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company
Indian Territory
An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska
Steamboats
o Carried more cargo on the Mississippi than all the earlier forms of river transport combined o Stimulated the agricultural economy of the South and the West by providing easier access to markets at a reduced cost.
Oliver H. Perry
the United States Navy captain who defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812 which made it possible for the US to invade Canada through Detroit again
Caucus System
A normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters.
The Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
Black Hawk
A war in Illinois between and alliance of Sauk and Fox Indians under Black Hawk against white settlers in 1831-1832 in an effort to overturn what Black Hawk considered and illegal treaty ceding tribal lands in that state to the United States. This war was notable for the viciousness of the white military efforts.
The Prophet
a charismatic religious leader and orator of the Native Americans, he experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism, and inspired a religious revival that spread throughout tribes and helped unite them, even militarily. He believed that Indian civilizations had superior virtues to those of the sinful and corrupt.
James Madison
o The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist Party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president
John Marshall
o The strong-willed chief of justice and cousin of Jefferson. He dominated the Supreme Court with his commanding personality and powerful intellect. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure. Also his decision regarding the Marbury vs. Madison affair spurred the Jeffersonians to fight back.
Treaty of Ghent
(1814) Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. ~It was signed on Christmas Eve
Louisiana Purchase
1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
He was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Embargo Act of 1807
This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
Tecumseh
brother of the Prophet, chief of the Shawnees, as the leader of the Indian military efforts, he realized that they could only defeat the whites and take back the Northwest if they united, so he set out down the Mississippi river to visit tribes and persuade them to join him in the Tecumseh confederacy and battle the whites who had wrongly taken their land through treaties.
Stephen Long
o He led 19 soldiers on a journey up the Platte and South Platte Rivers through what is now Nebraska and eastern Colorado where e discovered a peak that would be named for him o He then returned eastward along the Arkansas River and he failed to find the headwater of the Red River.
Essex Junto
~ A group of the most extreme Federalists from Massachusetts, who concluded that the only recourse for New England was to secede from the Union and form a separate Northern Confederacy ~They thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase
Francis Scott Key
~A Washington lawyer who was on board one of the British ships trying to secure the release of an American prisoner watched the bombardment. ~He wrote the Star Spangled Banner on the back of an envelope which was soon set to the tone of an old English drinking song
Judiciary Act of 1789
~A law that established the federal court system and the number of Supreme Court justices and that provided for the appeal of certain state court decisions to the federal courts
"Replaceable Parts"
~Also called interchangeable parts ~A manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical~Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. ~It was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first used these to make muskets for the U.S. government.
Meriwether Lewis
~He was Jefferson's private secretary and Virginia neighbor. He was a veteran of Indian wars skilled in the ways of the wilderness ~He was the leader of the exploration
William Henry Harrison
~Went to Washington as the congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1799 ~Committed advocate of growth and development in the western lands and he was largely responsible for the passage in 1800 of the so-called Harrison Land Law which enabled white settlers to acquire farms from the public domain ~In 1801 he was appointed as governor of the Indiana Territory
Eli Whitney
~While in Georgia he was told that the South would make a lot of money if someone could invent a machine to separate the seed from cotton. ~In 1793, within ten days of being told this, he had constructed a rough machine fifty times more effective than the handpicking process- cotton gin ~Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.